hypervalent_iodine

No problems, I'm glad to have helped. Feel free to pop back with any questions when and if you have them.

10% is fairly benign, so I wouldn't worry too much about it. Take obvious precautions such as not drinking it or putting it in your eyes, avoid skin contact, etc. If you're concerned, you can look up the material safety data sheet (MSDS) for 10% acetic acid solution. It will list what to do if you have an accident, etc. Maybe other members here would like to interject with any other concerns, but it seems safe to me.

You're talking about a galvanic cell. If you plan on making one of those, I suggest doing a bit of reading first. Maybe try stay away from lead, if you can. Zinc and copper will work fine in these cells as well.

Since this is only a hobby thing, I would recommend sticking with the vinegar. Have you can get a hold of a voltmeter, you could compare the difference between various house hold items such as the aforementioned lemon (or any citrus fruit). The power you get from these is very small, probably only enough to light up a small LED if you used a couple in a series of some sort, but it's enough if all you're trying to do is see how things work, so to speak.

Ah, right, gotcha. I've heard of lemon and potato batteries, but I hadn't heard of vinegar ones before (ignorant organic chemist I suppose). Back to your question. I'm not terribly sure what sort of voltage you'd get out of a system like that. The point of the acetic acid isn't really to generate the charge so much as carry it; the reactions that are giving you an electrical current occur at the metal cathodes/anodes. I'm not sure of any good sites to read up on this aspect of it, since I very rarely concern myself with this type of chemistry. Wiki may be a good starting point. The easiest way to figure out how much voltage you can get out of this type of battery would be to make it and test it with a voltammeter.

With the system you are suggesting, I'm going to venture out and say not much. Are you trying to make a galvanic cell here or an electrolytic one? I had initially thought you might be trying for the former, but your set up is very flawed if this is the case. As for electrolytic cells, well for those to work you need an external voltage applied, so you're question becomes somewhat moot. Could you perhaps clarify? Without meaning to sound condescending at all, I'm curious as to how much you know about electrochemistry? It might be worth your while doing a little reading on the basics on these areas. Are you actually planning on constructing this? If so, if might be easier for us to help you if we knew what purpose it was for? Oh, and as a brief side note: The formula you are looking for are called half reactions and involves redox chemistry. If you do some reading up on Galvanic cells, you'll certainly come across these. One other thing: acetic acid is a pretty weak electrolyte in its own right. If this is for an electrolytic cell, you're better off using something else or adding other things to it to make it a stronger one.

McMurry is good, but honestly it has nothing on Clayden. McMurry gives a fairly good grounding on some of the more basic areas of organic chemistry, but past that is somewhat lacking. It's more designed for people interested in the chemistry of biological systems, etc. If you're going to go out and pay hundreds of dollars on a text book for organic chemistry, you're really better of with Clayden than you are with McMurry. Additionally, some places sell Clayden as a combined pack with Shriver & Atkins, so there's that.

I don't think you're quite understanding what Phi for All was getting at. It's not so much that knowledge and acquired human experience causes aging (in the direct sense), more that it changes how we interact with our environment and respond to various situations. Whereas once you were young and reckless (I still am), later in life you tend to become more cautious and reserved. These traits are things that we associate with the general 'old(er) age' stereotype. As well, and as Phi said, the changes in the way we act within our world indirectly lead to physical changes; we become less active, so we tend to gain weight as we reach old age, etc., etc.

As with all homework questions, you'll need to tell us where you're at with the question before we can help you (we don't just give out answers). Do you know what sort of biological compounds have phosphorus in them, for starters? There's one in particular that is ubiquitous to most all life, which incidentally incorporates magnesium as well. Might not necessarily be the answer you're after, but it should at least get you thinking.

So far as I understand your question, you've deprotonated the acidic site of one of your carbonyls and your up to the point in the mechanism where the newly formed carbanion (negative C, in your words) is attacking the electropositive carbon of the other carbonyl, so I'll answer you based on that. Yes, the electrons in the pi bond of the C=O will move up onto the oxygen following attack at the carbon position. There aren't really any other viable options for it to go as a first point of call. Do you know what happens next?

Earlier in the year as a means of procrastination, myself and some friends semi-participated in a puzzle competition called CiSRA, which is run each year by a team from Canon (website found here). On about the third day, they released a puzzle listed as 'hard' that I decided to take on and try solve myself. All in all, it took about a week of wanting to throw my computer out the window until I had an epiphany of sorts and managed to get it out. Despite the mind melt it induced, I actually have come to adore this particular puzzle and thought I might share it with the wider community. The puzzle may be downloaded as a PDF from here. Alternatively, this is the puzzle in all its glory (there are three hints, released by CiSRA, which I have included at the end): Rime Royal His gasses go to a sun by Clarke The brand a gentleman hath wedded gained breaTh weary, swindle, feEble weight, gLimpse see The herders little lads for bovine named A team cut up ornate notched ivory Kent Summers Veight Nah Grayson Queen Dibny badGe bad badgerS lack errant badgeR badE But thy truncated summer shall not fade I never did steal a gem tip sceptre Alas no war, o rebel schemes detest Bane Baltan Master Zim Belloq Bombe Bart Answers we offer Ven to Shakespeare's best Give Godfather this esteem from your heart bridgeD fort, swapped, famiLy grade, outer parT Mirage leaf, meant to conceal crotch display Proceed the stormy gusts of winter's day Ride faster my son to rest an eon Two metal discs are clashing thund'rous cry No order, lest I cue scared escapee Portend, ere duct exchanging you and I Although thou steal thee all my luxury With thyself at her solving crossword spree A chap, arms Silver, painter, pRoxy 'tween Weikath Gates Kruspe Mars Linsk Freyberg Malmsteen Eric the evil elf is east of Eden Truth, beauty: whither silent urn ye know'st Remove a smell, and recall depths fallen As victors of my chatter cannot boast A mixture to each image hue stolen Cormon Dix Nesch Braque Manet Dowd Nolan commenD, fill glUtton, hailed, oiL lightly fry Bold model vin gris lengthwise sort apply It drops as my vision relief goes bye I see descriptions of the foulest wights Zod Karath Bilefroth Gunray Ming Zedd Kay aide Role, Or muster, justly, Mouth recites Enact no clumsy tyrant's plot, I say Words differ til each letter list okay Forgives mob bosses golfing with no fail In orchestras their saw work doth prevail (We) do go in it to go on Discarding space like flattened rag on seat Thy younger open up a sinker plumb Samantha doth to Darren twitch this feat King Sánchez Borlaug 'Bride Gyatso Balch Tum pig celLblocks, smothers, fence scaFfolds, Scarves some Thy young on generation y are keen Kissing with golden face the mountains green Rake in one more man to alter luck Confused mice nod at trait like Beelzebub's brOoch needles, liTtle mesons, valves, poSts deep Riggs Benson Miller Tyler Hauk Ness Tubbs And his love-kindling fire did slowly steep One minstrel Ian takes a cryptic leap Re. outer matrix: spot key, I entreat They spelunk and with sabre teeth compete Hint 1. Hint 2. Hint 3.

