To be Ionic or Polar Covalent is the question!

openlyfescience · April 30, 2023

Please follow the link to view a table of element reactions.

https://shipwr3ck.com/research/lib/ionic-or-polar-covalent/

exchemist · April 30, 2023

1 hour ago, openlyfescience said:

Please follow the link to view a table of element reactions.

https://shipwr3ck.com/research/lib/ionic-or-polar-covalent/

I don't find this table useful, to be honest. You can't see the row and columns headings once you are in the middle of it.

It also makes simplistic - and therefore incorrect - generalisations for those elements that can occupy a variety of oxidation states, for example the transition elements.

I really don't see the point of such a table. Far better to look at the Periodic Table and consider electronegativities and oxidation state for each case.

Sensei · April 30, 2023

3 hours ago, exchemist said:

You can't see the row and columns headings once you are in the middle of it.

There is a way to do in HTML5+CSS:

https://www.google.com/search?q=html+css+sticky+table+header

e.g.

<table>
 <thead style="position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 1; background-color: rgb( 255, 0, 0 );">
  <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Surname</th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
   [...]
 </tbody>
</table>

The background-color is needed so that you don't have the text from headers merged with the text below..

exchemist · April 30, 2023

18 minutes ago, Sensei said:
There is a way to do in HTML5+CSS:

https://www.google.com/search?q=html+css+sticky+table+header

e.g.
<table>
 <thead style="position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 1; background-color: rgb( 255, 0, 0 );">
  <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Surname</th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
   [...]
 </tbody>
</table>
The background-color is needed so that you don't have the text from headers merged with the text below..

Thanks. But making your readers go to that trouble doesn't seem a great way to make the table someone's first choice as a reference.

Sensei · April 30, 2023

15 minutes ago, exchemist said:

Thanks. But making your readers go to that trouble doesn't seem a great way to make the table someone's first choice as a reference.

I was just hinting to the creator of this thread how to fix his site based on your observations.

exchemist · April 30, 2023

26 minutes ago, Sensei said:

I was just hinting to the creator of this thread how to fix his site based on your observations.

Oh I see. Good idea, then.

Although in my view the table would still be of highly doubtful utility.

Sensei · April 30, 2023

2 minutes ago, exchemist said:

Although in my view the table would still be of highly doubtful utility.

If a professional web UI designer does it, it can be made useful.

For example, it is possible to add a search/filter function. See:

https://www.w3schools.com/howto/tryit.asp?filename=tryhow_js_filter_table

https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_js_filter_table.asp

If the user starts typing, and the list gets shorter with each keystroke..

It is implemented in JavaScript, so the user's machine does everything and its speed will matter (an outdated computer will have sluggish performance).

studiot · April 30, 2023

6 hours ago, openlyfescience said:

Please follow the link to view a table of element reactions.

https://shipwr3ck.com/research/lib/ionic-or-polar-covalent/

I was originally not going to bother to follow your link as it should be unnecessary to leave the forum to find out what it is all about.

However as some members are obviously thinking about it and perhaps benefitting I decided to look.

As a result I have some suggestions.

Firstly I see that you must have put in a great deal of effort to to complete this table.

But I would suggest some improvements are necessary as you have to know quite a bit of chemistry to be able to use it successfully

The title is Periodic Table Reactions which is not really quite accurate.
It would be better titled Periodic Table Bonding.
This is because there is no guarantee that if you placed some of these elements in contact they would actually react.
But very often your table would indeed describe the bonds if they dis nindeed react.

Secondly I can find any simple covalent bonds ?

Are you shure that the Carbon - hydrogen bond in say methane is polar-covalent or dative which is another word for the charge separation effect ?
Then of course your tabular entries for molecules such as oxygen., hydrogen, nitrogen are blank, whereas they should be covalent.
How would you classify ozone ?

You also have blanks where it should read 'metallic bonding'.

