The 125 GeV H0 is not the Higgs particle but the first excited state of the W+W- composite particle!

1. The Crisis of the Higgs Mechanism

The discovery of a particle identified as the Higgs boson at approximately 125 GeV has been hailed as a great triumph of the Standard Model. However, the Higgs mechanism (Mexican hat potential --> Spontaneous symmetry breaking --> Higgs field --> Mass generation) still harbors several serious issues.

1) Hierarchy/Naturalness Problem: The mass of the Higgs boson is expected to receive enormous quantum corrections, potentially driving it up to the Planck scale. For the mass to remain at 125 GeV, the "bare mass" must be fine-tuned with an almost unbelievable precision to nearly perfectly cancel out these corrections.

2) Vacuum Energy Catastrophe: This is the most significant problem. The Higgs field, which has a non-zero value in the vacuum, predicts an energy density for empty space that is approximately 10^55 times larger than the cosmologically observed value. The Higgs mechanism cannot function without assuming an energy density for the vacuum (Higgs field). Assuming the energy density required by the Higgs mechanism not only contradicts observations but also leads to a catastrophic scenario for the universe. A fine-tuning of 10^55 is not only unreasonable but also introduces a new problem: the existence of enormous initial energy if such fine-tuning is assumed. This is a critical issue that physicists unanimously agree must be resolved.

3) Other Issues: The Higgs mechanism faces additional challenges, including the arbitrariness of the Yukawa coupling constants, the hierarchy of the mass spectrum, the unexplained origin and form of the Higgs potential, the arbitrariness of the Higgs boson’s mass, the asymmetry between leptons and quarks, the lack of integration with dark matter and dark energy, the vacuum stability problem, the strong CP problem, and the difficulty of reconciling the mechanism with quantum gravity, all of which suggest the need for new physics beyond the Standard Model.

2. Hypothesis: The Majority of Mass Originates from Intrinsic "Self-Energy"

This paper proposes a more fundamental principle, rooted in classical physics and calculus, regarding the origin of mass.

The mass of fundamental particles arises from the particle's self-energy.

Since the (electromagnetic, strong, weak) charge Q is a collection of infinitesimal charges dQ, there exists potential energy due to these dQ charges (electromagnetic, strong, weak). The potential energy between like (electromagnetic, strong, weak) charges is positive energy, so the existence of the charge itself results in positive energy and positive mass. The picture above is an example of a electromagnetic charge.

This idea posits that all particles with (electromagnetic, weak, strong) charges can be viewed as a charge distribution spread out in space. Consequently, potential energy exists between the infinitesimal charges constituting the charge distribution, and according to E=mc^2, an equivalent mass corresponding to this potential energy exists. I believe this principle, derived from calculus, is more fundamental than assuming an arbitrary "Mexican hat" potential designed merely to produce desired results.

This self-energy model avoids the problems arising from the introduction of the Higgs field, as it does not require an external field like the Higgs field for fundamental particles to acquire mass.

The self-energy model due to the existence of such charges is known not to work well for free leptons, possibly due to environmental factors. Quarks, being confined, are permanently bound within hadrons. They also constantly interact with other quarks and gluons. This continuous interaction environment acts as a form of continuous "quantum measurement", forcing the quark's wave function to localize. As a result, a well-defined effective radius is maintained.

In contrast, free leptons like electrons are fundamentally different. Unlike quarks, electrons are not subject to confining forces that continuously localize their position. Without such forces, the wave function spreads significantly, making a classical, stable radius unclear. Therefore, applying the self-energy model is challenging. Consequently, the mass of a free electron is better explained from the perspective of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), where the "bare mass" is obscured by vacuum polarization or screening effects.

3. Key Result: Z0 and H0 Are the Ground State and First Excited State of the W+W- Composite System

The central claim of this paper is that the Z⁰ and H⁰ bosons are not distinct fundamental particles but rather the ground state and the first excited state of a single composite system, namely a pair of W⁺ and W^- bosons. The evidence lies in the fact that three independent physical principles align perfectly with this hypothesis. Furthermore, a key result is the relationship r_H ~ 2r_Z ~ 4r_W, meaning that the radii of the 125 GeV H⁰, Z⁰, and W particles are related by near-integer multiples, suggesting this is more than a mere coincidence.

1) Charge Conservation: The proposed constituent particles, W⁺ (charge +1e) and W^- (charge -1e), when combined, yield a net charge of zero. This is consistent with the neutral charge observed in both the Z⁰ and H⁰ bosons.

2) Energy Conservation: The mass of a composite particle is the sum of the masses of its constituent particles plus the binding energy. Since the two W particles carry charges, the binding energy includes electromagnetic potential energy. For an intuitive explanation, the results are initially derived assuming only electromagnetic potential energy. The paper extends this by incorporating both electromagnetic potential energy and the potential energy of weak interactions to obtain the results.

