Dark Energy- Accelerating expansion of distant universe to negative mass

[icarus2]

I apologize for my poor English.

I had a new computer simulation.

 

We set up each model from the birth of universe to the present, and calculated GPE using computer simulation in each level.

 

As a result, we could verify that “pair creation model of negative mass and positive mass” explains inflation of the early universe and decelerating expansion, and present accelerating expansion in time series.

 

 

This simulation is showing incredible results.

It not only explains the total energy of the universe, flatness, and the essence (Total zero energy, pair creation of negative energy and positive energy) of the process of birth of the universe, but it explains inflation, decelerating expansion in the early stage, accelerating expansion in the late stage, and dark matter through the only term, negative energy. Moreover, this negative energy is one that is essentially required by the law of energy conservation.

 

Please see to below link!

 

Simulation 1. Dark energy - Accelerating expansion of distant galaxy due to negative mass

 

Simulation 2. Inflation, decelerating expansion and accelerating expansion with pair creation of negative mass and positive mass

 

3. Paper: The change of Gravitational Potential Energy and Dark Energy in the Zero Energy Universe.

http://vixra.org/abs/1110.0019

 

 

A. Birth of the universe from zero energy state

1) computer simulation

Fig14. m+=+1 (1,000ea), -m-=-1 (1,000ea),

U++ = -5190.4707907,

U-- = -5308.0373689,

U-+= 10499.2712222,

U_tot = 0.7630625

 

Total rest mass energy is zero. Total gravitational potential energy ([math]U_{tot}[/math]) is +0.763.

 

[math]|\frac{{U_{tot} }}{{U_{ - + } }}| = 0.0000726[/math], so [math]U_{tot}[/math] is almost zero.

 

We could not make GPE 0 for there were too many particles. Therefore, we simulated dividing the value of [math]U_{tot}[/math] (total GPE) into two parts which are when it is little bit bigger than 0 (+0.76306) and when smaller than 0 (-0.53277), and we could gain almost similar results. (Attached 1, 2)

 

2) Accelerating expansion of the universe (inflation)

 

It can be confirmed that even though the total energy starts with 0, the universe expands and positive masses combine one another due to attractive interaction among themselves, while negative masses can not form massive mass structure because of repulsive interaction.

 

The pair creation model of negative mass and positive mass explains “energy conservation” in times of the birth of the universe and “expansion after the birth” naturally, and it does not need institution of new mechanism or field like inflaton or inflation itself, and it explains this effect with only gravity.

 

3) Change of GPE

 

Figure15-a.The ratio of negative GPE to positive GPE of the early universe. We can confirm that as the universe expands, (+GPE/-GPE) ratio decreases, and [math]U_{tot}[/math] gets to be negative value. Figure15-b. Total GPE of the early universe. Figure15-c. [math]U_{tot}[/math] of the early universe and GPE related with positive mass. It looks almost like a straight line for the size of [math]U_{tot}[/math] is relatively small.

 

The graph above is that the change of GPE related with positive mass and [math]U_{tot}[/math] drawn through graph.

 

As we have observed activities of only positive masses, “GPE related with positive mass ([math]U_{-+} + U_{++}[/math])” has a significant meaning.

 

a) Nevertheless the value of [math]U_{tot}[/math] changes from 0 to negative value, the universe expands for GPE related with positive mass has + value.

 

b) Note that nevertheless the total energy is 0, GPE related with positive mass has very big positive value, and this value approaches to 0 very rapidly. This explains the dramatic expansion like the early universe inflation and the finish of this inflation mechanism.

 

c) The thing we can notice by this and the next simulation is that if time goes bit more, [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE related with positive mass both have negative values, and the universe is converted to the decelerating expansion stage.

 

d) In order to explain the flatness of the universe, typical researchers assume the inflation mechanism and explain it using this. But Zero Energy Universe does not need institution of new field for it guarantees flatness itself, and additionally, the simulation above means that the accelerating expansion of the early universe can be explained with gravity without instituting new field.

