Hades

matter favors equilibrium; a molecule at that virtually implausible state would be immediately reduced to more stable conditions. I will however state one subject i heard, that a certain celestial body of matter was composed, or believed to be, of entirely quarks. yes, quarks. Altho it is not a direct answer to your question, it is the same idea. The forces that hold nuclei together are rather complicated. Protons and neutrons (both "nucleons") are held together by the "strong force", which tries to hold nucleons together whenever they are closer than about 10^-15 meters apart (0.000000000000001 meters). If any two protons and neutrons are further apart than this, they "can't see one another" with the short-range ties of the strong force. This is one of the things that limits the size of nuclei. Also, notice that a nucleus with protons in it is positively charged. Since "like charges repel" electrically, any nucleus with protons in it will be trying to push itself apart via electrical forces. Ultimately, it's the balance of these two forces that determines the allowed sizes of nuclei. The strong force is attractive and the electric force repulsive - there's only a limited range in which the strong force wins and can hold things together.

i understand that, yet i dont understand it clearly enough. i have my original chem notes from inorganic and the formula we used back then, the same as i used above was to calculate pH of a weak base that does not completely ionize. how can another formula be used? The equations u showed were what i would use to determine the pH of a strong acid or base that completely ionizes and does not leave behind any ambiguity of unknowns

microscope ordered, and yt2095, u need to clean out your pms! i have a couple questions about beginning a chem lab at home id like you to address!!

? i think what i would do is assign each player a specific combo of two turns. player one would be H/H, player two would be H/T and player three would be T/T .. if those particular combos did not come out then they would roll again until someone's specific combo hit.

i can not edit my post, small correction x^2 = 1.8x10^5 .100 - x 1 should be x^2 = 1.8x10^5 .100------1.0 i dont know how the x got there

im not disagreeing with u wolfson, but im rather confused. How can u calculate this problem without knowing what the Kb is? im assuming that our Kw = Kb to me. Also, considering that this problem reaches an equilibrium, i would determine whether my approximated value was less than 5%, if not, then i would have to solve using a quadratic equation based upon my unknowns (x) molarity. This is how i would have solved the problem, had i known the Kb: initial molarity of solution = .1 M My pretend rate : 1.8x10^-5 First, just as u did, Divide rate by molarity, and i come up with 1.8x10^-4. This number however is our unknown squared. I say this because we do not known what portion of this base is going to ionize, so we use variables. I cross multiplied : x^2 = 1.8x10^5 .100 - x 1 when we solve, we come up with the answer i gave, in its squared form. Its square route is .0013M or a pH of 7.36 b/c we approximated the value of x as a minute amount, we need to determine if it deviates more than 5% using this formula (H+)[u/] (initial Concentration of reactant) X 100 = 1.3, so it does not need to be solved via the quadratic equation. This is how i learned to calculate the ph of a weak base; if im wrong wolfson let me know, im not disputing, trying to learn that is all.

im sure i would have thought of this after i started culturing bacteria.. thanks for the idea!

if im not mistaken, theres 64 codons, but 3 of them 'code' as the stop codon.. perhaps thats what he meant

thank you very much; the option with oil immersion for an additional $100.. still its much under my limit, which of course makes me happy but ill be using this as a price reference.

theres many aspects of the disease that hinder our ability to produce either a cure or preventitice medicine. The mutation rate is also one of them, but what would happen if we were able to release antibodies to destory the virus?

I understood your meaning, i just happened to read that after hearing about San Fran's breaking gay marriages

so thats how san fran convinced congress.... Trying to pin down the sole cause of homosexuality is akin to choosing one reason that i like television. I enjoy cnn, while another person may watch tv for the weather. At what point do we draw the line for homosexuality, and experimentation? Weve all had girlfriends in college who've experimented with another girl. does this mean she was molested or treated poorly during her youth? I dont think so considering the slew of girls that are like this.

My g/f and i are currently looking for a microscope within the $500 range that is durable, and most importantly has great magnification in terms of clarity. Some microscopes altho in focus, dont always offer the best picture. If anyone has any suggestions i would be very appreciative!!

the problem with HIV is the body can not recognize its being attacked. My idea was to synthetically produce the chemical that would trigger our immune system to begin making antibodies. The only other question, would these antibodies destroy the virus? Antibodies destroy other viruses, would this retrovirus be unique?

Lets take for example that a virus existed before any form of microbial life... what would this virus host itself upon? Another virus? That virus does not have the needed organelles to produce copies of the original virus. The virus, whether alive or not which is not the topic of this, still has the need for self preservation, so to speak. It would not benefit the viral population in any way to feed of one another, it also doesnt explain how if a single virus evolved from simple chemicals that MORE than one virus was spawn in the same manner..... The genome that codes for a virus is far too complex to have originated uniquely, alone, before dna/rna was used as a coding device in microbial life. My personal opinion? It could be that in some cells, be it bacteria.. protists.. animals... perhaps in one cell of this species, a terrible genetic mutation took place making the cell either undergo lysis, or, as far fetched as this sounds, package the genome into a vesicle and then be released thru exocytosis. It would explain how, and why a virus would be able to undergo recognition with very specific cells, and why their capsid/gp120 containing spikes are compatible with the host cell. Bu who am i to say? I enjoy everyones opinions and hope u do mine as well.