As regards Science Forums, perhaps if you pasted a screenshot of just the top left corner, and satated that the full table is available at xxx that would cover forum rules.

Ask a moderator, some have chemistry backgrounds.

openlyfescience · April 30, 2023

Thank you all for your responses. As for being 100% correct ( probably not ) it was my first attempt at comparing electronegatives using an algorithm.

The purpose was to inspire possibilities as any other science experiment would.

WD-40 was not created on the first try, which I realize my project needs more work.

But I did collect responses you all have made so i can take the chance to make it more accurate and read friendly.

exchemist · April 30, 2023

26 minutes ago, openlyfescience said:

Thank you all for your responses. As for being 100% correct ( probably not ) it was my first attempt at comparing electronegatives using an algorithm.

The purpose was to inspire possibilities as any other science experiment would.

WD-40 was not created on the first try, which I realize my project needs more work.

But I did collect responses you all have made so i can take the chance to make it more accurate and read friendly.

OK, I'm delighted you have replied. We get a lot of bots and drive-by spammers and I thought you might be one of those.

I do think there's a problem with multiple oxidation states. Higher oxidation states of, for example, transition elements, tend to form bonds that have a lot more covalent character than lower oxidation states of the same element. This is not surprising when one thinks of the ionisation energies or, which comes to the same thing, the polarising power of a highly charged cation.

I also wonder if you might give a better overall sense of what is going on if you were to use a colour coding scheme to distinguish the types of bond, instead of writing out the text each time. After all, you only mention 2 or 3 types of bonding.

But good luck with your project.