 

4) Change of GPE related with positive mass and [math]U_{tot}[/math] in three initial value

 

Fig16-a. Total rest mass energy=0, [math]U_{tot}[/math](initial value)= +51.79 / +0.76 / -0.53. Time scale=0.5, Step scale(+51.79,-0.53)=200, Step scale(+0.76)=250,

Fig16-b. Change of GPE related with positive mass in three cases

 

GPE related with positive mass has very big positive value, and this value approaches to 0 very rapidly.

 

B. GPE among distant galaxies and accelerating expansion

1) When positive mass is spread through relatively large area

 

Fig17.Distant galaxy – The structure that negative mass surrounds galaxy composed of positive mass.

[math]m_+[/math] = (1 X 500) + (1 X 500) = + 1000, center1(-1000,0,0), center2(+1000,0,0), R=150,

[math]-m_-[/math] = (-1 X 500) +(-1 X 500) = - 1000, negative mass distribution :

[math]- 250 \le (x \pm 1000),y,z \le + 250[/math]. We simulated having it has unit mass of positive mass and negative mass.

 

After the birth of the universe, positive masses bind together by attractive interaction. Meanwhile, negative masses are being almost uniformly distributed because of repulsive interaction. Negative masses are gravitational bounded to massive positive masses (Galaxy or Galaxy cluster) for massive positive mass has attractive effect on negative mass.

 

Figure18-a.The ratio of +GPE to –GPE of distant galaxy. Figure18-b. [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE related with positive mass on distant galaxy. Note that GPE value related with positive mass changes from positive value to negative value, and to positive value again. This represents acceleration expansion [math]->[/math] deceleration expansion [math]->[/math] acceleration expansion of the universe.

 

a) The ratio of +GPE to –GPE of distant galaxy

i) Early status is that positive GPE is smaller than negative GPE, and the [math]U_{tot}[/math] has negative value. This negative GPE status results from gravitational binding of positive masses.

 

ii) As time goes by, binding of positive mass increases due to attractive interaction, and the absolute value of negative gravity potential reaches maximum.

 

iii) The absolute value of negative GPE decreases due to positive mass has a gravitational binding and negative mass does gravitational contraction and [math]U_{tot}[/math] is converted to positive value as a result. Center of gravitational contraction of negative masses is galaxy or galaxy cluster.

 

iv) [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE related with positive mass both are converted to positive value. Therefore, the universe gets to an era of accelerating expansion again.

 

v) On the simulation above, we can confirm that +GPE increases 200% the value of –GPE, and for we deduce the universal components through GPE, we will guess that repulsive dark energy increases 200% the value of attractive mass energy (matter + dark matter, as a general deduction).

 

b) [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE related with positive mass on distant galaxy

i) In the early universe, GPE related with positive mass had very big + value, but this value gets smaller as positive masses binds together and comprise of galaxy structure. On the simulation above, it still has positive value, and so it is in the status of accelerating expansion.

 

ii) We can notice that [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE related with positive mass both are converted to negative value by gravitational binding of positive masses. Therefore, the universe gets to an era of decelerating expansion.

 

iii) GPE related with positive mass is converted to positive value due to negative mass does gravitational contraction around massive positive mass(Galaxy or Galaxy Cluster). Therefore, the universe gets to an era of accelerating expansion again.

 

iv) The decelerating expansion and accelerating expansion is naturally explained through “pair creation model of negative mass and positive mass”, and the conversion from accelerating expansion to decelerating expansion and from decelerating expansion to accelerating expansion is explained in sequence.

 

v) The conversion from negative value to positive value shall be done more smoothly than the graph above for there exist thousands of billions of galaxies in our universe.

 

Figure19-a.The change of distance and relative speed among distant galaxies. Figure19-b. GPE related with positive mass and negative mass.

 

c) The change of distance and relative speed among distant galaxies

Massive positive mass is given a birth from the 8th stage due to gravitational contraction. We calculated distance between the two massive positive masses (corresponding to the galaxy or galaxy cluster) and relative speeds of the two from then.

 

We can notice that there exits positive acceleration, and it corresponds to accelerating expansion.

 

d) GPE related with positive mass and negative mass

Positive mass and negative mass have different GPE value each other, therefore their movements are different each other.