(M_composite)c² = (M_W⁺+ M_W^-)c² + U_binding

Z0 (graound-state):

U_{binding,Z} = 91.188GeV - 2(80.379GeV) = - 69.570GeV

(M_Z)c^2 = 2(80.379GeV) - 69.570GeV = 91.188GeV

H0 (first-excited-state):

U_{binding,H} = 125.100GeV - 2(80.379GeV) = - 35.658GeV

(M_H)c^2 = 2(80.379GeV) - 35.658GeV = 125.100GeV

This result is profoundly significant. The binding distance of the H⁰ state is nearly twice that of the Z⁰ state. As demonstrated in the paper, this quantized relationship remains robust even in a more comprehensive model that includes the weak force potential (ratio ~1.88). Such an integer-multiple relationship strongly suggests that these particles are not independent but rather two different quantum states of the same system.

When the weak force potential is included, a Yukawa potential term for the weak interaction is added, as shown below.

Even in a model that includes both electromagnetic and weak forces, the relationship r_H' ~ 2r_Z' ~ 4r_W' approximately holds.

3) Spin: The critical test is whether this model can account for the different spins of Z⁰ (spin-1) and H⁰ (spin-0). According to quantum mechanics, when two spin-1 particles (W⁺ and W^-) combine, the total spin can be S=0,1,2. This model proposes the following:

- Z0 (S=1): A "triplet state" where the spins of the W bosons are aligned in parallel. This is a natural low-energy configuration consistent with the ground state.

(Spin of W⁺: ↑) + (Spin of W^-: ↑) -->(Total Spin of Z⁰: S=1)

- H0 (S=0): A "singlet state" where the spins are aligned in opposite directions, canceling each other out. This different quantum configuration naturally corresponds to a different energy level (excited state).

(Spin of W⁺: ↑) + (Spin of W^-: ↓) -->(Total Spin of H⁰: S=0)

4. New Prediction: A Second Excited State Exists near ~135.4 GeV

This model provides specific and falsifiable predictions, namely the existence of the second excited state of the W⁺W^- system. Based on the energy level spacing, it predicts a new neutral resonance particle with a mass of approximately 135.4 GeV. Detecting this particle at the LHC or future particle accelerators will serve as a critical test of this hypothesis.

Although no definitive signal for a ~135.4 GeV resonance has been reported so far, this may be due to the low production probability of such a second excited state. Intriguingly, some public plots from CMS have shown minor, statistically insignificant excesses in the mass region around 135.5 GeV. While these could be mere statistical fluctuations, they align remarkably with our model's pinpoint prediction of 135.4 GeV. This alignment provides a compelling motivation for experimental groups to perform a dedicated search within this specific mass window, as the discovery of such a resonance would provide powerful evidence for the composite nature of electroweak bosons.

Given that there are now some logical grounds (five in total: 1)the existence of mass based on the principle of calculus, 2)charge, 3)energy, 4)spin, and 5)r_H' ~ 2r_Z' ~ 4r_W') for predicting a new particle near 135.4 GeV, viewing events in this energy range with a perspective of greater possibility may lead to alternative interpretations of existing data.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, this paper asserts that the 125 GeV particle discovered at the LHC is not a fundamental Higgs boson but rather the first observed excited state of the W⁺W^- system. In this model, the artificial "Mexican hat potential" and "Higgs field" introduced to endow W⁺, W^-, and Z⁰ with mass are unnecessary. This is because W⁺ and W^- acquire mass due to the existence of their (electromagnetic, weak) charges, and Z⁰ acquires mass from both the (electromagnetic, weak) charge-induced mass and the binding energy.

If this claim is correct, the Mexican hat potential, the Higgs field, and the vacuum energy associated with the Higgs field become superfluous constructs. This approach resolves severe issues, such as the vacuum energy catastrophe, by explaining mass through the more fundamental principles of self-energy and composite particle dynamics.

#Paper:

The Z0 and H0 Bosons as the Ground and First Excited States of a W+W− System

How much of this is your own work and how much was prepared by AI ?

Why is a good half of your article devoted to dismissing the Higgs ?

In particular how does your proposal integrate with dark matter and dark energy ?

3 hours ago, icarus2 said:

Intriguingly, some public plots from CMS have shown minor, statistically insignificant excesses in the mass region around 135.5 GeV. While these could be mere statistical fluctuations

Like the other six data points that show similar excesses. The ones at 111 GeV show an even stronger deviation.

Since the (electromagnetic, strong, weak) charge Q is a collection of infinitesimal charges dQ, there exists potential energy due to these dQ charges (electromagnetic, strong, weak). The potential energy between like (electromagnetic, strong, weak) charges is positive energy, so the existence of the charge itself results in positive energy and positive mass. The picture above is an example of a electromagnetic charge.

This idea posits that all particles with (electromagnetic, weak, strong) charges can be viewed as a charge distribution spread out in space. Consequently, potential energy exists between the infinitesimal charges constituting the charge distribution, and according to E=mc^2, an equivalent mass corresponding to this potential energy exists. I believe this principle, derived from calculus, is more fundamental than assuming an arbitrary "Mexican hat" potential designed merely to produce desired results.

Your speculation is built upon this more fundamental speculation, and we don’t allow that — you need to provide evidence of this model first. Good luck, since we already have the failure of the electron to adhere to it.

Feel free to explore that in another thread.