exchemist

Energy efficiency is not generally the goal of particle and quantum physicists, surely? Or do you mean those occupied with fusion research?

"Fussion" isn't a word. Do you mean fission or fusion? If you mean fusion, then I doubt it will make a contribution for another 30 years at least. But its long term potential is such that it justifies the current level of expenditure.

This made me burst out laughing, it is so crassly ignorant and incompetent. The laziness of pretending to be local and neighbourly, without even bothering to have a German sign off promotions referencing the local culture, is breathtaking. Some computer in the US seems to have been allowed to do it, unchecked, based on a calendar of anniversaries.

"times" = "multiplied by".

Indeed. The orange-red in the video looks like neon, specifically. But obviously videos may not represent colours accurately.

Good luck.

If you don't know what they are, from where do you get the information that they are used to generate ozone? The video (which is very poor quality) seems to show a reddish glow. However ozone production by photolysis requires UV. So something doesn't seem to stack up here. If the ozone information is wrong, then the red glow suggests to me it could be a neon discharge tube of some sort.

No. The uncertainty principle comes from QM, not relativity, and relates to non-commuting operators or, in the wave formalism, to certain pairs of properties being related to each other through Fourier transforms, whereby increasing precision in one leads to loss of precision in the other. QM is applied to physical systems - objects, if you like - rather than to spacetime.

I don't know the first thing about this program, but it sounds to me as if it may use some sort of method of iterative approximation that converges towards a final value. If that is so it may be programmed to stop iterating when the difference between successive iterations falls below a preset level, or something. Could that makes sense?

Yes, so I discover.

Rotons go very well with "p"s, I find.

Well it's multiple choice, so all you need do is choose an answer that seems sensible. What % of the enzyme is bound to the substrate at the Km value? You should know this from the definition of Km. So then you can ask yourself whether the actual concentration of substrate is higher or lower than this - and choose an appropriate answer accordingly. (At least, that is how it seems to me. Being a chemist, I didn't know what Km was, so I've had to to look it up. But I think I could now choose the correct answer.)

Bacteria have a length of the order of 1 micron. The honing pattern in the cylinder liner of an engine, which is a pattern you can see but can't easily feel with your fingers, has grooves about a micron in depth. So if the scratches you are talking about are of this magnitude there will not be space for a colony of bacteria to hide in them. But as @Peterkinsays, there are some bacteria on all surfaces that have not just been sterilised and there will no doubt be a few in the scratches too. This is not a concern. The vast majority are not harmful and even for those that can be, our bodies are adapted to dealing with the sorts of low levels of them we are likely to encounter in daily life.

There are intermolecular forces acting between the molecules in the liquid, which have to be overcome in order for molecules to slide past one another. At higher temperatures, a greater proportion of the molecules have enough kinetic energy to overcome at least some of these forces, reducing the resistance to them moving relative to one another.

It looks as if this is part of a general mathematical course. Learning basic differential calculus is relatively easy and doesn't require much of all that stuff. I learned it when I was 15, as part of the old UK O-Level syllabus. I don't think statistics helps much with learning calculus. You just need to draw functions as a graph and see how you can make approximations to the slope of the line that, in the limiting case, give you an exact value. There are various videos on this. Looking at them quickly I thought this one was fairly clear. The chief mathematical idea is the idea of limits, what happens to an algebraic quantity when one variable gets smaller and smaller and tends to zero. But then the power of knowing the slope of a function at any point on its graph is that that represents its rate of change. This leads onto all sorts of applications. For example the rate of change of distance with time is velocity and the rate of change of velocity with time is acceleration. Also, the point a slope becomes zero is a maximum or a minimum (or sometimes a point of inflexion) of the curve, so you can find maximum and minimum values of functions this way. And there are lots more applications of course. Integral calculus is the inverse process, in effect calculating the area under a portion of a curve. There are teaching modules on that too. So I think you should be able to short-circuit the modules of the Khan Academy course and go directly to calculus, provided you are OK with algebra and graphing functions and can understand limits. (I speak as a chemist rather than a mathematician. It may be that a proper mathematician would disapprove of the short cuts I am suggesting.)

Not sure, but it could be. Salt marsh seems to be what they are advocating. But actually this marsh stuff is different from your original link, which was about things like kelp and sea grass i.e. actual seaweed, growing under salt water.

Thanks, that is more informative. I notice however that the emphasis is on conserving existing littoral ecosystems, i.e. preventing their loss, rather than developing them as new carbon sinks to sequester more carbon from the atmosphere.

The article seems pretty poor at explaining it. There is a handwaving mention of kelp and seagrass but no discussion of the associated carbon cycle. These are plants with finite life. What happens to the carbon when they die? Maybe someone here can comment.

I've a feeling I've seen this silly question before, somewhere.

Surely the relevant question is how high this lake or tarn is above the generating station, i.e. the head available for power generation. In the Highlands, one of the things that is free is height.

Indeed. If you read my description of the inductive mechanism in the OP, it explains how that can take place.

Yes Trevor it was stimulated by the research I did on this arising from your question on the other forum. There are more scientists here, so there is more of a chance of getting further with the topic. Suggest you read and learn, and refrain from outlandish speculations.

Curiously, Maynard's name does not appear in the review of the various models that I linked in the OP. A lot of work has been done since the 1960s, so it may have been superseded. Rather than sending me 10 pages by PM, is it possible for you to post a short summary of its key features?

Nice. This seems to be the inductive model, more or less.

I think it best to keep in mind what is happening physically, to ensure your answer makes sense. If there is a volume reduction, the atmosphere is compressing the system. Then as @sethoflagossays, that adds internal energy, so if what you get out as heat is less than this, the net internal energy must have gone up, so ΔU has to be +ve. But I confess I too was thrown by the term "expansion work" when in fact what happens is the opposite, viz. compression work - at least from the system's point of view. It may be that the learning point for both of us is what @sethoflagos says about "expansion work" being used to denote any form of PdV work, regardless of whether it is expansion or compression of the system. I was never taught this terminology. We always spoke of "PdV work" and left it at that, which is far less confusing in my estimation.