openlyfescience · April 30, 2023

'H' => ['atomic_number' => 1, 'electronegativity' => 2.20],
    'He' => ['atomic_number' => 2, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Li' => ['atomic_number' => 3, 'electronegativity' => 0.98],
    'Be' => ['atomic_number' => 4, 'electronegativity' => 1.57],
    'B' => ['atomic_number' => 5, 'electronegativity' => 2.04],
    'C' => ['atomic_number' => 6, 'electronegativity' => 2.55],
    'N' => ['atomic_number' => 7, 'electronegativity' => 3.04],
    'O' => ['atomic_number' => 8, 'electronegativity' => 3.44],
    'F' => ['atomic_number' => 9, 'electronegativity' => 3.98],
    'Ne' => ['atomic_number' => 10, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Na' => ['atomic_number' => 11, 'electronegativity' => 0.93],
    'Mg' => ['atomic_number' => 12, 'electronegativity' => 1.31],
    'Al' => ['atomic_number' => 13, 'electronegativity' => 1.61],
    'Si' => ['atomic_number' => 14, 'electronegativity' => 1.90],
    'P' => ['atomic_number' => 15, 'electronegativity' => 2.19],
    'S' => ['atomic_number' => 16, 'electronegativity' => 2.58],
    'Cl' => ['atomic_number' => 17, 'electronegativity' => 3.16],
    'Ar' => ['atomic_number' => 18, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'K' => ['atomic_number' => 19, 'electronegativity' => 0.82],
    'Ca' => ['atomic_number' => 20, 'electronegativity' => 1.00],
    'Sc' => ['atomic_number' => 21, 'electronegativity' => 1.36],
    'Ti' => ['atomic_number' => 22, 'electronegativity' => 1.54],
    'V' => ['atomic_number' => 23, 'electronegativity' => 1.63],
    'Cr' => ['atomic_number' => 24, 'electronegativity' => 1.66],
    'Mn' => ['atomic_number' => 25, 'electronegativity' => 1.55],
    'Fe' => ['atomic_number' => 26, 'electronegativity' => 1.83],
    'Co' => ['atomic_number' => 27, 'electronegativity' => 1.88],
    'Ni' => ['atomic_number' => 28, 'electronegativity' => 1.91],
    'Cu' => ['atomic_number' => 29, 'electronegativity' => 1.90],
    'Zn' => ['atomic_number' => 30, 'electronegativity' => 1.65],
    'Ga' => ['atomic_number' => 31, 'electronegativity' => 1.81],
    'Ge' => ['atomic_number' => 32, 'electronegativity' => 2.01],
    'As' => ['atomic_number' => 33, 'electronegativity' => 2.18],
    'Se' => ['atomic_number' => 34, 'electronegativity' => 2.55],
    'Br' => ['atomic_number' => 35, 'electronegativity' => 2.96],
    'Kr' => ['atomic_number' => 36, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Rb' => ['atomic_number' => 37, 'electronegativity' => 0.82],
    'Sr' => ['atomic_number' => 38, 'electronegativity' => 0.95],
    'Y' => ['atomic_number' => 39, 'electronegativity' => 1.22],
    'Zr' => ['atomic_number' => 40, 'electronegativity' => 1.33],
    'Nb' => ['atomic_number' => 41, 'electronegativity' => 1.6],
    'Mo' => ['atomic_number' => 42, 'electronegativity' => 2.16],
    'Tc' => ['atomic_number' => 43, 'electronegativity' => 1.9],
    'Ru' => ['atomic_number' => 44, 'electronegativity' => 2.2],
    'Rh' => ['atomic_number' => 45, 'electronegativity' => 2.28],
    'Pd' => ['atomic_number' => 46, 'electronegativity' => 2.20],
    'Ag' => ['atomic_number' => 47, 'electronegativity' => 1.93],
    'Cd' => ['atomic_number' => 48, 'electronegativity' => 1.69],
    'In' => ['atomic_number' => 49, 'electronegativity' => 1.78],
    'Sn' => ['atomic_number' => 50, 'electronegativity' => 1.96],
    'Sb' => ['atomic_number' => 51, 'electronegativity' => 2.05],
    'Te' => ['atomic_number' => 52, 'electronegativity' => 2.1],
    'I' => ['atomic_number' => 53, 'electronegativity' => 2.66],
    'Xe' => ['atomic_number' => 54, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Cs' => ['atomic_number' => 55, 'electronegativity' => 0.79],
    'Ba' => ['atomic_number' => 56, 'electronegativity' => 0.89],
    'La' => ['atomic_number' => 57, 'electronegativity' => 1.10],
    'Ce' => ['atomic_number' => 58, 'electronegativity' => 1.12],
    'Pr' => ['atomic_number' => 59, 'electronegativity' => 1.13],
    'Nd' => ['atomic_number' => 60, 'electronegativity' => 1.14],
    'Pm' => ['atomic_number' => 61, 'electronegativity' => 1.13],
    'Sm' => ['atomic_number' => 62, 'electronegativity' => 1.17],
