CharonY

No, it only means that a cell that is still maintaining its membrane potential is still alive. Membrane functions are just an indicator of cell viability, not the sole cause.

One should add that the concerns for BPA are not based on acute toxicity and hence the LD50 is less informative than one might think. the basic idea is that it disrupts normal endocrine signaling, leading to problems during development and, but the evidence is far less here, possibly also to various health issues in adults. In general exposure analyses do not deal with acute toxicity but rather with long-term and accumulation effects.

Also, from the viewpoint of the presenter it appears that you are not going to make an effort to understand his/her points, but are just going to collect data instead.

To be precise, there is no such thing as side-effect. It is part of their whole effect. It is just not the one that is desire under a given condition. However, the side-effect of a given medication in one condition can be used as an effect (or cure) for another condition. Essentially it is like saying that a potential side-effect of sugar is obesity.

For individual cells it is fairly easy to answer. The moment they are not able to sustain their membrane potential, they die. Integral to a cell is a separation of their cytoplasm with their surrounding. Once that is compromised, it cannot recover anymore.

That is not easy to assess. Theoretically one would have to measure each source of contamination and then figure out whether the intake could cumulatively lead to adverse effects. In most cases the levels are not high enough for acute effects and most likely infants or small children are more affected by it (due to the endocrine disrupting properties). Unless very unusually made something like a water cooker alone should not a sufficient source for toxic effects.

From what I understood the goal was to figure whether total expression levels have changed (which would be indicative of e.g. reduced activity/growth) rather than the occurrence and expression of individual proteins, which could be resolved in a proteome experiment.

Predicting the job market is almost impossible and most of the time it does not make too much sense to use the current market situation as choose a career. Note that getting degrees is not the same as building a career. If you are interested in a career, you should inform yourself what kind of positions are available in the field of your interest and what kind of people they need. Again, I am not necessarily talking about degrees, but the whole package. If you are interested in the alternative energy field, how about approaching companies (e.g. at job fairs) and ask about what careers they have available, and what you to have to get to become attractive to them. Purely academic positions are notoriously fickle, even if the economy is stable.

The format is not comparable to a lecture and there are essentially only a few main points that one should try to remember. Though I can see that for someone not familiar in the topic and/or being a student it is hard to figure out what the main points were. And sometimes the talks are so bad that actually no one is able to figure it out. In short, write down who the guy was, what the topic is,write down key references (knowing the topic should be sufficient in many cases to track them down even if only name and years are given). You will likely encounter parts that you do not understand (yet), do not fret, but make a short note and try to follow the rest of the talk. The conclusion slide is where you should pay a lot of attention. Do not try to make note of everything. It will keep you from listening. And again, the key is to find the main arguments, the data is just to justify the conclusions.

Moved to homework. Give a shot at an answer and we will give you hints. The general statement that enzymes can function in two different locations with respect to the cell is, as it is stands, erroneous, though.

KEGG is a very comprehensive database of metabolic pathways, if you already got targets you may want to look into the swissprot (one of the best curated protein databases). What I do not understand is what you try to accomplish. Which DNA sequences are you looking at and why do you think they will change? Or do you really mean expression?

Note that it depends also a bit on the status of your immune system. If you got antibodies against it your resistance is very high, but if your immune system is otherwise compromised, it may not be able to mount a thorough immune response and thus render you vulnerable. The chances are generally low, though.

Agar generally refers to the supplement to solidify culture media (as opposed to agarose for electrophoresis).

I think a study found that maximum happiness was associated with an income of around 60-70 k. After that it did not increase very much.

Actually that poll above is somewhat faulty as it conflates biologists with people from the medical field. The latter tend to be more religious. (Though it does make the point that physicist tend to be less religious than chemists). I recall a survey from 1998 by the NAS (which therefore consisted of well-established "famous" scientists) in which the believe in god was highest in mathematicians (low double digits), the lowest in biologists (around 5) and physicists a tick higher.Though it is possible that they also conflated disciplines.

Also mathematics work is generally cheaper in terms of equipment and running costs compared to experimental fields.

In that case you can use in vitro methods. If the total content is what you are looking for you could try to measure it with fluorescent dyes, which have a lower detection limit. Most likely you would have to use up a whole larva to get reproducible results, though. Theoretically you could also use these stains on tissue directly, however reliable quantification is really difficult. In most cases I would say that the preparation noise is much higher rendering it pretty useless for a quantitative assay.

What precisely do you want to see? Do you want to monitor protein concentration while the larva is still alive (e.g. real-time monitoring?).

Not all of the genes have meaningful name. The first to assign a function generally can give them any name they want (though nowadays people cross-reference it to the ORF name, if a genome sequence is available). Other than that you should just check the regular databases as swissprot (for proteins) or Genbank, in which the full name is sometimes deposited. Blimp1 stands for B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein, btw. and is also called PRDM1 (Positive regulatory domain) as it binds to the PRDI (positive regulatory domain I element) of its target gene.

AFAIK Atom is soldered onto the motherboard. However RAM is the same. Just check the specs.

Eh, wait somehow did read the question wrong.The suggested order would not work. For instance, do you think that the nucleophilic attack would work as the first reaction? I.e. does the hydroxyl group has a reasonable chance to form a covalent bond with the C of the substrate?

iNow, I suppose the information of why is within the statement: What is lacking, however is the analysis accompanying this. I.e. what is the impact of the deleterious effects and at least an estimate of the how much the activities of the upper-bracket business would be diminished. The important question is IMO not whether tax expiration has an impact in economy or not, but rather how much the impact would be and how it compares to the impact if this tax revenue would be invested by the government in certain programmes (or to reduce deficit or whatever).

It is a bit of both. The poultry can be infected to begin with, and after intestinal colonization it can spread systemically. Usually those that are that sick do not enter the human food chain (hopefully). The rest can be the result of handling during the slaughtering and subsequent processing. The most significant amount is often the result of subsequent growth after contamination/infection, though.

One problem could be that the licensing scheme of Apple may inhibit the development of open source software that are often used for a variety of stuff. Also, currently most apps are at a low price (AFAIK) and people could be reluctant to buy an app for a few hundred or thousand bucks, which the commercial software often demands.There are other smartphones out there that may be more useful for developers as e.g. the Nokia N900. Though from a price standpoint it could be more worthwhile to get a netbook, which at least does not require new software and still is somewhat portable.

Muscles are attached to bone (via tendons) and by contracting they pull at them.