hermanntrude

the most important thing you can learn is how to learn. And practise makes perfect

not sure about the first question but the second answer is easy if you simplify your answer to qualitative: a catalyst increases the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions

WA didn't manage that one either.

as far as i can tell, you got step 2 right. What would the intermediate be if you used #4 on the starting material? By my estimation it'd just be the starting material again. try answering UC's questions... the answers will be helpful

when you're AT school, you don't usually know what you're gonna need to know later on in life. Anyway, calculus can easily be applied in every day situations if you try.

yes thanks. I've heard of thermite. So has everyone else on this forum. we probably have twelftyhundred threads on it.

please refer to this thread it doesn't really matter what you've made, you wont be able to make sodium from it, although you might be able to set your house on fire or choke yourself from lack of experience.

justonium did you read my comment? please leave well enough alone

in other words, cells interfere with osmosis?

OK have you any idea what might be the intermediate? have you any thoughts on this at all?

I don't think so. Gibb's free energy is related to the energy required but it's not the same. Gibb's free energy is actually the negative of the change in the entropy of the universe for the process multiplied by the temperature in kelvins ([math]\Delta G = -T \Delta S_{universe}[/math])

certainly a lot more useful than the broken link you provided

not really, no. There is a relationship between the cell potential and the gibbs free energy, though: [math]\Delta G = -nFE[/math] where [math\Delta G[math] is the gibbs free energy, n is the number of moles of electrons involved in the process, F is the Faraday constant (the charge on a mole of electrons, so that "nF" is equal to the charge used), and E is the voltage required or provided (depending on whether the process is spontaneous or not). In reality, though, the calculated value of E and the real value of E are usually different, due to a phenomenon known as overpotential, which is more prevalent when gases are involved. In general, if [math]\Delta G[/math] is negative, E will be positive, meaning the process is spontaneous, and that electricity will be generated, and if the reverse is true, the process will require energy input for it to occur. The latter situation is often an electrolysis.

a single dead cell wouldnt decompose as fast as a dead cell in a dead body

i've often suspected I may have a near-asperger's symdrome type condition. My father definitely has it. I got a 28, which is lower than I imagined... but i think it's because one of my asperger-y obsessions is dealing with my own asperger-y-ness. I deliberately put myself in situations where I have to learn to be normal.

is this a homework question? what does water dissociate into during electrolysis? what does the Gibbs free energy of formation represent?

do you mean potassium and sodium nitrate? Those are [ce]KNO3[/ce] and [ce]NaNO3[/ce], respectively.

bear in mind that osmosis also happens in man-made systems and in completely non-living environments. It is a passive process (nothing has to be actively done to make it happen), and it comes from the random diffusion of atoms, ions and molecules across the membrane

the trouble with weighing is that you will have losses due to evaporation

bear in mind 600 is easily achievable by a bunsen burner so you should be familiar with things which can handle that temperature. How about a saucepan?

the word you're looking for is diprotic. Certainly one mole of sulfuric can make twice as many H+ ions as one mole of HCl, but nevertheless, if you put a lump of silver in sulfuric acid, very little will happen. Put a lump of silver in nitric acid, and there will be violent fizzing and lots of toxic brown gas (NO2)

it all depends on exactly what characteristic you use to define an acid. You're right when you say they all dissociate to the same extent in water, and so the H+ concentrations are the same, but you also have to take some other things into account: In other solvents, such as acetic acid, the acids dissociate to a different degree... out of the six "strong" acids usually quoted, HClO4 is the strongest when put in acetic acid. HCl is often considered to be fairly weak. The main reason for this is that it's rarely found in higher concentrations than 37%. This is because HCl as a PURE substance is a gas, and so very concentrated solutions fume and give off HCl gas. Also, Cl- isn't very reactive, unlike the counterions for other acids. H2SO4 is pretty nasty because you can make it up to about 98% concentration and it will still be a liquid. [ce]SO4^2-[/ce] is not usually a big part of the corrosiveness of sulfuric acid. One of the nastier things about sulfuric is that it like water a LOT. sulfuric acid is the main reason for the rule that you must add acid to water and not the other way round. Sulfuric acid releases so much heat when combined with water it can boil the water instantly. HNO3 is viscious stuff, because while it can be very concentrated (usually up to about 70%), it's not only the H+ that causes the trouble, the NO3- is a very strong oxidiser, and it's the NO3- that makes nitric capable of dissolving silver (the other two acids can't do that). if you mix HCl and HNO3, you get what's known as aqua regia, which can even dissolve gold. There are even nastier acids (google "superacids"), but they're not commonly used.

dont forget chemical engineering. If i had my time over again i'd take chemical engineering instead of straight chemistry. Much more job availability.

although to be fair, I imagine the MSDS for nanotubes is different depending on the types of nanotubes. the variety is amazing... multiwalled, single walled, chiral, non-chiral, different lengths, different diameters, etc etc