sethoflagos

Many thanks for that Joss. I've been a subscriber to that channel for a couple of years and it rarely disappoints.

An 'avatar' of the local Cernovii (possibly 'horned ones') iron age tribe as suggested seems quite credible. Can't find any info on its physical size, but similar stones are often boundary markers carrying the implicit message 'Our land. Trespassers may be poked with a pointy thing and ritually garrotted.'

Then I suggest you don't waste your valuable time in composing one of your usual 500+ word rambles. I summarised your proposed cycle in about 50 words. Your alternative proposed wording should be similarly concise. Don't link to external sources. Just plain simple wording for all to see.

Fish are pretty isothermal. As is a bucket of iced water. Why are you running scared of the isothermal assumption, Tom? If anything it works to your favour by maximising the efficiency of your machine. I'm perfectly happy with 'nearly isothermal', or 'not even nearly isothermal' or even 'adiabatic' if you want the lowest possible efficiency. Your choice. But I do insist that you make a choice. It's spelt 'isochoric' and means 'conducted at a constant volume'. I'll only accept 'very nearly isochronic' since it's pretty easy to ensure machinery isn't too elastic. But again, the theoretical ideal works to your advantage. Your choice. But I do insist that you make a choice. 'Isochronic' is something entirely different.

Just to clarify, the intent is to make the following changes to the Stirling Cycle. 1. The isothermal expansion stage at TH stays as is outputting power WE. 2. Isochoric cooling stage becomes a null event since it is adiabatic. QC = 0. 3. The isothermal compression at TC stage becomes an adiabatic compression from TH to TA absorbing power Wc. 4. The isochoric heating stage from TC to TH becomes an isochoric cooling from TA to TH. Are we all in agreement? I do know that you've read this, so I'll take your failure to respond as concurrence.

Just to clarify, the intent is to make the following changes to the Stirling Cycle. 1. The isothermal expansion stage at TH stays as is outputting power WE. 2. Isochoric cooling stage becomes a null event since it is adiabatic. QC = 0. 3. The isothermal compression at TC stage becomes an adiabatic compression from TH to TA absorbing power Wc. 4. The isochoric heating stage from TC to TH becomes an isochoric cooling from TA to TH. Are we all in agreement?

Exactly.

Just one example of many similar cases. What would be the result of your conscious self being able to manipulate at will the hard wiring of your visual cortex and alter the (currently subconscious) pre-processing of the information coming from your eyes? As there are many, many more ways of making a mistake than of making an improvement, any change you made would almost certainly be destructive with consequences for your future survival. May it therefore be reasonable to assume that evolution would try to make it as difficult as reasonably possible to do this? On a more general scale, wouldn't it be a good idea for evolution to limit the scope of your consciousness to the minimum necessary for survival and reproduction? We should perhaps be grateful for having sufficient conscious awareness to provide the opportunity to enjoy our friendships, interests and cultures free of the endless computational burden of having to consciously process every single nerve impulse occurring in our body. So no, our sense of self and our total brain functionality cannot operate on an equal footing. Our survival demands that most of the complex computational processing and maintainance of vital service runs subconsciously in the background, leaving our consciousness intelligence to tackle changing conditions and novelties that evolution is ill-equipped to anticipate.

I'm assuming you meant 'all the earth's land masses ended up in one continent'. The idea's a bit of a nonsense I'm afraid. The geological record in Britain (excluding Scotland and Northern Ireland) for the 200 million years leading up to the formation of Pangaea is practically complete and has been extensively studied. It has it's action moments but these are no more extreme than eruptions from a volcanic island chain along the north-west coast. The rest is almost entirely quiescent marine deposition. No evidence whatsover of planetary collision. Various lines of evidence indicate a slow journey from mid-southern latitudes until close to the equator where we had a three way collision with Canada (who gave us Scotland and Northern Ireland), and much of Scandinavia (who then similarly obtained Norway). Subsequently most of continental europe rear shunted us as they were pushed forward by the great land mass of Africa moving north. I remember this basic sequence being cautiously developed through the 1970's, but as the detailed geology of more parts of the world became available, it all seemed to fit in with the same picture and confidence grew in it being a pretty accurate representation of actual events. There certainly remain a few last lingering details to work out particularly with the more complex and exotic terranes, but the general plan is seen as very sound. Hence wildly different versions of events presented with no supporting evidence (such as the OP) can be safely classified as lunatic fringe.

That post wasn't addressed to you. But perhaps there's no harm in reminding you that this body of theory that you are constantly sneering at is in everyday use in the design of serious real world applications where getting it wrong can seriously damage your career. Steep learning curve.

No shaft work exiting the system so your 'work' is just more heat. Deja vu.

Since I was Lead Process Engineer for Stone & Webster on the design of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Bridge_Power_Station, I can confirm this. The minimum required thermal efficiency was written into the contract, and was no small challenge to meet given they insisted we used an air-cooled condenser for the steam cycle. As a side note this was the last CCGT plant to be built in the UK before the government put a moratorium on gas-fired power plant, which was one of the factors that encouraged me to leave for sunnier shores.