    'Eu' => ['atomic_number' => 63, 'electronegativity' => 1.2],
    'Gd' => ['atomic_number' => 64, 'electronegativity' => 1.20],
    'Tb' => ['atomic_number' => 65, 'electronegativity' => 1.1],
    'Dy' => ['atomic_number' => 66, 'electronegativity' => 1.22],
    'Ho' => ['atomic_number' => 67, 'electronegativity' => 1.23],
    'Er' => ['atomic_number' => 68, 'electronegativity' => 1.24],
    'Tm' => ['atomic_number' => 69, 'electronegativity' => 1.25],
    'Yb' => ['atomic_number' => 70, 'electronegativity' => 1.10],
    'Lu' => ['atomic_number' => 71, 'electronegativity' => 1.27],
    'Hf' => ['atomic_number' => 72, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Ta' => ['atomic_number' => 73, 'electronegativity' => 1.5],
    'W' => ['atomic_number' => 74, 'electronegativity' => 2.36],
    'Re' => ['atomic_number' => 75, 'electronegativity' => 1.9],
    'Os' => ['atomic_number' => 76, 'electronegativity' => 2.2],
    'Ir' => ['atomic_number' => 77, 'electronegativity' => 2.20],
    'Pt' => ['atomic_number' => 78, 'electronegativity' => 2.28],
    'Au' => ['atomic_number' => 79, 'electronegativity' => 2.54],
    'Hg' => ['atomic_number' => 80, 'electronegativity' => 2.0],
    'Tl' => ['atomic_number' => 81, 'electronegativity' => 1.62],
    'Pb' => ['atomic_number' => 82, 'electronegativity' => 2.33],
    'Bi' => ['atomic_number' => 83, 'electronegativity' => 2.02],
    'Po' => ['atomic_number' => 84, 'electronegativity' => 2.0],
    'At' => ['atomic_number' => 85, 'electronegativity' => 2.2],
    'Rn' => ['atomic_number' => 86, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Fr' => ['atomic_number' => 87, 'electronegativity' => 0.70],
    'Ra' => ['atomic_number' => 88, 'electronegativity' => 0.90],
    'Ac' => ['atomic_number' => 89, 'electronegativity' => 1.1],
    'Th' => ['atomic_number' => 90, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Pa' => ['atomic_number' => 91, 'electronegativity' => 1.5],
    'U' => ['atomic_number' => 92, 'electronegativity' => 1.38],
    'Np' => ['atomic_number' => 93, 'electronegativity' => 1.36],
    'Pu' => ['atomic_number' => 94, 'electronegativity' => 1.28],
    'Am' => ['atomic_number' => 95, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Cm' => ['atomic_number' => 96, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Bk' => ['atomic_number' => 97, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Cf' => ['atomic_number' => 98, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Es' => ['atomic_number' => 99, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Fm' => ['atomic_number' => 100, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Md' => ['atomic_number' => 101, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'No' => ['atomic_number' => 102, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Lr' => ['atomic_number' => 103, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Rf' => ['atomic_number' => 104, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Db' => ['atomic_number' => 105, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Sg' => ['atomic_number' => 106, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Bh' => ['atomic_number' => 107, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Hs' => ['atomic_number' => 108, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Mt' => ['atomic_number' => 109, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Ds' => ['atomic_number' => 110, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Rg' => ['atomic_number' => 111, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Cn' => ['atomic_number' => 112, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Nh' => ['atomic_number' => 113, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Fl' => ['atomic_number' => 114, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Mc' => ['atomic_number' => 115, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Lv' => ['atomic_number' => 116, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Ts' => ['atomic_number' => 117, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Og' => ['atomic_number' => 118, 'electronegativity' => null]

