exchemist

You can make cars from aluminium, which does not easily corrode. However it is costly to reduce from its ore, which is done by electrolysis, because it is trivalent, needing 3 electrons per atom. So it takes a lot of electricity. Most aluminium smelting is done close to a source of cheap electricity. In fact aluminium is only stable in air because it instantly forms a protective oxide layer on the surface. Unfortunately iron tends to form a complex range of hydrated oxides in the presence of moisture which don't form such a layer. You can make car bodies from other materials but metals are preferred, partly because of strength but partly too because they can be designed to deform progressively in a crash, protecting the occupants. In practice, car bodies are made from various grades of steel. This is not simply iron but an alloy of iron with carbon and potentially a variety of other elements, selected to modify the properties of the steel in various ways. Steel is generally more resistant to rusting than pure iron. Surface treatments such as galvanising may also be used to improve corrosion resistance.

Hmm. I suspect you have misunderstood what was being said. After all, the universe is what it is. It seems fairly daft to suggest it has flaws. What seems more likely is someone was describing flaws (inconsistencies, unresolved problems) in our models of the universe, as @TheVat suggests. But then that would not explain this metaphysical stuff you mention about God. So it is all a bit baffling. If you can’t provide a source I think we have reached a dead end.

I've been listening to a few things to practice for the Holy Week Triduum. We sang this one today (Good Friday): It seems the attribution to King John IV of Portugal is, ahem, contested. But it is still an atmospheric, simple piece for Good Friday.

That’s not cavitation then. Cavitation involves generating a vacuum (strictly not quite due to vapour pressure of the liquid), from a surface moving too fast for the liquid to remain in contact with it, e.g. propeller, pump impeller. If you use air pressure to displace the liquid that isn’t cavitation.

As I understand this is either different from liquid column separation, or possibly a feature of the first instant after column separation, due to the nature of the “fractured” surface, which resembles a broken bitumen surface, i.e. not a smooth liquid phase surface.

No. If you look at the picture this fracturing is a jagged break like that you get when a solid material fails.

To a rower, Surrey and Middlesex mean the Tideway.

Addendum: Seems Watney's Stag Brewery at Mortlake closed in 2015 (I stopped rowing in 2005 or so, so had missed this) and is now a big residential redevelopment project. Fuller's brewery is still going however: you can book a tour of it. They seem to have decided to use it to build up the brand rather than selling out to make money from sale of a prime riverside site. Watney's was rather viewed with contempt by other brewers after the disaster of Red Barrel and the associated"watneyfication" of their tied pubs in the 1970s (red formica tables, red covered bar stools etc etc.). This marketing drive to get the population to accept pasteurised fizzy beer, which was convenient for the business as it could be kept for a long time without going off, wrecked their brand* and led to the formation of CAMRA, to oppose the imposition of this and similar keg beers by big brewing businesses. Amusingly there is a Young's pub right outside the gates of the Mortlake brewery. The workers from Watney's would all pile in there their after their shift and drink Young's! Watney's reputedly offered huge sums to buy out the pub but Young's always refused. It was a standing joke among those of us who lived in the area. * Monty Python was partly responsible, due to a famous sketch railing against Watney's Red Barrel being pervasive in Spanish holiday resorts. That sketch holed them below the waterline. Thank God - it was a close run thing at the time. We thought real beer was dying out, rather as real bread has subsequently done in Britain.

Not quite. Youngs was on the south (Surrey) bank at Wandsworth and Fullers was (I think still is) on the north (Middlesex) bank at Chiswick, about 3 miles further upstream, just upstream from Chiswick Eyot. And another mile upstream, back on the Surrey bank at Mortlake is Watneys. In fact, unlike the other two, Young's Ram Brewery was not quite on the waterfront but in the middle of the town, next to the river Wandle. They sold the site for development and I think their beer is now brewed in Bedford. Just typing this I can again smell the mud at low tide……

Liverpool St is a bit out of my way as a S Londoner, so I can't tell you what it's like. But apparently a Young's pub, so will have at least some real beer. Though Young's sadly no longer has their original brewery in Wandsworth. When I was rowing, in my Putney days, the club used to get deliveries from Young's on a horse-drawn brewer's dray. Splendid carthorses: huge creatures, with hairy hooves. The horses used to make all the deliveries within 2 miles of the brewery. A wonderful marketing idea and cost-effective apparently, due to the terrible traffic jams in the area. Here they are at a pub on the Thames in Richmond where I occasionally go for a session with one of my brothers:

I should have thought the reason is to enable quick decisions, without having to wait until it is too late to act. One uses partial evidence and consults one's prior learning and experience as to what the evidence suggests and decides on the basis of what seems probable. We do it all the time. I think you are not correct to assume these decisions are based on no evidence. It is just that the evidence supplied is misinterpreted due to biased learning. For instance: light in the sky, moving apparently oddly, without sound -> little green men, because we've just read "Chariots of the Gods".

