jimmydasaint

Which leaves me with one question which is puzzling. Why does the combined speed of light and another object which hits it not equal the sum of their speeds. I mean, if two cars travelling at 70mph collide, the combined speed is 140mph. Why should it be different for electromagnetic waves?

As you have sussed out, my knowledge of Physics does not extend beyond GCSE or K11. However, does light also slow down at 90 degrees to a surface when it passes straight through? It should do, shouldn't it? Also light does not penetrate down to the bottom of the sea so it presumably is absorbed beforehand.

My Physics knowledge is not good but can someone answer these questions.

 

Space is not a perfect vacuum - does light not slow down in the space dust and gas particles in space?

 

In a piece of glass or water, does the light slow down when it enters at an angle of 90 degrees to the surface of the medium as it does when it enters at an angle?

 

Why is light constant when something approaches or hits it at speed? For example if you travel at 86,000 miles per second why is the effective speed of light not 186,000-86,000 miles per second?

 

Thanks

 

Thank you for that answer and the video clips are quite informative. The people I have spoken to complain of pains in deeper tissues as well. Will that sort of tissue penetration cause cellular damage by ionising tissues?

 

Also, is it possible to induce a voltage that causes muscle contraction. This is me reaching the edge of my Physics knowledge here.

I hope the Mods don't shift this thread but I don't know where it goes.

 

I saw a TV programme featuring an ex-Marine about the amazing array of weapons and military hardware held by the USA. He mentioned that there was a microwave weapon called the Active Denial System. This is aimed like a laser and can cause extreme pain in targeted individuals. It causes searing heat under the skin and forces pain receptors to give messages to the brain causes the person to move away quickly.

 

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/v-mads.htm

 

However, I have been speaking to people who have experienced pains in internal and external tissues - stomach, chest and legs apparently from other microwave weapons than the ADS.

 

The question is: how would these weapons work in terms of Physics and Biology to cause the given effect which is pain? Any clues?

 

http://xiandos.info/Microwave_weapons

Guys - just a question. If a wolf is mated to a dog, will their be viable offspring which are not sterile? If the answer is yes, can we define the wolf and the dog as different species? Hate to be awkward but I really have to know this.

I thought these were C3 but greening potatoes show an alternative mechanism to the Calvin cycle.

 

However, why not read the handbook :

 

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0_3XqlcKPpwC&pg=PA368&dq=potato+C3+pathway&ei=TyZBSN6FI4fKjgHyh82IBQ&sig=6xylb0i_5JGxBppu0BXTfQenrVE

There isn't a selection pressure for it. Mutation alone doesn't drive evolution.

 

I disagree with this. Doesn't natural selection depend on the choice of the correct set of genes with correct mutations to survive in a certain place? For example, a bacterium living in hot springs would be expected to have genes mutated to help them survive in these hot spots. Evolution is entirely driven by the quality of mutations available.

Thanks there e.c. The implication is from your reply, that a genetic change or mutation may change instinctive behaviour. this is quite important. Have you any papers/reviews that back this up?

But they can colonise any area of the world and have a high mutation rate. Why have they not developed into bacterial tissues and organs despite the millions of chances?

I just wondered if instinctive behaviour can be passed on genetically OR is it environmental OR is it a mixture of both?

 

If it is a mixture of both environment and genes passed on from its parent, does it show that gradual accumulation of mutations is not the mechanism for evolution of instinct?

I am relatively new to the Forum so take it easy.

 

However, despite the life cycle of bacteria (20 minutes per cell division in rich medium), bacteria have stayed bacteria over millions of years. They also would have more mutation due to the sheer rate of cell division than animals so why have they stayed bacteria? Also the same with flies.

Bacteriophage that are lytic (destroy the cells on exit after multiplication) can affect bacteria. Moreover, using correct bacteriophage could be used to control the extent of bacterial infection. However, viruses can be also used in a curative way for example in humans, viruses can be used to treat brain cancers:

http://www.cancernetwork.com/brain-tumors/article/10165/78548

I agree with you. The BCS theory referes to Cooper pairs of electrons but Li's theory seems to suggest that rotating ions trapped in a semiconductor matrix will induce a new force perpendicular to the axis of movement. I should have been more precise with the language but was learning as I went along. Quite interesting though, I have half-learned more concepts as I went along.