I first collected all the information I could above.

Then, I ran it through this algorithim. ( It may still need work )

// Create an array to hold the reaction data for each element
$reactions = [];

// Loop through each element and compare it to every other element to calculate its reaction
foreach ($elements as $element1 => $properties1) {
    $reactions[$element1] = [];
    foreach ($elements as $element2 => $properties2) {
        if ($element1 == $element2) {
            $reactions[$element1][$element2] = null;
        } else {
            $delta_electronegativity = abs($properties1['electronegativity'] - $properties2['electronegativity']);
            if ($delta_electronegativity <= 1.6) {
                $reactions[$element1][$element2] = 'polar covalent';
            } else {
                $reactions[$element1][$element2] = 'ionic';
            }
        }
    }
}

Sensei · April 30, 2023

1 hour ago, openlyfescience said:

I first collected all the information I could above.

Check this page.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)

There is not a single way to calculate electronegativity.

Even in Pauling scale, Kr, Xe, Rn have data (and they have unstable, hard to made, compounds).

exchemist · April 30, 2023

1 hour ago, openlyfescience said:

'H' => ['atomic_number' => 1, 'electronegativity' => 2.20],
    'He' => ['atomic_number' => 2, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Li' => ['atomic_number' => 3, 'electronegativity' => 0.98],
    'Be' => ['atomic_number' => 4, 'electronegativity' => 1.57],
    'B' => ['atomic_number' => 5, 'electronegativity' => 2.04],
    'C' => ['atomic_number' => 6, 'electronegativity' => 2.55],
    'N' => ['atomic_number' => 7, 'electronegativity' => 3.04],
    'O' => ['atomic_number' => 8, 'electronegativity' => 3.44],
    'F' => ['atomic_number' => 9, 'electronegativity' => 3.98],
    'Ne' => ['atomic_number' => 10, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Na' => ['atomic_number' => 11, 'electronegativity' => 0.93],
    'Mg' => ['atomic_number' => 12, 'electronegativity' => 1.31],
    'Al' => ['atomic_number' => 13, 'electronegativity' => 1.61],
    'Si' => ['atomic_number' => 14, 'electronegativity' => 1.90],
    'P' => ['atomic_number' => 15, 'electronegativity' => 2.19],
    'S' => ['atomic_number' => 16, 'electronegativity' => 2.58],
    'Cl' => ['atomic_number' => 17, 'electronegativity' => 3.16],
    'Ar' => ['atomic_number' => 18, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'K' => ['atomic_number' => 19, 'electronegativity' => 0.82],
    'Ca' => ['atomic_number' => 20, 'electronegativity' => 1.00],
    'Sc' => ['atomic_number' => 21, 'electronegativity' => 1.36],
    'Ti' => ['atomic_number' => 22, 'electronegativity' => 1.54],
    'V' => ['atomic_number' => 23, 'electronegativity' => 1.63],
    'Cr' => ['atomic_number' => 24, 'electronegativity' => 1.66],
    'Mn' => ['atomic_number' => 25, 'electronegativity' => 1.55],
    'Fe' => ['atomic_number' => 26, 'electronegativity' => 1.83],
    'Co' => ['atomic_number' => 27, 'electronegativity' => 1.88],
    'Ni' => ['atomic_number' => 28, 'electronegativity' => 1.91],
    'Cu' => ['atomic_number' => 29, 'electronegativity' => 1.90],
    'Zn' => ['atomic_number' => 30, 'electronegativity' => 1.65],
    'Ga' => ['atomic_number' => 31, 'electronegativity' => 1.81],
    'Ge' => ['atomic_number' => 32, 'electronegativity' => 2.01],
    'As' => ['atomic_number' => 33, 'electronegativity' => 2.18],
    'Se' => ['atomic_number' => 34, 'electronegativity' => 2.55],
    'Br' => ['atomic_number' => 35, 'electronegativity' => 2.96],
    'Kr' => ['atomic_number' => 36, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Rb' => ['atomic_number' => 37, 'electronegativity' => 0.82],
    'Sr' => ['atomic_number' => 38, 'electronegativity' => 0.95],
    'Y' => ['atomic_number' => 39, 'electronegativity' => 1.22],
    'Zr' => ['atomic_number' => 40, 'electronegativity' => 1.33],
    'Nb' => ['atomic_number' => 41, 'electronegativity' => 1.6],
    'Mo' => ['atomic_number' => 42, 'electronegativity' => 2.16],
    'Tc' => ['atomic_number' => 43, 'electronegativity' => 1.9],
    'Ru' => ['atomic_number' => 44, 'electronegativity' => 2.2],
    'Rh' => ['atomic_number' => 45, 'electronegativity' => 2.28],
    'Pd' => ['atomic_number' => 46, 'electronegativity' => 2.20],
    'Ag' => ['atomic_number' => 47, 'electronegativity' => 1.93],
    'Cd' => ['atomic_number' => 48, 'electronegativity' => 1.69],
    'In' => ['atomic_number' => 49, 'electronegativity' => 1.78],
    'Sn' => ['atomic_number' => 50, 'electronegativity' => 1.96],
    'Sb' => ['atomic_number' => 51, 'electronegativity' => 2.05],
    'Te' => ['atomic_number' => 52, 'electronegativity' => 2.1],
    'I' => ['atomic_number' => 53, 'electronegativity' => 2.66],