Mes félicitations! Tres bon poisson d'avril. 😁

There is no such thing as "astrological science". It is a contradiction in terms.

🤪🫖🙃🤡🔫

I thought talc was sometimes classed as a clay mineral though. It too has sheets only bonded by van der Waals attraction, I think. With mica I think there is a cation between the sheets.

The micas and talc (soapstone) spring to mind.

Yes, Wynn-Williams chose that from Great Gatsby exactly because that was how she came to see Zuckerberg, Sandbag and the rest of them. They simply don't care what mess they create for other people, in their pursuit of more eyeballs. Perhaps the most disturbing thing is the way they decided to access the Chinese market, from which they were banned. They ended up offering the Chinese government access to all the data on Chinese users, including those in Hong Kong, making Facebook a tool of state surveillance while still pretending to users everything was secure. And there was the sleazy business of Sandberg, the big boss, trying to get Wynn-Williams into bed on a private jet [sic]. Apparently she had hired an entourage of suspiciously nubile young women to be her assistants (voile et vapeur, evidemment). "Me Too" or what? Having read the book I have no doubt that the recent court case has gone the right way. I hope more follow. These people have no conscience at all. (They tried like hell to get the book suppressed of course and are still trying to pursue the author through the courts.)

"Agribees" made me think of "angrybees"and "aggrobees". Whatever append to the threat of those "Africanised bees" that were supposed to be flying in huge swarms across the Mato Grosso about 30 years ago and taking over the Americas? There was that terrible film "The Swarm", a source of much amusement to Clive James, as I recall.

Where in these articles are monomolecular layers referred to?

Who or what is Gaiven?

However the elephant in the room is industrialised agriculture, things like pulling up the hedgerows to make giant fields that are easier for ploughing and harvesting. Wildlife diversity collapses. Making yet another industrial intervention to try to correct the damage done by the original industrialisation does not sound like a brilliant strategy. However better than doing nothing, certainly.

Duplicate of this thread? https://www.scienceforums.net/topic/140403-engineered-yeast-provides-rare-but-essential-pollen-sterols-for-honeybees/

Constitution in the quoted passage means principles for the governance of the country. The USA has a written constitution, which can be consulted by legal authorities. The UK does not. It has a set of traditional understandings about the powers of the two houses of Parliament and the roles of the monarch and his government ministers and a number of laws codifying aspects of this, but there is no collected definitive body of rules: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom It's not really very relevant to the discussion about the language, except that it is the same idea: nobody has bothered to regulate it officially. It is all a bit laissez faire. This is in contrast to France, where the Académie française does set out rules for French. (They had an earnest discussion a few years ago before pronouncing on what gender "covid" should have. It is la covid, apparently: https://www.academie-francaise.fr/le-covid-19-ou-la-covid-19)

Aha, thanks, so there is a progressive kink in the heat capacity curve, suggesting more degrees of freedom become available as the temperature rises through this transition range. Perhaps, thinking about this, part of issue for me is that glasses are non-equilibrium states. Just about all the chemistry I learnt was really about equilibrium states. The statistical mechanics of non-equilibrium states will be quite a bit more complex.

This is sort of interesting. I thought this, but someone told me that is wrong because window glass, for example, is below something called the "glass transition temperature". So, according to this, a glass is an "amorphous solid" rather than a very viscous liquid. However, when I look up what a glass transition temperature is, it appears it is an imprecisely defined range of temperature, rather than a specific value. Furthermore, when making this "transition", there don't seem to be any of the features one associates with a genuine phase change, such as release of latent heat, change in order at the molecular level, etc. So now I am left with the suspicion that the distinction is a bit bogus and based only on how it seems best to treat the material in practice, rather than any physical or chemical change in state. But I'd be interested in a comment from anyone better informed.