Microbiology and Immunology

I feel almost embarrassed to ask this mainly because a few years ago I could of answered this question in my sleep and is very basic, but seems almost impossible to find oddly enough. But with BAP, Chocolate, MSA, MAC, CAN is that the right order to streak? Now that I think about it CNA wouldn't be at the end BAP, Chocolate, CAN, MSA, MAC, maybe a beter order. Scratch that I think it's BA, MAC, MSA, CNA CHO, Still Not sure tho

Here is the study: Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors The authors hypothesis is that those who get the influenza vaccination are more likely to be heath conscious individuals which might account for lower incidence of infection. I.E. healthy elders are motivated to be healthy and make healthy choices such as eating right, exercising, and getting their yearly vaccination. From this notion the author hypothesis that the main reason they are less likely to get sick is not from the vaccination, but rather from the other measures these people are taking to be healthy (exercise and diet) Thats all fine and dandy in theory, but I am hav…

Hello! I'm a student in high school doing a science fair project. Because of that, I should probably preface this and say that this probably isn't too scientifically rigorous.... I'm doing the best I can, but I'm sure that best falls short of what's normally posted around here. Anyway, the idea is to make pizza boxes recyclable. The oil from the pizza makes the fibers of cardboard stick together. This hampers the whole recycling process. I had the idea to try to use oil eating bacteria (famous mostly for their help cleaning up oil spills in the ocean) to get this oil off. My science teacher and I discussed for a long time how to measure this... It may be pretty easy …

Dear all I have a MCQ i cannot solve...please help what happen to T cell after contraction phase following T cell response ? differentiated into central memory cells differentiate into effector memory cells activation induced cell death continue low level proliferation become quiescent Regards mic

My question relates to the role of the B cell in role in being an APC. I understand that dendritic cells are normally the main type of APC, and that the B7 protein has to be present on the APC in order to activate the T cell to become a helper T cell. However when this activated t cell activates the B cell in order for the b cell to differentiate, it must bind to the B cells’ MHC class II and antigen combination on the b cell to ensure it is stimulating the right b cell. But what I am confused about is, during this process of the b cell internalising antigen and presenting to the activated t cell, dose the B cell produce the B7 proteins as well? Because surely if it …

Our instructor told us that the bottom right slide was prophase and that the top middle slide is propase. My question is, how are you supposed to tell between these two? I thought the top middle one would be prophase too?

I know the basis of how dendritic cells work in the innate and adaptive immunity with regards to inflammation. However, I was hoping some one would break down the processes in a very detailed form (including all cells involved, activation, chemokines, cytokines and anything else involved). Also I was hoping someone could explain the exact mechanism at which steroids inhibit or limit dendritic cells. Thanks in advance, AJC

Hi im an honours student trying to pull out a clone library. I have a question conserning the colour of X-gal. I was required to make a solution of X-gal and it is clear in colour. When i compare the colouring of my x-gal to that of my supervisors, i can see that his is yellow in colour. Does this difference mean anything? Could it cause any differences wen spreading it on an Ampicillan-LB plate for the growth of clone colonies? Why is mine not yellow? Any help appreciated THank you!!

Hi! I need to know if Paecilmyces Tenius has heat resistence and if it secretes Toxins? I searched all over the internet and not found.. Please if anybody knows.. share it Thanks!

I was looking for a 1000x microscope under 300. I found the Campus 1000x Biological Binocular Microscope (120v) link removed by moderator And the Omano OM118-B4S Compound Microscope link removed by moderator Which is better? Are there better alternatives?

(Please move to the "speculation" forum if too speculationy.) I became quite fascinated by the hygiene hypothesis a long while ago. It made a strange amount of sense, in that I'd lived in squalor in one form or another for much of my life (my childhood, being homeless, working at pretty filthy jobs) and have never had allergies or gotten sick too often. The way I see it (as an admitted layman), the immune system is like a muscle: something that weakens and atrophies without adequate challenge and stimulation. Some of the most illness-prone people I know (other than the obviously unhealthy) are germ-phobes and hand sanitizer addicts. More than just keeping the im…

Hello all, I am working in an immunology/micro lab investigating a certain sexually transmitted infection. We have done epitope mapping and determined the amino acid sequences of the various epitopes they recognize. We are working toward development of a diagnostic and used the epitope information to synthesize a ~25KDa peptide containing six of the epitopes that both men and women see. However they peptide is not reacting very well (if at all) by immunoblot or ELISA. Even throwing straight hybridoma supernatant of a monoclonal antibody to the most reactive of the epitopes still gives no signal. We have used two different secondary antibodys conjugated to HRP and AP …

how can a protein coat reproduce. how is it transmitted?

