alpha2cen

0 degree Celsius is useful for the measuring standard. How do we make it exactly?

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Simple. Let's think it over. Why high frequency wave is high energy state than lower one? Everyone know this phenomena well. But how to we describe it exactly? Don't use E=hv =h / lamda equation.

"Because motion through a magnetic field looks like an electric field in the rest frame (i.e. the wire), and that exerts a force on the electrons." Others said,'First, charge is separated, and an electric field is created.

The device is already developed for refrigerator. But efficiency is not so high than refrigerant using refrigerator. At the power station this technology is used for collecting waste heat. Then, What is the free electrons contribution mechanism for conducting heat?

I think information definition is important. What is the information? Closed system one matter state + information ---------------> another matter state + others energy.......................energy.................................energy.....................energy information energy = another matter state energy + others energy - one matter state energy

Then. Why the electrons in the copper wire move when the wire cuts the magnetic line fast? Which one makes the electron driving force? Think over at the atomic level. At the super conductor the magnetism is almost zero.

After inflation elementary particles were created. Energy-------------->matter(proton, neutron, electron, neutrino) +anti-matter Which one is the first created? proton <------------------->proton (repulsion) proton >-------------------<electron(attraction) If this property were not existence, very big proton(cause of the gravity) and very big proton electron mixture (cause of the gravity) would be created. The problem is which property of the proton attract electrons.

There is no one who don't know proton attracts electron. Why proton attract electron? You say "Do you say it as a question?" Compare proton and neutron, There is a little or big difference. Proton is made of two up quark and one down quark ,but neutron is made of two down quark and one up quark. This one difference make electron attraction phenomena. Why it is possible?

Are there any possibility about molecular attraction force is reduced? There are many reason to be done like this. Is the vibration important role on the solid state energy storage at high temperature? Which percentage does the vibration energy contribute to?

Do we think this electromagnetic induction as one of the electric current flow phenomena ? Unseen magnetism in the copper is doing important rule in the electric current flow. When copper wire cut the magnetic lines, the electrons in the copper wire are released form the restriction of the copper atom magnetism, is it right? This released electron concentration difference in the line makes electron voltage deviation,and electric current flow. The electric flow amount is proportional to magnetic line cutting speed and magnetic field.

Let's think about this. Thermocouple, copper- constantan copper*****|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| constantan |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| ************hot...........................................................................................................cold Above picture, there are two wires made of copper or constantan . Each end point are attached. When we place one point hot place and the other one cold place, electric driving force such as electric voltage is generated. Some of heat transfer ability is changed into electric potential difference. How do we explain this phenomena - heat transfer and electric potential difference correlation?

Any heat conduction is needed the temperature gradient. If temperature gradient is big, much heat is transfered. In this forum we are focused on the atomic level heat conduction mechanism.

0 and 1 is the simplest form of information. We can represent it many ways. For example, electron sprin direction, molecular magretic direction, DNA cording, electron voltage difference.... Which way we represent it , the process requires energy. In nature no information is not high energy state, because nature is not so foolish to do such a thing. Is it efficient that transfering energy by using information? This problem is required more thinking.

Everyone knows well high temperature copper is bigger than colder one. We know this macroscopical phenomena very well. And there is a parameter related to this phenomena such as thermal expansion factor. But we don't know well about it at the molecular level. Why copper is expanded when temperature is increased ?

What is the information? How to we describe that information? This is the basic information unit. For example 8bit case, 2word 00000000 00000000 No information 00001111 11111111 Information If 0 is 0 volt, 1 is 0.1 volt First is 0volt, 2nd is 0.1*12=1.2 volt is required. In the nature no information state is the most low energy state, and recored information state is high energy state. So we first transform to high energy state, and receive that state, and next transform high energy state to low state , at that stage energy is relased. If we used other device for recording information, it would be same result. No information state, entropy S =0, having information state, S > 0.

Metal has many free electrons, but insulator has a few free electrons. And metal has a good electron conductivity, but insulator has not one. Those relations do not contain electron contributions for the heat conduction. And then, does heat capacity have no rule in this mechanism?

Protons are consists of quarks. At the beginning of the Universe protons were made from quarks. But here I,d like to say is the relationship between mass and energy. One of them is the proton.

Aluminum alloy is reasonable for hardness. And the shape is important too. Heat have to be removed from computer to air. At first computer heat is transfered form computer to aluminum, next transfer from aluminum to air must be established. At this time convection heat transfer is required, and the important factor for the convection is external surface area and air contacting surface shape. You can get more detail information from "Heat transfer"book.

When we make anti-proton, proton is created, too. We make anti-proton by colliding proton with metals. The reaction is like this. P-----------------> 2P + P- So energy = P + P-

I confuse with applied voltage. In the vacuum tube the operating voltage should have be very high. The current in the copper wire is proportional to voltage. In order to operate vacuum tube, very high speed electric current is required. And then, communication speed through copper wire is not electron current but electromagnetic wave transfer speed. Thank your for answering.

We know well heat conduction macroscopically. Metal have a good property to conduct heat. But we deeply don't know heat conduction mechanism microscopically. How the heat flow form here to there? Any good opinion?

This is old technology. Before 1980 the technology had been commercialized. Difficult problem is a measuring of very low voltage electric current.

When water flow in the water pipe, water flow makes electric current perpendicular to the flow. By using this current we can measure the flow rate.

When an electric wire cut the magnetic lines, electric current would flow. There is no electron come into the wire. But current flow. Make circuit like this. Closed circuit which is composed of vacuum tube and copper coil. We move it in the big magnetic bar. Then, electric current would flow. There is no electron input. How would you explain the electron flow from the cathode to the anode of the vacuum tube? I think this flow is same as the flow inside the copper wire . Similar phenomena is occurring in the very long fluorescent lamp for advertising. So I think the current inside the copper is not so slow.