I'm not sure that LENR-CANR passes as peer-review in the normal sense of the term.

 

While there are a number of experiments that have detected "something," it's reproducing these experiments that seems to be the problem. That's a big hurdle one must overcome to be mainstream.

 

I agree that reproducibility of the experiment is crucial but they have modified the original experiment.

 

By the way, I think it is a Japanese journal not lenr-canr:

 

'Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, A new energy caused by "Spillover-deuterium". Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1994. 70 ser. B: p. 106.

A New Energy caused by “Spillover-Deuterium”

By Yoshiaki ARATA, M. J. A., and Yue-Chang ZHANG * (Communicated Sept. 12, 1994)

 

Abstract: It was verified that a new kind of energy is caused by “Spillover-Deuterium” generated in a double structure (DS)-cathode with “Pd-black”. Using this cathode, the authors confirmed the sustained production of a significantly abnormal amount of energy over a period of several months that could not be ascribed to chemical reaction energy. The chemical reaction energy of 0.1 [mol] Pd-black used is only 4[kJ], but more than 200[MJ] of excess energy was continuously produced for over 3000

---

at an average rate of 50-100 [kJ/hr] using a DS-cathode with a same quantity of Pd-black. Intermittent operation over a period of two years using this structure proved the complete reproducibility of these results.

 

Key words: Spillover deuterium; Pd-black; DS-cathode; new energy.'

More pseudoscience or science fact? This is your call.

 

Like most people, I felt deflated post 1989 when no-one could replicate the cold fusion experiments of Fleischmann and Pons and felt that the two scientists were fakes. This is suggested as typical pseudoscience.

 

However, Japanese researchers have claimed cold fusion from using a Double Structure cathode where deuterium ions are introduced on to a Pd coated electrode where the deuterium ions fuse together by cold fusion. It is interesting that the journal appears to be peer reviewed so that it revives the theory again.

 

'The DS-cathode first used consisted of a Pd bottle-shaped outer cathode filled with “Pd-black” powder as an inner cathode. The outer-cathode was used principally to introduce D+ ions into the inner-cathode where the primary reaction that realizes excess energy takes place. After repeated trial tests lasting over a year, the authors began the main experiment using this DS-cathode in September 1992 and the experiment is still in progress. It should be noted that DS-cathode is fundamentally different from the Single Structure Cathodes (SS-cathodes below) used by all other researchers which consist of a plate, foil, wire, cylinder or rod.'

 

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ArataYanewenergya.pdf

Sorry, but wikipedia is not an acceptable substitute. Ions in a BEC? How would one do that with the repulsive forces present?

 

I guess this would be why this thread is shifted to pseudoscience

but Li ventures that in a BEC, the ions behave as one 'super ion' which produces a 'gravito electric field' perpendicular to the axis of spin. I am theorising that the ionic repulsion is minimised at low superconducting temperatures but I don't know to be honest. I was just interested in collecting together a fascinating area of science which could come true in the future.

 

Ions seem to be important here to make a BEC:

 

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maik/10637850/2007/00000033/00000001/00001005

We need references to the original claims in order to evaluate it. Links to vague summaries on websites and in popular magazines don't help so much. Your second link makes it clear that this is a Podkletnov experiment, and nothing to do with BECs.

 

Please read the reference to Li's experiment which has everything to do with BEC's. But, I agree, you need to read scholarly articles than vague references on websites. However, this could also be for the purposes of keeping it secret from other countries. It is a tough call.

 

Ning Li is an American scientist best known for her controversial claims about anti-gravity devices. She previously worked at the University of Alabama, but left to form her own company AC gravity LLD.[1]

 

'According to Li, rotating ions create a gravitomagnetic field perpendicular to their spin axis. If a large number of ions could be aligned, (in a Bose-Einstein condensate) the resulting effect would be a very strong gravitomagnetic field producing a strong repulsive force. The alignment may be possible by trapping superconductor ions in a lattice structure in a high-temperature superconducting disc.'