Hey folks, If any of you have ever done an ELISA and have spectro readings like these, can you tell me if you would do a LOG graph for them , or how you do them on excel? Concentration Absorbance 3000 3.148 1500 1.627 750 0.88 375 0.453 187.5 0.257 93.75 0.146 46.88 0.095 23.44 0.076 11.72 0.057 5.86 0.05 2.93 0.047 1.46 0.042 As you can see the concentration was double dilution, and I felt the only way I could fit this into a coherent graph was to convert it into LOG,…

Hi, As part of a college project I have to study how MHC class II does not present self antigens - would anyone have any appropriate resources, thanks, Al

Once a new strain of common cold (human rhinovirus) had arisen in one place, how long do you think it would take; in this day and age of travel and over-population; for it to have spread all over the planet?

What are the problems associated with bringing bacterial phage's to market? Is it just a case of keeping them alive long enough? Or are there any issues of possible mutations into something less desirable? I hear through the grapevine that the Russians are running trials, though I have no idea of the validity of this.

(i'm not so sure i should put this topic here or not.) i spend hours in front of PC everyday, i cant avoid it. and i also love to surf internet and watch movie online for hours. one thing bothers me most is PC radiation/cellphone radiation. it is obviously harmful for us. it is said: 1.Pc radiation affects sperm quantity&quality of guys who sit in front of pc for hours everyday. 2.Pc radiation also affects women, especially pregnant women. (such as possibility of miscarriage for a certain group of women) people say cactus can absorb most of pc radiation and it is quite useful. later it is said that is one of top 10 rumors. i cant do experiment on it…

Ok, microbiologists, I have to ask you if it's easy to distinguish yeasts on a gram smear. I think I've been misdiagnosed for a long time. My gynocologist says she sees yeast on the gram smear, yet countless times, it will never grow on a culture. In fact, it has never been positive culture. Would it be easy to mistake a yeast for something else? For example, another time she said she saw a sperm! When that was absolutely impossible as I hadn't had relations in over 2 months. I finally got a high tech lab to diagnose the yeast by PCR and DNA. That lab tested negative as well, which made me believe she did not know what she was seeing and I've been treated for yeas…

I currently see the following explanation (see below). Any better ideas? Any major issues with the explanation? (of course this is at least partially speculation. I just want to get the most likely explanation -- not a proof ) Input: Recently it was published that the chromosomes in animals have a specific order in space in the nucleus. This means dependent on the cell type certain chromosomes always have the same neighbors within the nucleus. (Segmented nuclei obviously fix this order in a very drastic way.) Recently it was also published that actually the vast majority of the so called junk DNA is transcribed (but at low copy number, and of course not transla…

Hello everyone! I am trying to optimise a co-culture system of: 1. Hybridoma T cells known as DO11.10 cells, which are OVALBUMIN (OVA) specific 2. Murine Splenocytes 3. Ovalbumin I have been trying to pulse the 10^6 splenocytes (in a volume of 1ml) with 0.5mg/ml OVA for 6 hours, and then co-culturing 10^5 OVA-pulsed splenocytes (in 100ul) with 10^5 Hybroma T cells - DO11.10 (in 100ul) in a 96-well plate (total volume of 200ul). I have used splenocytes-pulsed with DO11.10 OVA peptide (OVA323-339) as positive control. I have tested the IL-2 production by the DO11.10 using ELISA after 48 hours. Although the positive control gives a good signal, the other samples …

Hi, Can anyone please suggest a RNA and DNA virus model system where humoral immunity is required for clearance (i.e NOT LCMV)? I would like to determine if my treatment in B cells will affect immunity against pathogens. Thanks!

i take vitamin pills very often(for years), in a belief it is good for my health. (but now i doubt it) recently friends told me taking grapeseed oil daily can improve our immune system and grapeseed oil contains natural anti-oxidents which make u look younger. i once heard experts said although anti-oxidents in grapeseed oil is good for health&skin and can improve our immune system, our body can NOT absorb it much. my Q is : 1.Can our body absorb anti-oxidents from grapeseed oil ? how much we can absorb ? above 50% ?? if it is, can it also improve our immune system and do good for our health & skin by taking it every day after/befor…

Hi I was wondering could anyone help me with a quick dilution question, When processing sputum in a micro lab dilutions are made to pull out significant microorganisms that are present in high quantities and basically by-pass the normal flora. So basically this is the dilution made: - using a 10ul loop homogenised sputum is diluted into 5ml of sterile water. ( a 10^-3 dilution?) - Then a 10ul loop of the 1=^-3 dilution is inoculated from the 5ml bijou onto each agar plate. - 1 colony then represents 10^5 CFU/ml My lecturer has asked us to basically explain how we have ended up with 1 colony then represents 10^5 CFU/ml. I have tried but cant …

I'm currently in week two of conjunctivitis, originally diagnosed as bacterial by my general doctor and then later diagnosed as viral by my ophthalmologist. Based on my symptoms and what I've read on WebMD, etc. I'm inclined to think it's viral. I took antibiotic eye drops (prescribed by my doctor) for about 3 days before seeing my ophthalmologist, who advised me to stop using them and instead prescribed corticosteroid eye drops meant to help with the inflammation and irritation. (Those don't seem to be doing much good either.) Anyway, all of that is just to ask my question. My niece had pink eye a week before I got it, so I assume I caught it from her. Shortly after …