Anatomy, Physiology and Neuroscience

How can a villous adenoma arise in colon, if colon naturally doesn't have villi. Thanks

What happens if it is more and what if it is less?Also how bulboreticular facilitatory area helps in stabilization of body position?

From pressure-volume curve of the lung and chest wall (attached photo), I don't understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is initially negative then becomes positive above 30% of vital capacity when the lung volume increases from residual volume? What I initially thought was as the lung volume increases, the elasticity of the lung would increases (thus increasing elastic recoil pressure) because the lung is being stretched more. However I don't understand as to why should the elastic recoil pressure starts at such a negative value in the beginning? Can someone please help me clear up this confusion?

Is there a difference between anoxia and hypoxia because I checked the Internet and all I got was that hypoxia is an extreme form of anoxia where there is an inadequate O2 supply despite an adequate blood supply. Then why have 2 terms that mean the same thing.

I just thought I'd open this to a discussion about anybody who knows more details about the subject. So I just found an article from a couple days ago that scientists have found a molecule in the brain that trigger aging. Here is the link - http://www.nature.com/news/molecules-in-the-brain-trigger-ageing-1. Here are some interesting excerpts from the article: "Further tests suggested that NF-κB activity helps to determine when mice display signs of ageing. Animals lived longer than normal when they were injected with a substance that inhibited the activity of NF-κB in immune cells called microglia in the hypothalamus. Mice that received a substance to stim…

I read somewhere that diabetics have an increases risk of developing kidney failure. I was just trying to understand what is meant by this. The role of the kidney is filtration of blood, reabsorption of ions and molecules that the body needs, control blood volume, and of course excrete wastes as urine. So in diabetes, the glomeruli have a chance of being broken down and so as a result, the patient pees out glucose which is normally reaborbed. At the same time, is he unable to also reabsorb ions and molecules that he needs like Na?

Does anyone know whether the state of brain death is reversible? In other words, can a person who is brain dead ever be revived, and by 'revived' I mean up and walking around as if nothing ever happened? I ask because I am having a discussion with someone who is making the, as far as I am concerned, absolutely absurd claim that near-death experiences are proof that consciousness survives the death of the brain because there have been cases where people who were literally brain dead have reported experiencing near-death experiences. Is this guy just being obstinate, or is he correct? Because as I understand it, brain death is characterized by the complete necrosis of t…

Since hydrostatic pressure depends on arteriole resistance, wouldn't dilating arterioles decrease hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries? As a result less fluid will be transferred to the tissues.

If a person is dehydrated he has low blood volume. As such his blood osmol will increase and thus you have a bigger concentration of particles in blood due to same number of particles but in lower volume. Now since your blood is more viscous it moves slower and as such would there be more or less oxygen exchange with the tissues?

I am comparing oogenesis and spermatogenesis. I was wondering if sperm are arrested as primary spermatocytes like primary oocytes are until puberty? In addition, is there a stimulus that forces spermatagonia to secrete a certain amount of sperm over a set time period like a primary oocyte becomes a secondary oocyte each month? Or do spermatagonia just randomly shift between mitosis and meiosis to constantly create more sperm that first matures on seminiferous tubules and then stored in the epididymis until needed?

Hi, I wonder if someone has a full list of all known vesicle proteins. I especially need the total concentration of all sv proteins. Thanks for your help

Hi guys, Busy arguing with a guy over this who insists there is no scientific proof of the placebo effect. We are discussing audio and how various cables sound different. Blind testing was mentioned as well as the unreliabiity of human perception. But the guy insists there is no scientific proof. Is there? He basically wants me to prove that people can imagine things that aren't there (brain probes etc). What angles can I use to attack this argument?

what is this time taken called? not the actual time taken

Hello guys and girls! I have a question regarding nerves that I had hard time finding answer to - What happens to peripheral nerves after they are transected, such as amputation of a limb? Particularly, what is going to happen to axon endings in the nerve stump over time (days, months) following transection, provided there is no distal nerve remant to promote regeneration. From what I know for now, both efferent and afferent axons should live since their supporting neurons still exist (due to dorsal root ganglion neurons being pseudounipolar), however, I'd greatly appreciate more information about this! Thanks a lot - Marko