Typically when copying information directly from another web site, it is considered courteous to include some sort of reference or form of crediting information. Since this requisite formality obviously slipped your mind when making this post, I've done it for you. Don't worry, I've got your back. Edit to add: I realise that you are the author of said web site, however it does not change the fact that all copy/pastes warrant a citation. Additionally, regarding the proceedures you have mentioned. A few of them are somewhat dangerous and don't answer the OP's question, which was related to a more industrial synthesis of acetic anhydride.

We won't give answers to homework questions, you'll need to state what is confusing you specifically so we have something to build off. You've not really provided enough information for us to give you any definitive help. What were the amounts of each reagent you added to your second test tube (you only specified for one)? If it's what I think it is, then you need to ask yourself what you know about initial reaction rates - i.e. what factors affect the initial rate by which a reaction occurs? You should have a look at the associated equations for calculating rates for an idea, if you're still stuck.

You should all pay particular attention to the equilibrium arrows of that last reaction. In and out and then in again. With enough energy input, I'm sure we can drive it all the way to completion, no problems.

Let's make like a rotaxane and thread some macrocycles. Failing that, I think we can both rest assured that many end points will be had in any future titrations (we're scientists; we have to repeat our experiments in the name of statistics, remember?) I hardly think it matters. Mooey strikes again.

Also for digital socks, in case the binary gets cold.

That was one time. One time. And I don't regret a moment of it. And don't lie to me, you'll stuff them in the sock drawer with the rest of your SFN collection. All I ask is that you keep me away from Capn'; I'm allergic to ginger, even in photographic form.

I had wondered who was starting all the rumours that I was a dead, nobel prize winning, male chemist from America. If nothing else, I guess I have good grounds to skip the rest of my Ph.D. and assume tenure somewhere. That's how it works, right?

Well, where do you think they get them from? This is a homework section, so we're not going to just give you the answers. You need to tell us where you're at in terms of the question and what you're stuck on, specifically.

We don't answer homework questions here. If you need help with the question, we are happy to do that. You just need to tell us what you're thinking and where, specifically, you're stuck. Additionally, your question makes no sense.

I'm not sure I like using nitro groups so much. They are notoriously difficult to work with and very, very explosive. Methyl nitrate seems like it would be something I would have to make in situ or fresh by condensation with methanol and HNO3. I feel like there would be an easier way to do that, maybe by using a cyano nucleophile or something I can later convert to an amine. I very much like the idea behind what you've done though, so I'll sit down and have a proper look at it later and make modifications where I see it needs them. At first glance, I might make the nitrogen nucleophile in the aminolysis pre-methylated. I have troubles with slightly similar reactions where I get methylation at essentially any position able to be deprotonated, so I try to avoid that by the N-alkyl groups pre-installed. Thanks for reminding me about this compound, by the way. It's been on my to-do list for some time.

At a semi-educated guess from a very brief Google search, I think it refers to something that is easily filtered by physiological systems. I'm not 100% on that though, since it's not really a chemistry term.

I suppose it could do. Sterically, the carbon centre is much more accessible on account of it being planar and I can't imagine the difference in electronegativity being all that great since the Si has a heap of electron donating Me groups hanging off of it; I wouldn't expect it to occur all that much, if at all.

Do you mean, what if the bond breaks between the C and O upon initial attack of the incoming anionic nucleophile? I thought about that as well and the short answer is yes, I suppose it's possible. I was actually going to include it in the mechanism I drew, but decided against it. The other option is that the carbanion forms very transiently and not as an isolatable intermediate. I'll get onto said friend re. the paper.

I suppose it's just a good guess. The friend I told you about found two papers with similar reactions, but I didn't manage to get copies or names from him. I'll ask him to send them to me if you'd like? I had thought about that question regarding the anion and how stable it would be. It might be okay with methyl groups, but if I'm being honest I don't really know. Myself and my friend are both Ph.D. students and neither of us have seen silyl enol ethers used like this. The lack of literature precedence suggests it's not particularly well known, either. That being said, the way it could proceed seems fairly intuitive when you break it down as I did in the second mechanism. The nucelophile attacks the most electropositive centre, etc., etc.