Genady

Yes, the direct association holds only for very basic signs. Most signs have more information in them then just imitation. However, it does not make the signs arbitrary. I'd say to the contrary, it makes them more systematic. One cannot guess the meaning of a sign by seeing it. But, when one is told the meaning, one often says, Ah, of course. Especially if one already is familiar with the patterns. This is very instrumental when learning sign language. Also, if one arbitrarily replaced signs then they'd start looking really silly in most cases.

That too would be limited to phonetic alphabets and not necessarily hold for other systems of writing.

Perhaps so. But then, they (Saussure?) need to clarify that they refer only to verbal symbols.

Does not seem so in a sign language, though.

It is not without value. It is without fixed value. It allows for any value to be assigned.

No, The sum of anything. I have never asked this. I've asked,

YOU cannot apply it anywhere. I guess, you understand Russian. This is for you: Плохому танцору пол мешает.

Mathematics has relation to everything. Physics included.

The formula is a mathematical result. The question is experimental test of mathematics: If mathematics is correct, then the formula is correct.

Yes, the problem is not very good, perhaps. It supposed to illustrate the thing I've linked today in another thread: Braess's paradox - Wikipedia.

No, any one of them. I'd start with something simple.

I see. Just like any other model, e.g., ether.

Easy: all words are more words 🤡

No problem for me, but what is that term in the OP?

Maybe just to replace the word disorder with something that does not have this connotation. How about special circumstances? Other suggestions are welcomed.

Exactly What does make you say silly things?

You say it using words and therefore, it is silly.

ALL experiments do.

Plagiarized from here:

They have already posted it here: which was plagiarized from here:

Mathematics is disinformation?

From the @swansont's link above: There are criteria in the disorder definitions that are aimed to distinguish between these situations. This is very wrong, from my experience. In a normally functioning system, including human's body, different parts should cooperate with each other. When parts of the system are in conflict, there is a disorder. When a system or its parts are in conflict with the outside world, it is not a sign of disorder. When a person has a disorder, good neighbors help the person to live as happily as possible.

Can't be true. There are only several thousand hairs in a man's beard.

Here is a paradoxical aspect of adding, and removing, roads: Braess's paradox - Wikipedia

Various. $1,000,000 as a non-refundable downpayment would do.