An efficiency of zero because you seem to have no means of extracting work from the system. The machine still operates therefore there is enough heat flow to keep it operating.

You were advised: And yet a couple of hours later you continued with: And were again corrected: Now you say: We are going around and around in circles because you fail to understand the difference between an actual real world efficiency and a theoretical limit, despite having this explained to you by several parties. What are you really doing here?

No it isn't. You can't play the victim card when you're the aggressor. I'm simply calling you out. No. You continually misdirect the discussion by ignoring central themes and cherry picking peripheral trivia to have a snipe at. You're bringing absolutely nothing to the table to support your views other than blind persistence. Call it belief, faith, or just plain trolling: the one thing it isn't is science. Your opinion carries less weight here than you imagine. I see no point in trying to share knowledge with someone who has no interest in it. What are you doing here, Tom?

A deliberate refusal to acknowledge the points of view of others when they challenge with your own 'faith'. Deliberate misdirection of the discussion and wrong. The vast majority of collisions are not head on. Kinetic energy gets shared out. There is a nett flow of heat to the cold sink. Conspiracy theory. Irrelevant historical detail. You really don't have the slightest interest in being enlightened do you? Why exactly are you here?

You could start by doing a literature search for current work referencing these citations: Milgram, J. H. 1965 Compliant water-wave absorbers. M.I.T. Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Report no. 65–13. Ursell, F., Dean, R. & Yu, Y. 1960 Forced small amplitude water waves; a comparison of theory and experiment. J. Fluid Mech. 7, 33–52.

Because it didn't "GO MISSING"! 500 kJ of heat @ 500 K has been transformed to 100 kJ of Shaftwork plus 400 kJ of heat @ 400 K It's still there but at a lower temperature. Add a second machine operating between 400 K and 300 K and that 400 kJ of heat @ 400 K can be further transformed into another 100 kJ of Shaftwork plus 300 kJ of heat @ 300 K On some space base for example with ready access to a cryogenic heat sink, you can potentially recover almost all of the original 500 kJ of thermal energy. Just recognise that extracting the kinetic energy from slow moving particles requires contact with particles that are almost stationary. I think one of the main issues is a very confusing terminology. In the above example we have one (ideal) machine with a 'thermal efficiency' of 0.20 coupled to another with a 'thermal efficiency' of 0.25. Normally when we combine various efficiencies in series we multiply them together and would expect an overall efficiency of 0.05. And yet here we get an overall 'thermal efficiency' of 0.40. It sends a very odd message. To a practical layman, a low efficiency figure implies some failings in the design that can be incrementally improved with a little attention to detail. This is an entirely understandable viewpoint to take. But the above examples are idealised, 'perfect' machines with no avoidable losses. By any reasonable definition they should be classed as 100% efficient. As they would be if instead of W/QH we accepted the Carnot limit for what it is and used Machine Efficiency = W/QH x TH/(TH - TC)

It is not supposed to be a practical machine. It represents a limiting case that all real world machines will fail to match in performance. Just as the speed of light is the limiting case for particle velocity. Your statement shows that you understand at least some of these words. And yet you persist in claiming that you can produce a machine that outperforms unity efficiency. Apparently you do not understand the meaning of the word 'limit'. Pity because you've reached one of mine.

Try not to get distracted by extraneous detail. Focus on the fundamentals such as this post.

A cold reservoir is as much a potential energy source as a hot one. It's the existence of a temperature differential that produces the opportunity to output shaft work. In some sense cold sinks are more useful in that they're associated with higher thermal efficiencies. Air cycles are not particularly part of my repertoire since we tend to look for high energy densities in our working fluids to keep the equipment compact. Phase change latent heats store far more energy per unit volume than just gas heat capacity as used in the typical air cycle HVAC systems used on aeroplanes. But aeroplanes have access to very low temperature ambients and ram air compression so horses for courses.

Reading between the lines as well as I'm able, I don't think they quite got this right. Right from day 1 of my chemical engineering course, we were bombarded with the mantra: Output = Input - Accumulation ... until it was ingrained into us as second nature. Until we didn't need to consciously think about it - we just sensed it automatically. The reason being that it was vital to understand that while an output can be maintained without input via a depletion of reserves (-ve accumulation) this cannot be maintained indefinitely. Sooner or later the reservoir will run dry. In a complex system, the balance between these three quantities can be impossible to judge without precise calculation, and it can be oh so easy to let a slightly imprecise mental image carry you off on a fool's errand. It seems to me that you could see that the system kept running through it's accumulation of a high thermal reservoir and thermal inertia, and didn't spot the depletion of resources that was obscured by the systems complexity. Not only is this quite understandable, but it is actually a breach of the 1st Law not the 2nd. The correct response would have been to yes, point out the 1st Law transgression, but then acknowledge the value of extending power output into nighttime or at least say that wasn't a necessary consideration. (It has serious global significance now). I don't know. Without full knowledge of all the details maybe there was a 2nd Law transgression, but by saying so it certainly seems to have made you see the 2nd Law as your enemy and in doing so they did you a great disservice. The 2nd Law is very much the engineer's friend. A proper understanding of it keeps you on the straight and narrow and saves wasting time on nonsense. Which is a good thing. Carnot was one of the good guys.