 

D. Gravitational contraction due to positive mass and negative mass

 

1) When positive mass does gravitational contraction

The structure that negative mass surrounds galaxy composed of positive mass.

 

fig24. [math]-m_-[/math]= (-1 X500)+(-1 X500)= -1000,

negative mass distribution: center1(-1000,0,0), center2(+1000,0,0), within R=220~250.

[math]m_+[/math] = (+1X500) + (+1X500)= +1000,

positive mass distribution : center1(-1000,0,0), center2(+1000,0,0), within

a)R0-R200, b)R0-R150, c)R0-R100, d)R0-R50

 

It is shown that as positive mass does gravitational contraction, [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE value related with positive mass both gradually smaller (negative value).

 

This means that our universe is converted from accelerating expansion (inflation) in the early universe to decelerating expansion.

 

2) When negative mass does gravitational contraction

 

fig25.[math]m_+[/math] = (500 X1) + (500 X1)= 1000,

positive mass distribution: center1(-1000,0,0), center2(+1000,0,0).

[math]-m_-[/math] = (-1X500) + (-1X500)= -1000,

negative mass distribution : center1(-1000,0,0), center2(+1000,0,0), within

a)R50-R250, b)R50-R200, c)R50-R150, d)R50-R100

 

It is shown that as negative mass does gravitational contraction around massive positive mass, [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE value related with positive mass both are bigger.

 

This means that our universe is converted from decelerating expansion to accelerating expansion (Dark energy effect).

 

E. Distant six galaxies

 

fig26. Distant six galaxies. [math]m_+[/math] = +100 X 6 = +600.

Each +100 at (±1000,0,0),(0,±1000,0),(0,0,±1000).

[math]-m_-[/math] = (-0.4 X 250) X 6 = - 600

center(±1000,0,0), center(0,±1000,0), center(0,0,±1000) negative mass is spread within [math] -250 \le x,y,z \le + 250[/math]

 

fig.27

 

1) The ratio of +GPE to –GPE and GPE related with positive mass on six galaxies

 

[math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE related with positive mass both have a positive value. Therefore, expansion of universe is accelerating.

 

fig.28

 

2) The change of distance and relative speed among six galaxies

We can notice that there exits positive acceleration, and it corresponds to accelerating expansion.

 

 

F. The change of GPE in the whole time of the universe

 

fig29. The change of [math]U_{tot}[/math] of universe according to time. Refer to Figure15-b, 16-a, 18-b, 21-b, 21-b, 23-c, 27-b.

 

2) The change of [math]U_{tot}[/math] of universe according to time.

a) GPE approaches to 0 at last as universe gets larger for it is in proportion to 1/r.

 

b) [math]U_{tot}[/math] can have diverse values in the early universe. But it is assumed that it would have similar graph as time goes.

 

c) It seems that [math]U_{tot}[/math] more likely has 0 or positive value. The homogeneous distribution of negative energy and positive energy makes [math]U_{tot}[/math] have positive value (red line).

 

Although the total GPE starts with 0 or positive value in the early stage, it change to negative value as time goes by, and positive masses forms galaxies binding themselves, and as negative mass does gravitational contraction, it is converted to positive value.

 

This provides natural explanation about accelerating expansion of the early universe, decelerating expansion in the first half, and accelerating expansion in the second half.

 

fig30.The change of [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE value related with positive mass according to time.

The reason of dark energy seems to be constant, is that our universe pass this section (slope) lately 5~7Gyr. Refer to Figure15-b,c,16-a,b,18-b,21-b,23-c,27-b.

 

3) The change of [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE value related with positive mass according to time.

 

In early universe, Even if the total GPE is 0, the universe can expand in acceleration.

The typical matter we observe in the universe is positive mass, and this is because there are two GPE categories related with positive masses.

 

Although [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE value related with positive mass can have values that have large difference in the early universe, as time goes by, [math]U_{tot}[/math] and GPE value related with positive mass have values and shapes similar to each other.

 

============

HSS(The High-z Supernova Search) team : Brian P. Schmidt, et al :

http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/980520114P, 26~29lines.