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ning_Li_(physicist)

I have not been on these boards long, so excuse me, but I am sure you guys can help with a cure for cancers. This is called DCA - dichloroacetate and seems to help to destroy cancer cells by turning on respiration in mitochondria. Doctors have started using this for desperate terminal cases of cancer.

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid

 

How can you help?

 

Can you:

 

a) come up with a way to make dichloroacetate in a living room with simple

chemicals and,

 

b) come up with a way to purify DCA easily?

 

That way, everybody can make it themselves and purify it and we can avoid the greed of pharmaceutical companies making it available to the public at low cost. If anything is worth doing for mankind, this is it!

Actually, Li has claimed antigravity by creating a Bose Einstein condensate which then aligns 'its' magnetic field against the Earth's gravitational field (at least this is my opinion of what she claims):

 

'Li explains that as the ions spin they also create a gravito-electric field perpendicular to their spin axis. In nature, this field is unobserved because the ions are randomly arranged, thus causing their tiny gravito-electric fields to cancel out one another. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, where all ions behave as one, something very different occurs...the tiny gravitational effect of each individual atom is multiplied by the billions of atoms in the disc. Using about one kilowatt of electricity, Li says, her device could potentially produce a force field that would effectively neutralize gravity above a 1-ft.-dia. region extending from the surface of the planet to outer space...'

 

http://www.scansite.org/scan.php?pid=157

 

Also see http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1511/is_5_20/ai_54432952

 

If true, this would represent an antigravity device wouldn't you say?

All I can say is that she claimed she wanted the device to be for the American people. However since then, apparently she has been 'turned' and may be working for American Defense. I see your point, but if such a device exists, I would not want my rival nations to have it through reading up peer reviewed material.

I accept that. However, is it a possible propulsion mechanism for UAV's? And is it possible to come up with a plausible antigravity mechanism - know of any? Also I wonder why a coil of wire plugged into the mains will rise as if has experienced antigravity? What's the Newtonian explanation?

 

I have also found this about antigravity:

 

'Bose-Einstein and Anti-Gravity

In the 1980s, Ning-Li – a world renowned scientist predicted that if a time-varying magnetic field were applied to superconductor ions trapped in a lattice structure, the ions would absorb enormous amounts of energy. Confined in the lattice, the ions would begin to rapidly spin, causing each to create a minuscule gravitational field.'

 

http://www.scansite.org/scan.php?pid=157

I just wondered about antigravity. What are the possible mechanisms? Are there functional small craft, for example, UAV's, that use these mechanisms to get off the ground at high speeds and are we confusing UAV's with UFO's?

 

On doing a bit of reading, difficult for a non-physicist, I came across the following about the Biefield Brown effect:

 

'The effect relies on corona discharge, which allows air molecules to become ionised near sharp points and edges...Around this electrode, ionisation occurs, that is, electrons are stripped off the atoms in the surrounding medium, they are literally pulled right off by the electrode's charge.

 

This leaves a cloud of positively charged ions in the medium, which are attracted to the negative smooth electrode, where they are neutralized again. In the process, thousands of impacts occur between these charged ions and the neutral air molecules in the air gap, causing a transfer in momentum between the two, which creates a net directional force on the electrode setup...'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biefeld%E2%80%93Brown_effect

 

A modified version of a UAV looks just like a UFO:

 

Anybody else with other ideas about antigravity?

Very interesting and contemporary research. However, at the end of the day, we still have gene banks of short DNA sequences from extinct species. I cannot see there being enough intact DNA to restore dinosaur samples, for example. In this case it was a short enhancer sequence.

 

However, is there a possibility of extracting enough mammoth DNA to restore mammoths by somatic cell nuclear transfer using elephant ova?

I just have a rough working definition of an immune system and it is crude and simple, but it would involve a cellular or non cellular attack against forign antigens. Therefore, if the cell membrane was capable of launching such an attack then it must be included. However cells of many body tissues do not appear to launch an attack on foreign bodies. So I would guess that the cell membrane is not part of an immune system response.