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Analysis and Calculus

From basic sequences, series and calculus, to measure theory, complex analysis and more advanced topics.

  1. Started by Beginner@C,

    Hi I'm kinda confused, searched on the web but didn't found any answer. I would like to know what is the formula for hours+minute (ex. 01:25) to minutes conversion. Thank you in advance!

  2. Started by morgsboi,

    Generally, if you ask people if 1 is a close number to zero they would say yes. But is that true? The way I see it is 0 means nothing or non-existent and 1 has a value so to me it is a leap form existent to non-existent. However, if you look at a number line for example, 0 and 1 would be right next to each other. Also, I was wondering if numbers can have their own type of relativity. What I mean by this is comparisons to the size of the number (or anything really). I think this because 0.0001 could be "larger" than 100000 if it's compared to other numbers such as 0.00000000000000001. Perhaps there is a word for it so if you know it, it would help me out. Thanks

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  3. Hello, Here is a problem that I think should be solvable but I am not sure how. You need to have 450 subscriptions, each subscription gives a certain amount of cookies/year. You want to recieve 1,600,000 (+/- 10,000) cookies for the lowest cost. Here are your subscription options: 0 cookies for $300 4000 cookies for $500 9000 cookies for $900 20000 cookies for $1800 Having a hard goal with some variance (1,600,000 +/-10,000) that is not a minimum or max, and a required amount of subscriptions adds complexity that I do not know how to deal with (outside of programming something to try them all). If you are able to solve this mathmatically please …

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  4. Started by The Laughing Buddha,

    I'm not sure where this goes, but I'll post it here, as it seems to be a quasi-mathematical subject. Anyway, I was doing derivations from conclusions using implication rules, and I was quite confused to say the least. The rules of implication are: Modus Ponens: A->B, ~B/~A Hypothetical syllogism: A->B, B->C/A->C Modus Tollens: A->B, ~B/~A Disjunctive syllogism: AvB, ~A/B AvB, ~B/A Simplification: A&B/A A&B/B Addition: A/AvB B/AvB Conjunction: A, B/A&B Constructive dilemma: (A->B)&(C->D), AvC/BvD Now, when I applied these to some problems, I had numerous difficulties. I'm not sure where to begin. Can someone help me out?…

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  5. Started by saravananbs,

    If S7 denote the symmetric group of all permutation of { 1 2 3 4 5 6 7} pick the true statement a) S7 has an element of order 10. b) S7 has an element of order 15. c) the order of any element of S7 is atmost 12. how to do it?

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  6. I have a mixture of multivariate normal distributions, and I want to compute the integral with the first element of the input vector varying between specified limits, and the other elements varying from -infinity to +infinity. See attached pdf for equations. I've done it numerically but would like an analytic solution. Any advice? Thanks! And here's the pdf.intMix2.pdf

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  7. Started by Jiggerj,

    I don't know where to post this, so if there's a need to move it I'm okay with it. I've come across two documentaries that claim there are computers all over the world that are running random number generators. Supposedly, every one of these generators spikes when a catastrophe happens in the world. I'll post a link to one of the shows below, but I have no idea what a spike means in this context. Do all the computers start generating the same numbers? I have no clue. Does anyone know what I'm talking about? http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/reality-extended-mind/

  8. Richard Feynman, one of the pioneer of quantum electrodynamics, said the following formula was "the most remarquable of Mathematics". It is a simple formula, anyone having studied the rudiments of complex numbers will find it obvious. Personally, I find it beautiful because all the symbols of mathematics I love the most (for now, i'm a beginner ) are gathered together : the transcendent [math]\pi[/math] and napier constant, [math]i[/math] : square root of the polynomial [math]x^2+1=0[/math] in C, the equal sign and the two neutral elements : 0 and 1 for the binary operators addition and multiplication. [math]e^{i\times\pi}+1=0[/math] What do you think about it ?

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  9. I think some computer programs can do something similar, but I was wondering if you have some weird shape that has vertices that are formed from concave sides like this http://brainden.com/...76864110057.jpg To "Unbend" and object like the inverse of how the fabric of space can distort objects, then solve the angles and sides, and then "re-bend" it so that when you bent it, you would form the right angles and side lengths with the correct degree of bending. I suppose it wouldn't be much different than "unwrapping" a cylinder.

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  10. Started by Shadow,

    I came across the limit [math]\lim_{n -> \infty} n(\frac{1}{\sqrt{e}} - {(1 - \frac{1}{2n})}^{n})[/math], which converges to [math]\frac{1}{8\sqrt{e}}[/math] and I have no idea how to evaluate it. The only thing I could think of is to replace the inverse square root of e with something that converges to the same value, except that if I do that it changes the limit (unless I use [math]{(1 - \frac{1}{2n})}^{n - \frac{1}{4}}[/math], but I've only determined this experimentally with the help of WolframAlpha). Any ideas? Also, not that I think it would make any difference in this particular case, but you're not supposed to use either L'Hospital or Taylor.

