BabcockHall

Where did you read this?  Some context might be beneficial.

At pH 0 (where protons are 1 M in concentration) ATP, ADP, and P_i will all have very different protonation states than they do at pH 7.  I am not sure what the value of deltaG° will be, but I am fairly certain that it will be different.

Start by defining in words or with an equation what the distribution coefficient is.

Why are you searching for such a list?  Enzymes are catalysts; therefore, I don't know what you second paragraph means.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145298/

"Normal Roles for Dietary Fructose in Carbohydrate Metabolism"

"The liver is the major site for fructose metabolism."  

16 hours ago, SamIam said:

Fructose metabolism in muscle differs little than that of glucose. Hexokinase witch converts glucose to G6P on entry into muscle cells, also phosphorylates fructose yielding F6P.

I do not disagree, but in liver fructokinase converts fructose into fructose 1-phosphate.  IIRC the regulatory mechanisms governing hexokinase and phosphofructokinase are thus bypassed and glycolysis is entered into later on in the pathway.  @OP, this is why having a good biochemistry textbook is helpful.

Almost nothing of what you wrote is true.  Liver stores glycogen and can make glucose from it.  Glucagon is a hormone, and is not the same thing as glycogen.  Glucose and fructose have a complex relationship metabolically.  Do you have a copy of Nelson and Cox's biochemistry textbook or something equivalent?

IIRC the form of the equation is fundamentally similar to its form for hemoglobin.  Hill's equation was in some sense an exercise in curve fitting.  There was not enough information for a detailed model when he did his work.

Ribose is a furanose that is an aldose; therefore, one has to be very careful about making generalizations.  Think about sedoheptulose.

Voet and Voet is a good reference.

I would say that the oxime-based reactivating compounds are better candidates for something to take ahead of time than atropine is, based on the passage that String Junky quoted.  However when I read about this a few months ago, it seemed to me that oxime-based compounds differ in how effective each one is, and that the most effective one for nerve agent X might not be the most effective for nerve agent Y.

Just to finish out my thought, succinyl CoA can be converted into oxaloacetate in several steps, and oxaloacetate can be converted into glucose via gluconeogenesis.

Yes, the odd chain fatty acids give rise to propionyl CoA, which can be converted into succinyl CoA in several steps, one of which is dependent on vitamin B12.  I don't know what percentage of fatty acids have an odd number of carbons.  For completeness we should probably also mention that the glycerol backbone of a typical triacylglycerol can be converted into glucose.

To paint with a very broad brush, the health of one's arteries may depend on the nature and the amounts of the fats that one consumes.  Some have claimed that there is a correlation between the amount of trans-fat in the diet with the relative amounts of so-called good versus bad cholesterol.  I realize that this is a slightly different question from the one that you asked, but I offer it for the purposes of illustration.

@OP, What makes a substrate a good candidate for the S_N1 process?  for the S_N2 process?  Once you are sure of these answers, look at the substrate of this problem.

Liver can store both triacylglycerols and glycogen for energy.  Glycogen is a polymer of glucose.

You have answered a different question from the one I intended to ask.  My educated guess is that this assignment presumes that one's purpose is to produce and purify a large quantity of this serotonin receptor.  That explains why one would want a start codon, a hexahistidine tag, etc.  BTW there is only one true start codon for a gene.   As for the problem itself, do you think that one could add restriction sites into a piece of DNA as part of the process of amplifying it via PCR?  If so, how?

 Assuming that one wished to amplify the gene for this receptor, how many primers would you need? 

@OP, In general please show your work or give your thoughts in your first post.  Substitutions reactions at a benzylic carbon might go one way or the other, depending on additional factors.  The degree of substitution of the carbon and the hydroxy substituent on the aromatic ring (assuming it is present) are both factors here.  Why don't you provide your thoughts now?

To reemphasize one point above, fatty acids (the main component of triacylglycerols) can be used for energy (by aerobic catabolism), but they cannot be converted into glucose.  The question of how monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids are different from saturated ones from the point of view of our diet is a large and complex one.  Ideally the question should be narrowed down before it could be addressed in a forum.

Do you understand the purpose of the question?  In other words, do you know why someone would want to go into the laboratory to do this?  Do you know something about PCR mutagenesis?

To give one example of selectivity, suppose you wanted to convert a resin in the chloride form to the acetate form.  You would have to use many column volumes of sodium acetate because of the selectivity difference between the two ions.  But it is cheaper to use even more column volumes of sodium hydroxide, then a couple of column volumes of acetic acid.  The first solution converts the resin into the hydroxide form, and the second solution is deprotonated by the hydroxide ions on the column to create acetate ions.

If I understand your question correctly, then I would say that HCl is the better eluant all else held equal.  However, sometimes one has to consider the pH-sensitivities of the column or the compound being eluted in choosing the best conditions.

I have seen some recipes for Terrific Broth that call for the phosphate buffer solution to the filter-sterized then added to the rest of the mixture (which had been autoclaved).  I can't see a reason why one could not separately autoclave the phosphate buffer, as opposed to filter sterilizing it.  Autoclaving won't change phosphate or harm it in any way that I can think of.  Tips?  Thoughts?

Do you suppose that generation of ammonia and pH could be related?  Please explain.

I am going on memory, but coconut oil may be high in saturated fatty acyl residues.  If so, I wonder whether adding a small amount of an oil that has a greater degree of unsaturated fatty acyl groups would help.

Which hydroxyl group do you want to react?  I don't know but I wonder if you would need to protect the other one.  What mole ratio of DMAP are you using?