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https://phys.org/news/2021-05-tardigrades-survive-impacts-meters.htmlMAY 21, 2021 REPORT the paper: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ast.2020.2405 Tardigrade Survival Limits in High-Speed Impacts—Implications for Panspermia and Collection of Samples from Plumes Emitted by Ice Worlds: Abstract The ability of tardigrades to survive impact shocks in the kilometer per second and gigapascal range was investigated. When rocks impact planetary surfaces, the impact speeds and shock pressures are in the kilometer per second and gigapascal range. This investigation tested whether tardigrades can survive in impacts typical of those that occur naturally in the Solar System. We found that they can survive impacts up to 0.9 km s−1, which is equivalent to 1.14 GPa shock pressure, but cannot survive impacts above this. This is significantly less than the static pressure limit and has implications for tardigrade survival in panspermia models. The potential survival of tardigrades in impacts of terrestrial impact ejecta on the Moon is shown to be impossible for the average lunar impact speed of such ejecta. However, a notable fraction (around 40%) of such ejecta impact at vertical speeds low enough to permit survival. Similarly, martian impact ejecta striking Phobos, for example, at a typical impact speed will not permit viable transfer of tardigrade-like organisms, but if a fraction of such material had a lower impact speed, survival may be possible. We also consider the implications of this for the collection of viable samples by spacecraft transiting the plumes of icy water worlds such as Europa and Enceladus. We have found the limit on survival of shocks to be around 1 GPa, which is instrumental in determining appropriate mission scenarios and collection methods for the acquisition of viable materials. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> While we can be certain that Universal Abiogenesis is the only scientific process by which life arose in the Universe, we are less certain as to whether that Abiogenesis was Earth based or via the process we call Panspermia. Perhaps both played a part? Any thoughts?

https://phys.org/news/2021-05-reveals-microsecond-big.html MAY 21, 2021 Study reveals new details on what happened in the first microsecond of Big Bang: Researchers from University of Copenhagen have investigated what happened to a specific kind of plasma—the first matter ever to be present—during the first microsecond of Big Bang. Their findings provide a piece of the puzzle to the evolution of the universe, as we know it today. About 14 billion years ago, our universe changed from being a lot hotter and denser to expanding radically—a process that scientists have named the Big Bang. And even though we know that this fast expansion created particles, atoms, stars, galaxies and life as we know it today, the details of how it all happened are still unknown. Now a new study performed by researchers from University of Copenhagen reveals insights on how it all began. "We have studied a substance called Quark-Gluon Plasma that was the only matter, which existed during the first microsecond of Big Bang. Our results tell us a unique story of how the plasma evolved in the early stage of the universe," explains You Zhou, Associate Professor at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen. "First the plasma that consisted of quarks and gluons was separated by the hot expansion of the universe. Then the pieces of quark reformed into so-called hadrons. A hadron with three quarks makes a proton, which is part of atomic cores. These cores are the building blocks that constitutes earth, ourselves and the universe that surrounds us," he adds. more at link.............. the paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037026932100294X?via%3Dihub Measurements of mixed harmonic cumulants in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV Abstract: Correlations between moments of different flow coefficients are measured in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV recorded with the ALICE detector. These new measurements are based on multiparticle mixed harmonic cumulants calculated using charged particles in the pseudorapidity region |η|<0.8 with the transverse momentum range 0.2<pT<5.0 GeV/c. The centrality dependence of correlations between two flow coefficients as well as the correlations between three flow coefficients, both in terms of their second moments, are shown. In addition, a collection of mixed harmonic cumulants involving higher moments of v2 and v3 is measured for the first time, where the characteristic signature of negative, positive and negative signs of four-, six- and eight-particle cumulants are observed, respectively. The measurements are compared to the hydrodynamic calculations using iEBE-VISHNU with AMPT and TRENTo initial conditions. It is shown that the measurements carried out using the LHC Run 2 data in 2015 have the precision to explore the details of initial-state fluctuations and probe the nonlinear hydrodynamic response of v2 and v3 to their corresponding initial anisotropy coefficients ε2 and ε3. These new studies on correlations between three flow coefficients as well as correlations between higher moments of two different flow coefficients will pave the way to tighten constraints on initial-state models and help to extract precise information on the dynamic evolution of the hot and dense matter created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC.

