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Thank you !  Nernst law... will dig into it.

And the figures you show come from an electronegativity table, or from a galvanic series table, the standard electrode potential table, the periodic table, or from other source am not aware of ?

If it is a compound and not an element; how is the potential determined ?  Should I had expected that 1.5V is actually 1.738 V or reverse  instead ?

Hello. 

Can someone teach me how a chemical reaction translates into potential differential Volts as a battery ?  These chemical reactions / equations for these elements / compounds :

Or as for a perhaps simpler case, the well known carbon-zinc vulgar cell yielding 1.5 volts.

Hello all.

In a future of the A.I. development taking root, call it loss of jobs, call it unfair competition, call it any nasty effect generating aversion from the public.  How could it then be stopped from invading every aspect of lives ?  Is there a "protection switch-off" its advancement ?  Any 'way out' reverse gear ?

If not generalized to the public; but to some or personally,  is there a "switch-off" to prevent it from affecting ?  A 'change channel' or 'do not use social web sites' sort of approach ?  If profit is involved, will there be chance for A.I. to be stopped ? 

How do you see it ?  Proceed with caution, or reject it, or embrace it, or make money with it ?

Hi.  Monolith as in parallelepiped or as single homogeneous body?

---> https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2002ESASP.500..473W

And there is many slabs at ebay, polished and shaped, I bought a few. : 

Enjoy.

Greetings.

Living in USA, and used to the way dwellings are built;  the thermal considerations take priority over other risks as fire, wind damage, rigidity...

Insulating and poor thermal conductivity materials is a part well taken care of in construction practices.

How is thermal losses taken care in Europe, what are the modern building techniques ?

Hi.  Collision avoidance that will not be implemented:

---> https://scrippsnews.com/stories/a-runway-collision-warning-system-for-pilots-stalled-at-the-faa/

Good day all. Move to engineering, computer sciences, whatever deserves it.

Saw in the news today that there is a void in systems for collision prevention.  Discarded because of brutal costs to implement.

Seen for decades the mess of recovering 'black boxes' in accidents.

This top bulge front of the tail is the implementation of internet on airliners, already installed in most, waiting some decisions :

1- With GPS everywhere, why is not the collision prevention been implemented with just an application on cell phones ?  Every aircraft in the vicinity can know position, speed  and heading of others that way.  Is it because that way there will be much less millions to squeeze from the industry ? 

2- Is it time to constantly transmit (download/upload or whatever) in real time all 'recorded' flight data to perhaps eliminate the 'black boxes' or leave those as redundant ?  Radio transmitters have been on-board for decades.

Is this inventing lukewarm water ?  Why the experts do not propose such ?  It is better to implement/spend million dollar systems on each airport and higher insurance fees, that WE end paying as higher fares ? 

Hello all.

Am on first steps to make a solar thermal water pump for drip irrigation purposes.    Assume 60% efficiency of solar thermal irradiation (600W/m².     Assume average daylight temperature 25C.  Assume average night temperature 15C.

Or, make those parameters real, entered in the formula.  Area of sun exposure as parameter, say =1 m² (Tank lid)  Capacity of reservoir as parameter, say = 1 m³    Volume of air, =Va.  Volume of water =Vw.

For a desired pumping height,  what would be the flow in 24 hours ? [Plus whatever am missing] 

In the hermetic reservoir, the solar heat expands the air pushing the water up during the day, and suctioning water below from cooled air contraction during the night to refill the reservoir.   How to arrive to such a formula, how is it done ?

Ordered the parts to build the contraption.  Should get in 2weeks.

My vote is to not continue changing the time.  And see no problem by trying a year or two. 

Applying the lessons from bats...

What would have determined the 90 degree disposition of the parabolas signals and the 180 degrees one respect to the other,  instead of straight at the ends of the 'ears tube'  ?

If has to be a 'clickable link'  it is :

https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Nuclear-battery-Chinese-firm-aiming-for-mass-mark

There is news speculating about it

Another ---> https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/nuclear-battery-assembly-guide/all

I do not need nor even look at the screen when am talking on the phone.  Other than to initiate or end the call.

Hi. 

Are different tree species graft-compatible if one of these classifications coincide ?  Or has to be an specific one ?  Or more than one ?  Or that is not it ?

Example:  Can Apricots and peaches be cross grafted because  both share a bunch of clades and more ?  If they coincide in only one of the clades; are they compatible ?   How is it known ?

