sethoflagos

Having just finished reading Richard Dawkins' The Ancestor's Tale for I think the third time, I think that he would express a subspecies as something along the lines of: The term 'fixed' distinguishes subspecies from 'morph' which would apply to a phenotypic character that only occurs in a part of a given population.

How comfortable are you with poverty? A salutary lesson for me was that I earned the same hourly rate designing drainage systems for oil refineries etc as the guys designing the most high-tech refinery units. Only while their technologies were aging, drain systems stayed as they were and I stayed employable while their speciality areas were eclipsed by more advanced technologies. If you cement yourself into a rigid specialisation in the current technological spectrum, you risk graduating into a field that is obsolete. The key exit from this trap is flexibility. I'd recommend graduating with a general technological degree and adding a BA in microeconomics or business administration. It's a crappy ladder, but every project needs a project accountant and at least you remain relevant to your field of interest even if everyone hates you. If you can show real technical abilities in the field, you have as good a chance as anyone of slipping back into the more academic realm simply by being there. It's a cynical view I know, but you do have to earn a living whilst realising your dreams.

And yet the policy seemed to be 'working' with Urals holding steady at around $57/bbl for the first six months of the year. Granted, Japan seemed to have forgotten they agreed to the measure almost as soon as they left the meeting.

Rather depends on the type of meat and whether or not you like it dry and tough. I found rather a good (imho) article at https://www.theculinarypro.com/meat-and-poultry-cooking-methods.

Back in December last year to much western media trumpeting the G7 nations imposed a price cap of $60/bbl on Russian crude oil exports to be policed by the once all-powerful shipping insurers Lloyds of London (see here). Today I notice on https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/urals-oil that Urals Crude - Russia's flagship product - is quietly trading at $73.26/bbl yet we hear not a whisper of indignation or explanation from the powers that be (ie Rupert Murdoch). Why suddenly so shy about such a bold inspirational policy.

Yes and no to both. There's a spectrum here between a simmer and a roiling boil. Simmering is frequently a little (sometimes a lot) below boiling point, with correspondingly extended cooking times, but less thermal damage to proteins especially. Hence stews are finished on a lengthy slow heat. At the other end of the spectrum, an extreme roiling boil can raise the base of the pan quite a bit above boiling point with the liquid contents only partially insulated from this by a thin vapour film. This does definitely shorten cooking time but seems mainly to be used where the contents need to be broken apart by strong agitation.

They're isentropic or polytropic efficiencies for the turbine cycle, not overall thermal efficiencies. 90-10 CuNi is the 'book' material for sea water piping systems, with blind-flanged tees at every elbow to facilitate periodic rodding through. But that's by the by. As others have pointed out, sea water toilets are quite viable but only where sea water is readily available, and fresh water is not.

Based on personal experience, the major technical challenge to pumped sea water systems is that it is considerably more nutritious than fresh water. Large channels rapidly attract colonies of mussels and oysters etc, and small channels (eg cistern fill valves, filters) get blocked by salps. Not insurmountable problems, but expensive to solve. Anding nitrogenous waste to the mix will escalate these biological issues even further.

His programme made a little less sense after John Maynard Keynes published 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money' in 1936. This and rapid technological development gave post-war democratic left-leaning governments the opportunity to provide many of the benefits of a socialist ideal to the bulk of society without the need for violent takeover of the state.

Me too. Das Kapital is essentially the algebra of capitalist microeconomics and should imho be essential reading in any education system. It is not particularly 'political'. The Communist Manifesto should also be essential reading in view of its historical impact and amazing prose, but it is definitely a child of it's time.

Much my understanding. +1 for fielding @Genady's post for me with a clarity I would struggle to match.

You seem to be cherry picking one definition of several given in that reference. Statism vs collectivism?

This statement seems to confuse a desired end (some idyllic utopia) with a specific means to that end (a societal transition via the Marxist-Leninist model). It is a confusion that serves the purposes of not only the political right but also many on the political left. A better 'fundamental' starting point may be the principle 'From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs', which is Marx's version of an idea that can be traced back in western tradition to at least classical Greece. How you achieve that end is really a quite different proposition to what constitutes the desired end.

+1 Lamb or Love waves are variations on this theme. Orbital waves seem synonymous. A more general term might be spherical surface wave (as opposed to spherical wave which is something quite different).