And at the same time, plagiarise the best from different cultures. eg: cuisine [who doesn't like Chinese/Asian food, or Italian cuisine...or taking one's shoes/footwear off before entering a home [any home, even your own] an aspect of Fijian society I/we have adapted in my home. Probably much more European and/or Asian culture that has been adopted in more western countries.

When I was a young bloke, I was walking/waddling home early one morning [about 0200hrs] after a night out on the piss. Walking up my drive way i walked into a spiders web, and in my efforts to shake off any spider [I forgot to mention, I hate spiders and creepy crawlies] woke the neighbourhood up with my screams and swearing and jumping up and down, for them to see a pissed, half naked man. Not sure I would have acted any different even if sober! 😛

An excellent interview between two excellent scientists on "The New Atheist" and science and religion...30 minutes long, but enjoyable imo. I particularly like the remarks of Professor Krauss at the 13 minute mark when he explains that atheism is "NOT" is not a belief system as some like to define, but simply a willingness and an expectation to question, and accept the evidence of reality...following that the logical remarks by Professor Dawkin's on the qqquestion by the interviewer as to whether there was a "first person" an Adam if you will...beautifully answered imo!

Perhaps "when in Rome, do what the Romans do" could apply? Many many years ago when I was a single hairy arse lad of around 22 years of age, I had my first over seas trip. It was to Fiji. Anyway after landing at Nadi and booking into the nearest Hotel, I did what any single young hairy arsed lad would do, I headed towards the bar and had my first Fiji Bitter. Anyway I got talking with a couple of Fijian boys about the same age who worked there and as we had more Fiji Bitter, they asked me if I would like to come back to their village close by, and experience the Fijian life style. Next morning I then went with them back to their village. One of the boy's Father was the "Tui" or chief of the village and as per Fijian custom, I needed to present him with some yaqona [kava] for permission. The "sevusevu" or permission ceromony was simply a gathering of the Fijian household I was staying with [the Tui's] and friends, all sitting around on Ibe [Fijian mats] cross legged. Although seemingly because I was a Aussie white person I was offered a chair which I refused, and chose following the local tradition of sitting on the ibe cross legged drinking yaqona [kava] and fielding many questions about my home. That same night after my two friends and others from the village, finished performing for the tourists at the hotel where I first met them, they put on a magiti [food feast] for me back at their village. The main course was fish and I noticed that they all chose to eat it without knife and fork, although a knife and fork was put in front of me but not the others. I chose not to use them and like my Fijian friends, used my fingers. After a two week stay in the village, and before my return home, I expressed my gratitude to my two friends and the Tui and his family, by having another sevusevu, and showing my appreciation by presenting them with a couple of drums of kerosene, and local food stuffs and such. many years later when I married a Fijian girl from the opposite side of the Island, I followed the same customs and procedures when the wife presented me to her village and family, and then again a couple of years later, when our Son was born and we went back to "present" him to the village. I even indulge in Fijian custom at home by relaxing in my sulu! [not all together an attractive sight! 😁] I also have a few inigenous Aussies that I class as true friends...black, white, brindle or whatever...to quote a great American, "judge not by the colour of someone's skin, but by the content of their character" or words to that effect. I agree, and an example of that can be found in a thread I started yesterday. It involves Professor Neil Degrasse Tyson commenting on a young girl of 13, calling an indigenous Aussie rules football player an Ape after he scored a goal....

In Australia, we have a questions and answers type of program, on our National broadcaster, the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commision] The show is called simply "Q+A". The questions are asked from an audience to a select panel, generally consisting of notable people, on both sides of the political spectrum, and if I may add, stupidity/intelligence. I thought they might add something for discussion for the forum. I will first give a brief outline on the subject and notables on the panels of the four shows I have picked, covering the subject matter in the thread title.. First short Q+A is on the subject of climate change, and has on the panel, Brian Cox, physicist and scientist, along with a government climate change denier...a very dumb one I might add as you will see... the second episode of Q+A concerns itself science and religion, and features Lawrence Krauss.... the next Q=A episode features Richard Dawkins and Australia's most senior Catholic Cardinal George Pell who was convicted [twice] of paedophilia and sexual misconduct and then finally exonerated and found not guilty..... The fourth and final Q+A features Neil Degrasse Tyson commenting on racism in Australia along with cosmology.... Hope others find the four episodes of some interest. The show is excellent in its subject matter and makes a great change from the many idiotic 'reality"TV shows now on Aussie TV.