At the nursery, the trees they sell are labeled as 'fruiting' , 'flowering' , 'shading' 

What are the 'flowering' ones biological purpose ?  Are these somehow manipulated trees; or their flowers have no stamen, stigma, no reproduction purpose ?  Those do not bear fruit.  (Like the ornamental cherry blossoms) How does it work ?

16 hours ago, Sensei said:

Do you have ID card in the U.S.?

Yes I do have identifiers.  Passport, driving license and many others in USA and from other countries.  Only two cards related to vaccines.

Hello all.

Vaccines administered to infants, if have no records or have been lost by parents could be an inconvenient.   Is there a simple test to confirm if someone as infant received a vaccine ?  From what I know, when we reach adulthood we do not have a card telling what, when, where.  Memories from parents may not be reliable either.

Is administering to adults vaccines meant for kids a risk ?   A record card would have to be mandatory to keep with youngsters documents for life.  Is there such global proposal/initiative placing copies at several locations ?

Particularly you.  Do you know now as adult, what vaccines you received since birth; do you have a record card of such ?  How important would be to fix this void ?

Never seen done with hard cheese nor modern flavors.  It is a humble invent of natives using only basic ingredients available to them.    Perhaps melting such cheese could work ?    Some use grated mozzarella instead... Needs to be soft to behave as dough when mixed with the flour !.

Not brasilian but colombian style (pandebono) ; here is someone using UK ingredients :
---> https://www.glutenfreealchemist.com/pandebonos-south-american-cheese-bread/

Try the simple very basic recipe I posted first.  Then go fancy.

Hi exchemist.    My simplest way without claiming being best, that you may alter/improve your way later :

Get a plain "cream cheese" equivalent to U.S. 'Philadelphia' brand.  4 ounces (half pack here) WARM !, ~ 25-30 ⁰C not from the refrigerator !

1 cup of yuca starch.

Half a teaspoon maximum of salt.

One teaspoon of baking powder.

2 tablespoons of water.

Mix to very uniform and make 8 balls to 340 ⁰F for 22 minutes.

Come back with results.

Bread result should have an elastic cheese core.  Goes well served with yogurt

Thanks.   Yes, aware of its poisonous nature as the potatoes and yams are.   Been consuming it for decades as zillion people in the world.   Do not understand the "layer by layer" above.  It is a root, finely chopped when making the flour.  What layers are there to separate ?  The peel is discarded.

Often I bake cheese bread, yuca bread... many names for the same.   Not yucca !  Also known as cassava, mandioca, tapioca...

When the flour is manufactured, what is added or substracted for it to become/make starch instead ?  Am convinced is the same stuff with mythic beliefs.  How is it ?

The battery is too weak for the motors demand.   The motors are too weak for the motion demand.   The motors are too demanding for the battery capability.  The connecting wiring is not soldered presenting resistance to electricity flow.   The gearing does not match the needed torque.  The motors that are not energized are presenting braking effect to the others.  One or more of the above.    Check if the car rolls smooth by hand when not energized.  Try energizing only one wheeled motor instead  and come back with observations.

There is a few ways to turn ultrasonics into sonics for the use of 'normal' test equipment. If not in the market, would need to be built to suit needs.  Not a too difficult task.

One is a frequency divider, 

---> https://www.incbtech.com/index.php/articles/79-bionics-and-medicine/466-ultrasonic-sound-converter-hearing-the-unheard-bm013

Another is a frequency mixer with the vintage NE602 integrated circuit (heterodyning) or other down-mixing chips.

---> https://www.n5dux.com/ham/files/pdf/Single-Chip Frequency Converter.pdf

---> https://www.bats.org.uk/about-bats/bat-detectors-1/heterodyne

Microcontrollers can do the translation to audible plus visually in a few ways.   The microphone would have to be good, really good with known specifications.   Perhaps piezoelectric from echosounder/sonar equipment if for underwater.  Whale listeners have their specialized gadgets.

---> https://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/

And as an application:

---> https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/echo-meter-touch-bat-detector/id693958125

A parabolic microphone would help all the above if fitted with a proper sensor :

---> https://search.brave.com/images?q=parabolic microphone

Good day.

Is there any found causal or relation between the fall of Rome by the middle of first century and the legalization and rise of christianity ?

The prosper peaceful 'pax romana' era that had abundant reported wealth in many roman citizens...  Where did that people obtained/earned their wealth ?  What business were they involved in those times ?  There were also the not wealthy population; but what activities not tied to government made the rich rich  ?

Yes, can be moved to somewhere else as deserved.  Into politics, history, lounge...