Much of what has been previously posted (@studiot in particular) is of course true. However, I believe the main reason for using wider tyres is to gain maximum possible cornering forces without exceeding the limits of adhesion of any given tyre. During safe, controlled cornering, the contact patch of the tread, which is aligned with the instantaneous direction of travel, is rotated relative to the main body of the wheel by what is called the 'slip angle'. The elastic forces created by this rotation sum to generate the 'cornering force' which provides the lateral acceleration profile necessary to rotate the vehicle without skidding out of control. Within limits and all other things being equal, the cornering forces are proportional to both the slip angle and the width of the contact patch - ie. tyre width. As excessive slip angles lead to sudden loss of adhesion, the highest safe cornering forces could be generated by wider tyres providing the consequent reduced frictional force per unit area problem could be overcome for these wider contact patches. Since the 1960s, the incorporation of significant aerodynamic downforce into sports car design mitigated this loss of contact pressure by adding greatly to the gravitational downforce (hence restoring the higher available friction force per unit area) without unduly compromising acceleration and braking performance. ie the available traction force for a sports car is not proportional to weight but to weight + aerodynamic downforce. Post '60s this has tilted the balance in favour of wider tyres despite the increased mass and drag.

Not excessively so I think and it's recycled within the process. As stated in the OP, siderite must be handled and stored in anaerobic conditions. Could be critical. Is there a dynamic equilibrium balance between iodide/iodate which could regenerate iodide when its concentration falls? Not sure what you're trying to say here. Solar electrical power?

Getting shot of huge amounts of CO2 requires proportionately huge quantities of sequestrant. One sequestrant that could fit the bill is Fe2O3 (haematite) that comprises the much of the extensive banded iron formations which are globally distributed. My thoughts on this drifted to the following schemata which needs input from a proper chemist to evaluate. Fe2O3 + 6HI(aq) > 2FeI2 + 3H2O + I2 Note Fe3+ reduced to Fe2+ 4NaOH(aq) + 2CO2 > 2Na2CO3 + 2H2O Stripping process from rich CO2 stream 2FeI2 + 2Na2CO3 > 2FeCO3 + 4NaI Precipitation of siderite (desired product) for anaerobic disposal 4NaI(aq) + 4H2O > 4NaOH(aq) + 2H2 + 2I2 Electrolytic regeneration of NaOH H2O > H2 + 1/2O2 Further electrolysis of NaOH(aq) to balance H2 demand 3H2 + 3I2 > 6HI Regeneration of HI (fuel cell?) The overall reaction sums to Fe2O3 + 2CO2 > 2FeCO3 + 1/2O2 ... which I'm sure is endothermic but not I think in the ballpark of the exothermy of carbon combustion. What are the howlers I need to address? Is there a better reducing agent than iodide (eg scrap iron)? Any other positive input welcome of course.

I'm not surprised. It is a very poorly structured question and the above post by @TheVat shows that much of it's premise seems to be factually inaccurate. So how do you tackle a question like this? The best results should be gained by reproducing verbatim the texts provided on the topic during your coursework. This is what the examiners will be expecting. However, if you have missed many of your classes, and have been unable to catch up for one reason or another, that option is unavailable to you. If you decide to attempt the question (a case could be made for skipping it), your first challenge is to decide whether the 'this' in the last sentence applies to only the preceding sentence, or the two introductory sentences as well. It isn't at all clear. The second sentence is a partial answer to the opening statement. But we can add a little to that and maybe gain an extra mark. Mainly we should focus on expaining the third sentence. I would present something like this: Probably, not exactly what the examiners were looking for but I'd be reasonably confident of getting a couple of marks for that.

Not being a chemist, I have the less poetic Fox Claws Brummie In Attack for the halogens to remind me of the correct symbols. I've one or two of those also. No idea. All I know is that I'm not supposed to call it Group IVB any more. Tetrel says 'carbon' to me more than Group 14, which I believe is the current IUPAC preference.

Perhaps committing the periodic table to memory isn't everybody's cup of tea, but it occasionally spares a bit of embarrassment if someone asks whether polonium is a pnictogen or a tetrel. It's good to be sure that it's neither. One mnemonic I quite like is - Bored Alien Gave Indians Telepathy - for the triels. Some are a bit clumsier - (Actually,) Thorin's Pack Used Napalm. Plucky Amy Came Back. Coffee Estate Farm Made No Lard. - for the Actinides. Anyone care to share their own versions, or do we no longer need rote learning now we have the internet?

Watch this space: 'A Unified pH Scale for All Phases'

Same for me if I were trying to compose a sentence in French for example. I would need to see each written word in my mind's eye. I don't need that for my native language where much of the composition effort can run on autopilot.

It almost certainly varies with the individual and the context. I've considered this subject more in relation to musical performance where there is quite a variety of cues influencing the mechanical execution (and many more body parts having to act in synchrony). I think typing is quite a bit simpler, and since I invariably dictate each phrase (in my mind) while I type, I think the main motor cue must be the sound picture of the word. The vast majority of my written output during adult life has been in formal technical English reporting, so not so much room for emotion and nostalgic reminiscence there. Others may differ. The richness of life lies in its diversity and all that.