I will be doing my damdest to get hold of that. Many great docos about of course...I remember another featuring Sir David Attenboroough and Richard Dawkins, another top scientist trying educate those that need it and showing the mythical nature of those pushing and/or adhering to creationism in one of its many forms and doing a pretty good job, along with the late great Carl Sagan and his own doco series, probably one of the best ever in "Cosmos"...Plenty of others featuring notable scientists such as DeGrasse Tyson, Brian Cox and Lawrence Krauss. Another which I saw many years ago, called "The Ascent of Man"by a bloke called Jacob Bronowski...All great men, and all imo doing a job for science. A shame now that free to air TV [at least in Australia] is so full of those damn silly unbelievable, so called "reality shows". They literally make me sick!!

I had a quick peep. We all know the internet while being a great device for knowledge, learning and research, is also known to be full of cranks, deviates and bullshit. Your link is but an example of that.

OK, my answer would be that in essence, there is no disparity between the engines. Each engine in there own frame runs as per the consistent RPM. Each frame of reference is as valid as each other. It is only when the engines are again brought together that a discrepency is noticed. That's SR. The more familair example of course, relates to two synchronised atomic clocks, with one sent on a trip on a jet airliner...both in there own frame tick over at one second per second. It is only when brought together again that a discrepency is noticed.

I have a question. After reading much of your posts on space travel, it seems to me at least that you have done nothing other then criticise the US/NASA and its private space concerns, and at the same time down play the necessity of space travel and exploration in general. Am I wrong? And sorry, I must ask this, do you have some sort of agenda you are pushing? or are you someway so tied up with say, deep sea exploration, and probably the lack of funding and research in that area of science? Let me say then, if the last senetence is true, I agree with you. I believe that we should be spending all the money in the world, in a united effort to explore and research the unexplored regions of our Oceans, in a united International effort. But hey! don't take away from space exploration when doing so! That also is a totally neccessary scientific/exploratory path of science and progress.

Will watch that in its entirety on the weekend. The "Blackfish" doco is actually about a Killer Whale in captivity that kills its trainer at sea world in the US. While we are speaking of great videos, it's appropriate to mention the great Sir David Attenbourough and his docos and works for animal and environmental situations. And at 95 years of age, he still seems as enthusiatic as ever...a true beacon of light for us all.

As was flying just a little bit more then a 100 years ago. And with the dangers and difficulties of space travel well known by those that matter, and the continuing research into and with advanced technologies into eliminating and/or reducing those risks and dangers, in the course of time, we will go further afield and return, as the situation allows.

Hmmm, OK, I'll take your word for it.😉 I blame the Fosters...or was it VB?😊 If you are able to get the first one mentioned, "Love and Bananas" [it's on Netflix in Australia] then do it...extraordinary story, not only about Asian Elephants, but a Laoation woman called Lek Chailert and the American, Ashley Bell for pursuing her story. Like I said, keep a tissue handy.

This may explain it better.... https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_relativity_spacetime.html#:~:text=Thus%2C space and time are,approaching the speed of light. Another corollary of special relativity is that, in effect, one person’s interval of space is another person’s interval of both time and space, and one person’s interval of time is also another person’s interval of both space and time. Thus, space and time are effectively interchangeable, and fundamentally the same thing (or at least two different sides of the same coin), an effect which becomes much more noticeable at relativistic speeds approaching the speed of light. more at link

Over the last few years I have watched some momentous documentaries, that have brought tears to my eyes, and had me in awe with the beauty of nature and the environment.... The first one certainly did bring a tear to my eye, so keep a box of tissues handy... "Love and Bananas: An Elephant Story" "Chasing Ice" has breath taking scenary and much food for thought [as they all are] https://watchdocumentaries.com/chasing-ice/ Chasing Ice tells the story of nature photographer James Balog and the findings of his Extreme Ice Survey, a project that set out to study and expose the impact of global warming. The third is equally thought provoking...."Blackfish" https://www.blackfishmovie.com/about All three are I believe available on streaming services and also on dvd/blueray and all three are imho, well worth watching. Are there anymore about that others have seen, worth watching?