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  11. Hello all, I can now differentiate or integrate most functions using the rules that I have learnt, so I set myself the challenge of trying to derive the known formulae: [math] \frac{d}{dx} kx^m = mkx^{m-1} [/math] [math] \int_{0}^{a} kx^m dx = \frac{ka^{m+1}}{m+1} [/math] from first principles (And I don't mean just doing the reverse of the derivative for the integral, I mean by actually summing rectangles of width tending to zero). By this I mean without any external help except for binomial expansions and one summation identity Anyway, so I managed to do it fine for differentiation, and I did it for integration for the special case kx2, but this rel…

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  12. Started by john_gabriel,

    I recently had a discussion at http://www.sciencefo...ied-as-a-ratio/. Although I ended up insulting the individual (Dr. Rocket) who would not cease insulting me, I thought about the entire discussion and wrote up a short document that addresses some key mistakes people make in any bad dialogue. The document is attached. Insults are unpleasant, but in my opinion someone who dishes out insults should learn to take them also. My advice to bullies is: Don't dish it out if you can't take it. In this document I discuss a recent dialogue I had with a physicist at Scienceforums.net. My commentary is in blue font. That is great site for those with a strong sto…

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  13. What I think I know [math] \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \lim_{\Delta x \rightarrow 0} \frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x} [/math] [math] \lim\limits_{x \to p} (f(x)/g(x)) = {\lim\limits_{x \to p} f(x) / \lim\limits_{x \to p} g(x)} [/math] but NOT for [math] p = 0 [/math] So the [math]\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}[/math] can't really be separated, but in many cases it is treated as if it could (many textbooks do this). How is that justified?

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  14. Started by ahmed sobhy,

    Lim x--> infinity (2x/x+1)^5 Can I get the limit into the brackets , apply l'hopital rule and the result ^5? Then the answer is 2^5 ?

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  15. Started by kavlas,

    Given: 1) E is a subset of real Nos not closed 2) a ,is an accumulation point of E not belonging to E 3) f is a function of E to R (=real Nos) ,where f(x)= 1/(x-a) and ,x ,belongs to E Then prove that f is not uniformly continuous in E The following proof was suggested ,but i am not quite sure about it Proof: Let be ε>0 given. Suppose the function IS uniformly continuous (seeking a contradiction). Then there exists δ>0 such that for all x,y belonging to the real Nos with |x-y|<δ , we get |f(x)-f(y)|<ε . (The last bit being less than ,ε, is what we are going to contradict.) In particular, we can pick ε = 1/2 and then there exi…

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  16. Started by ahmed sobhy,

    what is the limit of a^n as n reaches infinity if a <-1, and WHY ?

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  17. Started by kavlas,

    I was trying to prove that the function: [math]f(x)=\frac{x+1}{x^2+1}[/math] is continuous over the real Nos And in considering |f(x)-f(a)| I come up with the inequality:[math]|f(x)-f(a)|\leq\frac{|x-a|(|ax|+|a|+|x|+1)}{(x^2+1)(a^2+1)}[/math] And in taking values of x near a ,i.e |a-x|<1 i come up with the inequality:[math]\frac{|x-a|(|ax|+|a|+|x|+1)}{(x^2+1)(a^2+1)}\leq\frac{|a-x|(|a|^2+3|a|+2)}{(x^2+1)(a^2+1)}[/math] And here i stop Any ideas how to get rid of x^2+1 in the denominator??

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  18. Started by questionposter,

    I think on my graphing calculator that I somehow accidentally did an intersection on an asymtote or the actual line that represents "undefined" and the calculator said "ERR: SINGULARITY". What does that mean?

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  19. Started by questionposter,

    I tried doing just the absolute value of i by itself on a calculator and I got "one", so wouldn't that mean "i" has a value of 1 or negative one, and not the square root of negative 1? And then I even did the square root of i by itself and got ".7071067812+.70..." What's going on here?

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  20. So if you can draw a sine-wave as a circle, what about other types of sine-waves? Can you draw them as other shapes too? Or what about secant? Can you draw that as a shape? Is there some way I could add two circles and get a bigger circle?

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  21. Started by Darío,

    Hi forum! I have that the sequence [latex]a_n=\{2-(-1)^n\}[/latex] not converges. I must show this with the rigorous definition. I think use [latex]\exists{\epsilon>0}\forall{N\in\mathbb{N}}\exists{n\ge N}:|a_n-\ell|\ge\epsilon[/latex] How i can continue?

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  22. Started by pars,

    Hello, I was wondering if someone can help on this question.. What would be the equation for this curve in the figure below? Thanks, Pars

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  23. Is required to prove the derivative of [latex]e^x[/latex] by definition, so [latex]\displaystyle\frac{d}{dx}(e^x)=\lim_{\Delta x \to 0}{\displaystyle\frac{e^{\Delta x +x}-e^x}{\Delta x}}=e^x\lim_{\Delta x \to 0}{\displaystyle\frac{e^{\Delta x}-1}{\Delta x}}[/latex] I can also express the exponential function as [latex]e^{\Delta x}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}{\displaystyle\frac{{\Delta x}^n}{n!}}[/latex] [latex]e^{\Delta x}-1=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}{\displaystyle\frac{{(\Delta x)}^n}{n!}}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}{\displaystyle\frac{{(\Delta x)}^{n+1}}{(n+1)!}}[/latex] How i can continue?

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  24. Started by josh24,

    I'm having problems with 2 limits: I did the first, and I got undefined (to be precise, 2/(√1 -1)) My TI-89, and the textbook, say that the result is -1. On the second, I have no idea how to do it. My TI-89, and the textbook, say that the result is a/2 - b/2 or 1/2(a-b). Any thoughts? I would appreciate the processes

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  25. Does anyone know what the Euclidean Exterior product and the Euclidean Tensor products are defined as? Thanks.

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