    'Xe' => ['atomic_number' => 54, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Cs' => ['atomic_number' => 55, 'electronegativity' => 0.79],
    'Ba' => ['atomic_number' => 56, 'electronegativity' => 0.89],
    'La' => ['atomic_number' => 57, 'electronegativity' => 1.10],
    'Ce' => ['atomic_number' => 58, 'electronegativity' => 1.12],
    'Pr' => ['atomic_number' => 59, 'electronegativity' => 1.13],
    'Nd' => ['atomic_number' => 60, 'electronegativity' => 1.14],
    'Pm' => ['atomic_number' => 61, 'electronegativity' => 1.13],
    'Sm' => ['atomic_number' => 62, 'electronegativity' => 1.17],
    'Eu' => ['atomic_number' => 63, 'electronegativity' => 1.2],
    'Gd' => ['atomic_number' => 64, 'electronegativity' => 1.20],
    'Tb' => ['atomic_number' => 65, 'electronegativity' => 1.1],
    'Dy' => ['atomic_number' => 66, 'electronegativity' => 1.22],
    'Ho' => ['atomic_number' => 67, 'electronegativity' => 1.23],
    'Er' => ['atomic_number' => 68, 'electronegativity' => 1.24],
    'Tm' => ['atomic_number' => 69, 'electronegativity' => 1.25],
    'Yb' => ['atomic_number' => 70, 'electronegativity' => 1.10],
    'Lu' => ['atomic_number' => 71, 'electronegativity' => 1.27],
    'Hf' => ['atomic_number' => 72, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Ta' => ['atomic_number' => 73, 'electronegativity' => 1.5],
    'W' => ['atomic_number' => 74, 'electronegativity' => 2.36],
    'Re' => ['atomic_number' => 75, 'electronegativity' => 1.9],
    'Os' => ['atomic_number' => 76, 'electronegativity' => 2.2],
    'Ir' => ['atomic_number' => 77, 'electronegativity' => 2.20],
    'Pt' => ['atomic_number' => 78, 'electronegativity' => 2.28],
    'Au' => ['atomic_number' => 79, 'electronegativity' => 2.54],
    'Hg' => ['atomic_number' => 80, 'electronegativity' => 2.0],
    'Tl' => ['atomic_number' => 81, 'electronegativity' => 1.62],
    'Pb' => ['atomic_number' => 82, 'electronegativity' => 2.33],
    'Bi' => ['atomic_number' => 83, 'electronegativity' => 2.02],
    'Po' => ['atomic_number' => 84, 'electronegativity' => 2.0],
    'At' => ['atomic_number' => 85, 'electronegativity' => 2.2],
    'Rn' => ['atomic_number' => 86, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Fr' => ['atomic_number' => 87, 'electronegativity' => 0.70],
    'Ra' => ['atomic_number' => 88, 'electronegativity' => 0.90],
    'Ac' => ['atomic_number' => 89, 'electronegativity' => 1.1],
    'Th' => ['atomic_number' => 90, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Pa' => ['atomic_number' => 91, 'electronegativity' => 1.5],
    'U' => ['atomic_number' => 92, 'electronegativity' => 1.38],
    'Np' => ['atomic_number' => 93, 'electronegativity' => 1.36],
    'Pu' => ['atomic_number' => 94, 'electronegativity' => 1.28],
    'Am' => ['atomic_number' => 95, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Cm' => ['atomic_number' => 96, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Bk' => ['atomic_number' => 97, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Cf' => ['atomic_number' => 98, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Es' => ['atomic_number' => 99, 'electronegativity' => 1.3],
    'Fm' => ['atomic_number' => 100, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Md' => ['atomic_number' => 101, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'No' => ['atomic_number' => 102, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Lr' => ['atomic_number' => 103, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Rf' => ['atomic_number' => 104, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Db' => ['atomic_number' => 105, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Sg' => ['atomic_number' => 106, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Bh' => ['atomic_number' => 107, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Hs' => ['atomic_number' => 108, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Mt' => ['atomic_number' => 109, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Ds' => ['atomic_number' => 110, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Rg' => ['atomic_number' => 111, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Cn' => ['atomic_number' => 112, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Nh' => ['atomic_number' => 113, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Fl' => ['atomic_number' => 114, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Mc' => ['atomic_number' => 115, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Lv' => ['atomic_number' => 116, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Ts' => ['atomic_number' => 117, 'electronegativity' => null],
    'Og' => ['atomic_number' => 118, 'electronegativity' => null]

I first collected all the information I could above.