Maybe let's return to more familiar ground with Stirling type heat engines. Imagine a stack of six of them. The top absorbs 300 kW of heat from the atmosphere at 300 K (80.3 oF), the bottom has a cold side at absolute zero. In between, the cold sink of the upper unit is the hot source for the next one down (and vice versa). Let us say each is designed for a temperature differential of 50 K (90 oF) and performs at the full Carnot limit for their respective temperature band. Machine 1: Temp Range 300-250; Input 300 kW; Efficiency 1/6; Output 50 kW Machine 2: Temp Range 250-200; Input 250 kW; Efficiency 1/5; Output 50 kW Machine 3: Temp Range 200-150; Input 200 kW; Efficiency 1/4; Output 50 kW Machine 4: Temp Range 150-100; Input 150 kW; Efficiency 1/3; Output 50 kW Machine 5: Temp Range 100-50; Input 100 kW; Efficiency 1/2; Output 50 kW Machine 6: Temp Range 50-0; Input 50 kW; Efficiency 1/1; Output 50 kW Can you see the beautiful symmetry in this? 300 kW of heat goes in and becomes 300 kW of Work. If Machine 1 were some how able to extract 50.1 kW, the symmetry would be irredeemably broken. We could potentially get more energy out of the system than was there to begin with. You really are at odds with the most fundamental of our scientific understandings and the countless experimental datapoints that confirm those understandings. Edit: I've just seen your next post and sympathise. I can't comment on that particular application as I'm not familiar with it. But I've worked for that kind of employer (also in Iraq as it happens) and they can have a very nasty side to them.

It's more like a commercial freezer room than a domestic fridge, perhaps. They run typically from -15 oC (5 pF) down to maybe -35 oC (-31 pF). No. Heat is being exhausted into the (slightly cooler) atmosphere through the condenser. Yes. We are extracting QC from the (insulated!) freezer, adding the nett shaft work, and exhausting QH to atmosphere. Understood. My designs were more more scaled for larger industrial applications than perhaps you are familiar with. They all worked moreorless as intended. And the same principles hold at all scales. It's self-adjusting to a certain extent. In hot ambient conditions the cold side temperature will rise until a new equilibrium temperature profile is established. The 50K (90 oF) temperature differential is built into the equipment design, but the absolute temperatures will 'float' up and down as necessary on the external temperature seen by the condenser. In practice, we would design for the warmest anticipated ambient conditions, and provide additional controls (maybe an inverter variable speed drive on the compressor for example) to optimise year round performance. But this isn't the place to go into those details. Just read 'compressor' or 'expander' as appropriate. The exact type (turbine, positive displacement, screw etc.) is not relevant to this discussion.

@Tom Booth The working fluid, propane in this case, flows around a circuit ABCD It is arbitrary which point we start at, but let's say it's the inlet to the compressor. At this point A I picked a pressure of 2 bar and an enthalpy of 550 kJ/kg. This corresponds to a temperature of -22.7 oC, entropy of 2.427 kJ/kgK and quality q = 1 (mass fraction in vapour form) Path AB is isentropic compression to 10 bar. The entropy at point B is 2.427 kJ/kgK when the enthalpy is 626 kJ/kg, temperature 38.5 oC and q = 1. The work input required for this stage is WC = 550 - 626 = -76 kJ/kg Point C is after heat exchange to atmosphere, still at 10 bar, temperature now 26.9 C, enthalpy 275 kJ/kg, entropy 1.257 kJ/kgK and q = 0.014 (nearly all liquid). Path BC implies an ambient temperature of a little less than 26.9 oC which is the fixed point for the system. It will ride up and down on this according to climatic conditions. Under the stated conditions we have an exhaust to the hot sink QH = 275 - 626 = -351 kJ/kg. Path CD is isentropic expansion down to 2 bar, so entropy remains 1.257 kJ/kgK, temperature -25.5 oC, enthalpy 260 kJ/kg and q = 0.298. This stage generates a work output WE = 275 - 260 = 15 kJ/kg. Path DA is a constant pressure (nearly isothermal) cooling of a refrigerated space. The temperature at A constrains this space to be a little above -22.7 oC. QC = 550 - 260 = 290 kJ/kg. You seem to have difficulty with my use of the word 'cycling'. It refers in this case to the changing state of a 1 kg mass of propane cycling around and around the system. In a real practical system, we would probably lose the turbo expander in path CD (too complicated and problematic for such a small efficiency saving) and replace with a simple adiabatic flash nozzle.