if we use the current model to consider both our position in the universe and length in creation until this current point in technological terms, and incorporate that into an idea about planets nearest the edge of our rapidly expanding universe, it intrigues me with the possibilities of someone knowing what lies beyond the edge. I dont look at it as 'humans' discovering what lies beyond, most likely its already been determined by another advanced race; yet i prefer to think of it as 'us', occupants of this universe who at one point, all were in the same awe that we are.. the same speculations... the same conclusions... having them find what, if anything is just past the expanding edge. Perhaps its inhabited? If u were to go beyond that edge, would the speed (faster than light) be constant? would it cause the vessel to stop? would the force required to break thru this expanse, if there is a tangible barrier, be beyond anything we could fathom? so many questions.. i was going to make a new thread, but searched and found this one so i thought it safe to revive it, is that allowed?

on my mothers side of the family, both my great and grand fathers respectively have thick, lustrous heads of hair. My father has another very thick head of hair but my fathers father began to lose his around 35. Im paranoid of losing mine, i continuously check myself and am convinced that the part on the crown of my head is slowly thinning. The gene that codes for baldness is derived from the x gene on the mothers side so i should be safe... unless my damn genetics had a mutation....

oh, so taking into consideration that if nothing enters their event horizon to 'feed' the singularity, then it will eventually spiral down to nothing.

When i inquired to my professors, they were at first a little negligent to answer but eventually came to say that when using natural systems, like we typically do in orgo chem, natural log is much like an average that we use.... yet i still dont see the relationship. for example, if i type in LN 5, i get something like 1.609.... if i use LN 6 ill get another number... LN 7 etc.. but if i graph the line, its not linear by any means which explains why its not proportionate either. What purpose does performing LN 5 do? Also, what purpose does this have when im using LN to determine graphically Ea of a reaction?

i dont see why they would collapse considering that emissions from a blackhole are composed of roughly 10% of the mass taken in. Emitted as radiation thats detectable... im puzzled why they would lose their integrity under the hypothesis that blackholes can almost expand endlessly. im very interested in this subject ! if anyone has concrete data concerinng it please post!

NO3 applies to the octet rule. However, this structure has resonance, meaning there are multiple proper ways to draw te=he structure. But before i go into that, u ask why these e- are in bonds and not lone pairs? That would disrupt the symmetry, and no atom, let alone molecule wants that. all three oxygens have a total of 8 e- orbiting their outer shell at a designated time. This satisfies the orbital, thus the atom. The center atom, the Nitrogen, is also satisfied with one double bond, and two singles. A double bond is four e-, plus the two single bonds that have a value of 2 e- each. This equates to four. The same goes with the other oxygens. There is no other way to leave lone pairs on the nitrogen b/c then an oxygen would not have enough e- in its orbital. Now, b/c electrons can not accurately be predicted, and there position is varying, obviously if theyre being shared, we need to show this by using resonance! It is simply all combinations of that same molecule with only a variance in bond type, and location.

that sounds a fraction more difficult than i think it needs to be. when an atom is exposed to a form of energy, its valence electrons can jump form one energy level to another. While the energy is being absorbed by the electrons, they can jump up to another shell. However, when the energy is taken away, it falls back down to proceedingly lower shells. When this happens, it gives off that energy in the form of electromagnetic energy, aka, light. The frequency, and wavelength associated with balmer, paschen, type changes exhibits the appropriate light. i cant type out the equation here, but it is a very useful tool as well to determine if a lightwave may even be visible. at least.... thats what i believe u were saying altho i may have been wrong and merely complicated this matter even more

also wanted to add that such mutagens are possibly chemical, viral, or due to a radioactive substance.

the earlier half of the century, rontgen came upon x-rays.... im sure his laboratory was no more sophisticated than a mcdonald's kitchen.

there are many mutagens (factors that cause mutations), some happen in different areas, and in different times. The first kind is point mutation which occurs during the s stage of interphase, is a substitution of one nucleotide for another during the synthesis of dna. Nucleotides are the monomers, if u will of dna. for example, if a wild strand (the blueprint from the initial cell) of dna read: acg agc acg agc a point mutation would occur if it read acg acc acg agc It only takes one substitution to be considered a mutation. Either lethal, detrimental, or nuetral, it all is dependant on so many variables i couldnt begin to tell u. However, dna is coded for in 3's, a-t c-g c-g would represent the code for one amino acid. It is possible that it may still correctly code, and no harm may be done. These mutations occur in the actual dna of a cell and can not be seen in a karyotype. The next set of mutations occur at the level of the chromosome and can easily be viewed with a karyotype. Abnormality of chromosome structure happens during the anaphase by bastardly spindle fibers that dont work properly. Deletion occurs when spindle fibers pull to hard and break off a piece of chromosome... it never reattaches and is just lost. Duplication and inversion happen when a broken piece of chromosome attaches to a homologous chromosome and when the broken piece performs an acrobatic 180 and reattaches to the same chromosome, respectively. Finally, translocation occurs when a piece of chromosome attaches to an non homologous chromosome. Most of these are detrimental. The last accounrs for roughly 5 % of downs syndrome cases. The last basic kind of mutation is a frame shift mutation. This is an addition of deletion of an entire nucleotide in the code of dna. happens also during the s phase and is detrimental. acg acg acg aca cga cg ... note the deletion? Abnormality of chromosome number is the last that ill speak of. I know, finally, its over Aneuploidy is caused by nondisjunction. This sumbitch happens either during meiosis1 when homologous chromosome fail to separate, or during meiosis 2 when chromatids fail to separate. you conclude meiosis with an odd number of chromosomes. i.e. , 47 chromosomes instead of 46. If the extra chromosome happened on number 21, it would be called trisomy 21. tri meaning 3, somy meaning of chromosomes. This condition is downs syndrome and accounts for the remaining 95% of cases. thats about everything