Then, I ran it through this algorithim. ( It may still need work )

// Create an array to hold the reaction data for each element
$reactions = [];

// Loop through each element and compare it to every other element to calculate its reaction
foreach ($elements as $element1 => $properties1) {
    $reactions[$element1] = [];
    foreach ($elements as $element2 => $properties2) {
        if ($element1 == $element2) {
            $reactions[$element1][$element2] = null;
        } else {
            $delta_electronegativity = abs($properties1['electronegativity'] - $properties2['electronegativity']);
            if ($delta_electronegativity <= 1.6) {
                $reactions[$element1][$element2] = 'polar covalent';
            } else {
                $reactions[$element1][$element2] = 'ionic';
            }
        }
    }
}

Do you want to discuss chemistry or computer programming?

openlyfescience · April 30, 2023

41 minutes ago, exchemist said:

Do you want to discuss chemistry or computer programming?

I am explaining how I came up with the tables using code while testing with virtual chemistry sets to determine each reaction and what it may or may not produce.

41 minutes ago, Sensei said:

Check this page.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)

There is not a single way to calculate electronegativity.

Even in Pauling scale, Kr, Xe, Rn have data (and they have unstable, hard to made, compounds).

Agreed. As there is not a single way to create a light.

Thank you for the link tho. I will look more into it.

Also, it is not uncommon for someone to test multple ways before conducting live test.

For instance I was planning to calculate using valence electrons.

    "H" => "1s1",
    "He" => "1s2",
    "Li" => "1s2 2s1",
    "Be" => "1s2 2s2",
    "B" => "1s2 2s2 2p1",
    "C" => "1s2 2s2 2p2",
    "N" => "1s2 2s2 2p3",
    "O" => "1s2 2s2 2p4",
    "F" => "1s2 2s2 2p5",
    "Ne" => "1s2 2s2 2p6",
    "Na" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1",
    "Mg" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2",
    "Al" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1",
    "Si" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2",
    "P" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3",
    "S" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4",
    "Cl" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5",
    "Ar" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6",
    "K" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1",
    "Ca" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2",
    "Sc" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1",
    "Ti" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2",
    "V" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3",
    "Cr" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5",
    "Mn" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5",
    "Fe" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6",
    "Co" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7",
    "Ni" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8",
    "Cu" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10",
    "Zn" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10",
    "Ga" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1",
    "Ge" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2",
    "As" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3",
    "Se" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4",
    "Br" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5",
    "Kr" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6",
    "Rb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1",
    "Sr" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2",
    "Y" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d1",
    "Zr" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2",
    "Nb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d4",
    "Mo" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d5",
    "Tc" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d5",
    "Ru" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d7",
    "Rh" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d8",
    "Pd" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10",
    "Ag" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10",
    "Cd" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10",
    "In" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p1",
    "Sn" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2",
    "Sb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p3",
    "Te" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p4",
    "I" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5",
    "Xe" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6",
    "Cs" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1",
    "Ba" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2",
    "La" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5d1",
    "Ce" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f1 5d1",
    "Pr" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f3",
    "Nd" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4",
    "Pm" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f5",
    "Sm" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f6",
    "Eu" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f7",
    "Gd" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f7 5d1",
    "Tb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9",
    "Dy" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f10",
    "Ho" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11",
    "Er" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f12",
    "Tm" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13",
    "Yb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14",
    "Lu" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d1",
    "Hf" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d2",
    "Ta" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d3",
    "W" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d4",
    "Re" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d5",
    "Os" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d6",
   "Ir" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d7",
   "Pt" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d9",
    "Au" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 4f14 5d10",
    "Hg" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10",
   "Tl" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1",
     "Pb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2",
    "Bi" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3",

Edited April 30, 2023 by openlyfescience

Sensei · May 1, 2023

10 hours ago, openlyfescience said:

For instance I was planning to calculate using valence electrons.