And the success continues....... https://phys.org/news/2021-05-chinese-mars-rover-photos.html Chinese Mars rover beams back first photos: Solar panels against an alien landscape, ramps and rods pointing at the Martian horizon—China's first probe on the Red Planet has beamed back its first "selfies" after its history-making landing last week. The Zhurong rover was carried into the Martian atmosphere in a lander on Saturday, in the first ever successful probe landing by any country on its first Mars mission. Zhurong, named after a mythical Chinese fire god, arrived a few months behind the United States' latest probe to Mars—Perseverance—and has been celebrated in China as a milestone in its ascent to space superpower status. The China National Space Administration on Wednesday published the images taken by cameras attached to the rover, which showed the obstacle-avoidance equipment and solar panels on the vehicle, as well as the texture of the Martian surface. "People of the internet, the Mars images you've been longing for are here," the space agency said in a social media post containing the images. The rover's landing was a nail-biter for Chinese space engineers, with state media describing the process of using a parachute to slow descent and buffer legs as "the most challenging part of the mission". more at link.....

Came across this old song last night...and I still cannot stop humming it nor get it out of my head. https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=U7ajooleEko&list=RDAMVMU7ajooleEko

The following quite lengthy and informative Wiki article is excellent imo...... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe#:~:text=The exact shape is still,a 0.4% margin of error. a small sample extract..... "The exact shape is still a matter of debate in physical cosmology, but experimental data from various independent sources (WMAP, BOOMERanG, and Planck for example) confirm that the universe is flat with only a 0.4% margin of error.[4][5][6] On the other hand, any non-zero curvature is possible for a sufficiently large curved universe (analogously to how a small portion of a sphere can look flat)" and an image.... and finally towards the end... "One of the presently unanswered questions about the universe is whether it is infinite or finite in extent".

from the above link................ "The UN maintains its long-standing position that lasting and comprehensive peace can only be achieved through a negotiated two-state solution". So that means that obviously to be achievable, both Palastinian Arabs as well as others in the region, plus the Israelies of course must be in agreement with the UN position. Is this the case? If not, then to use an old Aussie saying, the UN is pushing shit uphill.

Scientific probes such as WMAP have shown the universe to be flat with small error bars...flat as others have noted to mean that two beams of light emmitted parallel to each other, will remain parallel. A flat universe also denotes an infinite universe. But of course while any error bars remain, we can never really be sure that the universe is really, totally flat and as a consequence infinite. The flatness that our probes measure, may simply be part of a much larger curvature. The other topological alternatives are an open universe or a closed universe, or possibly even some more exotic topology like a donut for example. The curvature of the universe is generally denoted by omega, Ω...when Ω equals exactly 1, then the universe is truly flat. That of course cannot really be known other then for our observable universe. Bingo and what I was trying to convey. Which of course is why we can not determine whether the universe is finite or infinite.

Starting the day off with gentleman Jim.......................... and I love this one, brings a tear to your eye and a lump to your throat! 😉

Space is real....time is real...spacetime is real, but none are physical entities. Something does not need to be physical to be real, the way I see things at least.

A lot of truth in those statements above, particulalrly with the extremism comments, which applies to other scenarios also that I won't go into at this stage, as I would be digressing.

Actually, I never said anything about space being nothing...in fact I believe nothing [as mostly defined] to be impossible to exist. I said that it has an undeniable connection with time. Spacetime is the evidenced supported framework derived from GR. Plus of course the Einstein quote you supplied where he said, "Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time" Perhaps he meant spacetime in the first sentence? Afterall in was actually his teacher that first recognised the space and time connection, Minkowski. He said, "The views of space and time which I wish to lay before you have sprung from the soil of experimental physics, and therein lies their strength. They are radical. Henceforth space by itself, and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality" In essence then to me, there seems an irrefutable connection between space, time gravity, mass/energy...note the following.... https://einstein.stanford.edu/content/relativity/a11332.html Can space exist by itself without matter or energy around? No. Experiments continue to show that there is no 'space' that stands apart from space-time itself...no arena in which matter, energy and gravity operate which is not affected by matter, energy and gravity. General relativity tells us that what we call space is just another feature of the gravitational field of the universe, so space and space-time can and do not exist apart from the matter and energy that creates the gravitational field. This is not speculation, but sound observation. Dr. Sten Odenwald In summing, I'm only a rank ameteur who has though read a fair bit from reputable books and learnt from reputable people on forums such as this, and to me the theory of SR/GR and gravitation, seems a beautiful evidenced backed summation of cosmology today. certainly it does not tell us everything, and just as certainly, one day we will probably have an even more encompassing model that exceeds GR. But to do that it must first describe and predict all that GR observationaly describes and predicts.