BabcockHall
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Everything posted by BabcockHall
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Maybe you mean nucleolus.
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What enzymes can digest cellulose
BabcockHall replied to DarrenOH97's topic in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
@OP, When you post a question, please give us what you have done so far and your thoughts, as opposed to dumping a problem. However, it is clear from your later comments that you have done some searching. -
If the reading produced a very low value of absorbance, it might not be trustworthy, and the measurement should be repeated if possible. I would reach the same conclusion if its value is lower than the lowest value of the standard curve, because interpolations are generally better than extrapolations. Setting aside issues of accuracy, I have found that being consistent in the way that I handle dilutions is helpful to avoid errors. I would calculate a value of the concentration from the standard curve (let's call this C1). Then I would calculate the concentration of the starting solution (C2) using C1(V1) = C2(V2). That is where the tenfold comes in. A common error is to use incorrect values of V1 and V2.
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Please show your attempt so that we can help you.
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How was protein synthesized from amino acids in the prebiotic world?
BabcockHall replied to whoknows's topic in Chemistry
I thought you said that we did not need to go into folding. If we do, then I would ask, "What protein folding problem?" It is an empirical observation that proteins fold quickly; Levinthal's paradox is a fine place to begin thinking about folding, but I don't see it as more than that. -
This is a very big topic, too big to do full justice. If you have not consulted a good biochemistry textbook or two, that would help. Here are a few quick thoughts. One, hydrogen bonding is important, owing to the chelate effect. To satisfy the same hydrogen bonds with water as are satisfied with complementary DNA, a large number of water molecules would have to lose translational entropy. Two, according to one textbook, base stacking is driven by enthalpy and opposed by entropy. Therefore, it is unlike a textbook hydrophobic effect. Unlike hydrogen bonding, base stacking is not a highly cooperative interaction. I have heard that both H-bonding and base stacking make about the same magnitude of contribution to the stability of the double helix. My understanding is that there is base stacking in single stranded nucleic acids, but that the process of stacking is not highly cooperative, unlike H-bonding.
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Gluconeogenesis of Amino Acids
BabcockHall replied to rohudc's topic in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Yes, pyruvate can be converted into glucose by gluconeogenesis. Another way to think about alanine and gluconeogenesis is to ponder the similarities of lactate versus alanine. For example both can be converted into pyruvate in one step. EDT You might want to look up the glucose-alanine cycle in your textbook. -
Introductory and intermediate laboratory books on organic chemistry sometimes cover this topic. For the example you gave, it would be difficult to put all of them into the correct order a priori. However, sometimes one can use general knowledge about intermolecular forces and general notions of polarity. For example, if I had two compounds that were nearly identical and one could donate a H-bond and the other could not, the one that can donate a H-bond is more polar and will have the lower Rf on silica. Of the compounds you listed, which one do you think would have the highest Rf and why?
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Gluconeogenesis of Amino Acids
BabcockHall replied to rohudc's topic in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
I agree that glutamate can be dehydrogenated and the ammonia will enter the urea cycle. This allows the alpha-ketoglutarate to pick up additional amino groups from other amino acids to be degraded (although some could also enter into gluconeogenesis). What do you think that the fate of pyruvate (generated from alanine) is? -
Gluconeogenesis of Amino Acids
BabcockHall replied to rohudc's topic in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Would you mind defining ALT? I will assume that it is an aminotransferase. IMO your assumption about alpha-ketoglutarate is not correct: alpha-ketoglutarate will be converted into glutamate by the transamination that converts alanine into pyruvate. When the body has to use amino acids as fuel, something has to happen to the nitrogen. What is it? Your answer to this question should help answer your question. -
Can plants get "fat"?
BabcockHall replied to Elite Engineer's topic in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Some algae and other microorganisms can produce up to 50% of their mass as oils. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152439/ -
Advice for creating better study habits?
BabcockHall replied to CuriousStudent's topic in Homework Help
Preview the material before the lectures. If you know where you are going, you can structure the material more effectively in your thinking. When you study, avoid distractions. -
Can plants get "fat"?
BabcockHall replied to Elite Engineer's topic in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
IIUC party line is that plants store energy as sucrose or as starch. Certain eukaryotic microorganisms can store energy as triacylglycerols. IIRC there was some interest in making biodiesel using these organisms at one time. -
One needs to specify whether we are talking about bacteria or humans. The generally accepted number for humans is 30-32 ATP per glucose, as John Cuthber's link provides. The reason that there is uncertainty is that there are more than one ways to move the electrons of cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria. IIRC in bacteria, the number of ATP per glucose is slightly higher and may be 36.
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What are you thoughts? We cannot help you until you show us what yo have done so far.
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From the abstract by Ballantyne and coworkers, "However, safety testing revealed that the combination of hypochlorite and ethanol produced levels of gaseous chlorine at or above the recommended exposure limits. Subsequently, a cleaning protocol of 1% hypochlorite followed by distilled water was tested for efficacy, and subsequently introduced throughout the laboratory." This is an interesting question. Oxidation of an alcohol by hypochlorite should produce chloride ion, as opposed to chlorine gas. http://organic.chem.tamu.edu/Prelab.PowerPoints/Printed%20Slides%20-%20237/Oxidation%20of%20a%20Secondary%20Alcohol-12c.pdf
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Bleach is sometimes used to decontaminate prior to performing PCR amplification of DNA. Some protocols used 70% ethanol afterwards, but this releases chlorine gas: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00450618.2015.1004195?src=recsys&journalCode=tajf20