I'm currently investigating the 'skull theory' which suggests unique structural formation of both the female and male skull. Here is an article which goes into more detail http://www.juniordentist.com/differentiate-male-skull-female-skull.html I would appreciate your opinion regarding the possible gender of the foetus pictured in this 20 week ultrasound

It’s well known that the heart contains neurons, a type called ‘neuro-myo-cytes’ that enables the heart to work independent of the brain, however the heart and the brain do have some connection/interaction. There is a lot of, admittedly anecdotal, evidence that propose a personality can change when a heart is transplanted. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1299456 http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2012/03/dick_cheney_heart_transplant_can_a_new_heart_change_your_personality_.html http://theophanes.hubpages.com/hub/Cellular-Memories-in-Organ-Transplant-Recipients http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8084936.stm So my question, can the heart …

I recently had what I would call a transformative moment. Read below and give me your opinions. These are writings I did as the thoughts came to me so it may not flow as well as it could. Thanks! I've have a theory on where consciousness lies physically in the brain. Firstly I'm not crazy or delusional. I believe that there is some observable evidence to support my theories. I've unknowingly suffered from tourettes for the last 20 years of my life and recently found 75mg of DXM twice daily to completely resolve my symptoms. Since I was 10 I've had ticks and what I know understand was a fog wrapped around my mind. I always felt I was stupid and that I lacked any …

Hello folks, I am currently working on a Simulation of the diffusion of Synapsin within the presynaptic terminal. My current problem lies in the dependency factor. I am using a System of PDEs. Does anyone have empirical information on the binding rates of Syn 1 to SVs and actin filaments? I try to make my model as realistic as possible (using FEA and Multigrid Methods). I thought of a sort of "Beta-Function" describing the Binding-Behavior of Synaspin. WhatI found was an old article on the saturation of Synapsin 1 stating that there might be a saturation at 76 +- 40 µg Syn I per ng Vesicle. There is no indication on how the behavior changes when an AP arrives. …

If you had a fetus in the womb still attached to the placenta, is there a higher oxygen level within the left atria compared to the aorta? I think that the oxygen level would be greater in the left atria because as blood travels through the body oxygen is constantly being lost. Since the lungs are not patent as of yet, the blood supply that was originally oxygenated at the placenta will lose its oxygen content unless this blood is reoxygenated by the lungs, but since the lungs don't exist it's less. As a side question, lets say we were asked the above question but with the fetus being born (ie lungs working), then I would think that the oxygen concentration in blood …

Amici, we really & desperately need to get breakthrough in SDP(systems of data processing), then R&Ds of New Technologies shall be more cheap & fast. Actually, Time is too short to lose any moment & chance.

I have a question regarding the pallium and its divisions, Are the lobes of the brain seen as divisions of the pallium or do they refer only to the cortex? Is the pallium as a single concept divided into only the archi, paleo and neopallium? (Or more modernly medial, dorsal, lateral and ventral)??

supplements are better metabolized than general fool becaused they are chemically simpler.my concern is that taking supplements could make the body to get used to these and do not accept general food.what do you think?

I am trying to understand where blood pressure would be the largest. In a book that I was reading, it said that blood would be bigger near the heart (such as in the arms) than in the toes. I could see that being true since the left ventricle has the highest blood pressure in that it must pump blood with enough force for it to constantly circulate throughout the body. However, based on the physics definition of pressure where pressure increases with depth, wouldn't pressure be largest in our toes? Also I have a side quest about pressure and height. If one is comparing the blood pressure of individuals with varying height, the taller person would have a higher blood pre…

I've been reading up papers about mapping sounds to their auditory representation, and I'm a bit confused about one bit. They've given some diagrams of sound waveforms spectral with the y-axis being spectral frequencies, and the x-axis being temporal modulations What are temporal modulation frequencies in this case? I've been trying to find a simple, down to earth explanation on the net, but there seems to be a few different answers, and I'm not quite sure which one it is, if any. Here is an image of what I'm on about. http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/imgs/rescaled512/2700967_pcbi.1000436.g007.png My guess is its the average frequency of oscillations in a sound? But I'm s…

The potential of nanotechnology application in neuroscience is widely accepted. Especially single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) have received great attention because of their unique physical and chemical features, which allow the development of devices with outstanding electrical properties. use of nanotechnology in the medical field is inreasing day by day.