If Λ=0, Ω_m = - 0.38(±0.22) : negative mass density

 

SCP(Supernova Cosmology Project) team : S.Perlmutter et al.

http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/98124737P

If Λ=0, Ω_m = - 0.4(±0.1) : negative mass density

 

============

Paper: The change of Gravitational Potential Energy and Dark Energy in the Zero Energy Universe.

http://vixra.org/abs/1110.0019

[Airbrush]

Welcome aboard. Wow! That all whizzed over my head. Can anyone explain this in 200 words of less using plain English?

[icarus2]

Welcome aboard. Wow! That all whizzed over my head. Can anyone explain this in 200 words of less using plain English?

 

Hello, I'm soorry. I can't English well.

Refer to abstract

 

[Abstract]

Gravity is the force conquering the structure of the universe. By recognizing the components of the universe, we are estimating the quantity of components composing the universe through size of gravity and gravitational potential energy (GPE).

 

In this paper, it is being shown that the universe can be born and expanded through pair creation of positive energy (mass) and negative energy (mass) from zero energy condition.

 

Also, GPE is composed by 3 units of U++, U--, and U-+ when negative and positive energy exists, U-+ (GPE between negative mass and positive mass) has positive values and is the component that makes repulsive gravitational effect. U-+ corresponds with the inner energy of the system and can be interpreted as dark energy.

 

Also, situations in which U-+ has much higher value than |U--| + |U++| depending on the distribution of negative mass and positive mass is possible.

 

This doesn't mean that 72.1% of dark energy independently exists, but means that explanation from GPE occurring from 4.6% of negative energy, which is the same as 4.6% of positive energy, is possible. Moreover, 4.6% of negative energy is the energy which is inevitably required from zero energy, which is the most natural total energy value in the universe.

 

This discovery implies that our belief that size of gravitational effect and size of components of the universe would always 1:1 correspond was wrong.

 

We set up each model from the birth of universe to the present, and calculated GPE using computer simulation in each level. As a result, we could verify that “pair creation model of negative mass and positive mass” explains inflation of the early universe and decelerating expansion, and present accelerating expansion in time series.

 

---Icarus2

[Klaynos]

Two simple questions.

 

Do you only use Newtonian gravity?

 

Why is -mass not observed?

[icarus2]

Do you only use Newtonian gravity?

Almost Yes! Simulation program made by other person.

 

Why is -mass not observed?

 

As examined with Newton dynamics of negative mass, attraction works between positive mass, and they have attractive effect, so they gradually clusters each other, and then make massive mass like planet or star. On the other hand, attraction works between negative mass, but they have repulsive effect, so they cannot make massive mass structure like star or galaxy.

 

Negative masses will be distributed all over space because it cannot form large mass structures like stars. Negative mass within the galaxy is cancelled out by attraction from large positive mass during the galaxy formation process. Furthermore, the space, other that the galaxy, will maintain the distribution state of negative mass.

 

 

**Characteristics of the negative mass

 

**Centripetal force effect in the galaxy from dark matter(negative mass) halo out of the galaxy

http://www.bautforum.com/showthread.php/105870-Video-of-the-motion-of-negative-mass-dark-matter-dark-energy?p=1765927#post1765927

[Klaynos]

Almost Yes! Simulation program made by other person.

 

Then it would fail as Newtonian gravity isn't good enough to model all of the planets, I cannot see it working well for galaxies...

 

As examined with Newton dynamics of negative mass, attraction works between positive mass, and they have attractive effect, so they gradually clusters each other, and then make massive mass like planet or star. On the other hand, attraction works between negative mass, but they have repulsive effect, so they cannot make massive mass structure like star or galaxy.

 

Negative masses will be distributed all over space because it cannot form large mass structures like stars. Negative mass within the galaxy is cancelled out by attraction from large positive mass during the galaxy formation process. Furthermore, the space, other that the galaxy, will maintain the distribution state of negative mass.

 

I don't see why not forming stars would stop it being observed. Also, negative mass causes issues for SR does it not? How would you explain that?

[questionposter]

I suppose it would kind of make sense to have an opposite mass, there's an opposite of everything else...