The most appropriate way would be an ionization energy table.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)

..but the higher the atomic number, the less data is in this table..

Here is yet another but requires conversion from kJ/mol to eV:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements

ps. It is clear from these tables that non-valent electrons require much higher energies..

exchemist · May 1, 2023

13 hours ago, openlyfescience said:

I am explaining how I came up with the tables using code while testing with virtual chemistry sets to determine each reaction and what it may or may not produce.

Agreed. As there is not a single way to create a light.

Thank you for the link tho. I will look more into it.

Also, it is not uncommon for someone to test multple ways before conducting live test.

For instance I was planning to calculate using valence electrons.

    "H" => "1s1",
    "He" => "1s2",
    "Li" => "1s2 2s1",
    "Be" => "1s2 2s2",
    "B" => "1s2 2s2 2p1",
    "C" => "1s2 2s2 2p2",
    "N" => "1s2 2s2 2p3",
    "O" => "1s2 2s2 2p4",
    "F" => "1s2 2s2 2p5",
    "Ne" => "1s2 2s2 2p6",
    "Na" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1",
    "Mg" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2",
    "Al" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1",
    "Si" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2",
    "P" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3",
    "S" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4",
    "Cl" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5",
    "Ar" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6",
    "K" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1",
    "Ca" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2",
    "Sc" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1",
    "Ti" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2",
    "V" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3",
    "Cr" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5",
    "Mn" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5",
    "Fe" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6",
    "Co" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7",
    "Ni" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8",
    "Cu" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10",
    "Zn" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10",
    "Ga" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1",
    "Ge" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2",
    "As" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3",
    "Se" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4",
    "Br" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5",
    "Kr" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6",
    "Rb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1",
    "Sr" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2",
    "Y" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d1",
    "Zr" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2",
    "Nb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d4",
    "Mo" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d5",
    "Tc" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d5",
    "Ru" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d7",
    "Rh" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d8",
    "Pd" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10",
    "Ag" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10",
    "Cd" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10",
    "In" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p1",
    "Sn" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2",
    "Sb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p3",
    "Te" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p4",
    "I" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5",
    "Xe" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6",
    "Cs" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1",
    "Ba" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2",
    "La" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5d1",
    "Ce" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f1 5d1",
    "Pr" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f3",
    "Nd" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4",
    "Pm" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f5",
    "Sm" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f6",
    "Eu" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f7",
    "Gd" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f7 5d1",
    "Tb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9",
    "Dy" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f10",
    "Ho" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11",
    "Er" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f12",
    "Tm" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13",
    "Yb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14",
    "Lu" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d1",
    "Hf" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d2",
    "Ta" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d3",
    "W" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d4",
    "Re" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d5",
    "Os" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d6",
   "Ir" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d7",
   "Pt" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d9",
    "Au" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 4f14 5d10",
    "Hg" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10",
   "Tl" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1",
     "Pb" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2",
    "Bi" => "1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3",

What were you going to calculate, based on valence electrons?

openlyfescience · May 14, 2023

On 5/1/2023 at 1:18 AM, exchemist said:

What were you going to calculate, based on valence electrons?

The reaction between one another. To determine what may happen if you combine them.

exchemist · May 14, 2023

2 hours ago, openlyfescience said:

The reaction between one another. To determine what may happen if you combine them.

Can you give an example to show how this would work?

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To be Ionic or Polar Covalent is the question!

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