Genady

I think that data science is a major shift.

Curiously, I keep reading the same about biology, how it is monopolized by ideas like evolution and how there are both serious problems and promising alternatives to these theories, but they're suppressed by academic politics.

To be or not to be?

Oh, sour grapes!

No, because it's homework.

Is this a right forum?

Apo(gee] and perigee _refer_ (to an) orbit (=around) //Earth// (while?) aphelion (and__) perihelion ..&refer**.. (to_an!) orbit around ((Sun---))

Here J***s sneaks in...

What do you think about rolling pandas? Looks like a mode of transportation for them: Rolling Is A Specialty For Pandas | iPanda - Bing video

Glad I've asked. Learned a new word, phatic.

Perhaps, but what does it mean? I honestly don't understand semantics of this word combination. For example, I don't know if there's anything wrong with smelling with my mind's nose what my spleen feels. And if there's nothing wrong with it, can I smell nothing but other spleens?

I assume that 0 and 1 in OP don't stay for arithmetic numbers, but rather represent logical values, which by usual convention are: 0 for FALSE and 1 for TRUE.

It can be true since 1 -> 0 = 0.

One way, in theory, is if the group whom you benefit consists of your close relatives with whom you share genes. By benefiting them you help them to propagate their genes, some of which are your genes. Thus, you help them to propagate your genes including the genes responsible for this trait.

It did. Example: tortoise.

IOW, I would say that a signal is sent if something evolved because it helps others. But, Accordingly, I say that signal is not sent.

You mean there are no such yet?

This is exactly my point. I took a class on animal behavior about 12 years ago and I remember there were many examples of 'strange' behaviors and the difficulties to figure out their purpose, but at the end they all evolved to benefit the organism itself rather than others. Signals are picked up, but they are not sent.

I'd say that you send a signal if the signal has some added elements to it, e.g., you spend an extra energy to make it (I know that this can be difficult to determine) or while jumping you make V sign with the fingers of your right hand and O sign with your left. It is not necessarily conscious but something that evolved because it helps others to detect danger.

How do we know that they send these signals rather than the 'signals' being effects of the drought / disease / insect attacks, and trees evolved to respond to them?

Can lack of awareness of others be considered as awareness of the self?

Yes, it is clear now. Thanks.