(2025.10.15)New views on protons.pdf

Good morning jianming.

Welcome.

Although I am not a particle physicist this looks interesting but please note two things.

1 You are allowed 5 posts in your first 24 hours. After that posting is normal

2 It is a requirement of this site to post material for discussion on the site. Since I find this interesting, but lost amongs the spam, I will make a start for you by posting your abstract for other members to assess.

Abstract

Protons are the basic particles that make up the star. Since Ernest

Rutherford discovered protons in 1919, great progress has been made in the study of

protons in particle physics. Protons are composed of quarks and gluons, and quarks

are divided into valence quarks and sea quarks. At present, There is no breakthrough

in studying the mass relationship between three valence quarks in protons.

Because :(1)Quarks are confined in protons, the mass of quarks cannot be obtained

directly from experiments, so there is a lack of experimental basis for research. (2)

The mass obtained by quarks through Higgs mechanism and vacuum condensation of

QCD is not accurate, so there is a lack of theoretical data. (3) There are many

methods to extract quark mass, which are generally determined by combining

experimental data with theoretical calculation. In this paper, A new research method

is found. By finding the exact ratio of the mass of the up quark and the down quark,

the relationship among the three valence quarks can be found. Based on the

experimental results of seaquest carried out by Fermilab in 2021, through analysis,

the accurate ratio of up quark to down quark mass (mu/md=0.707) is obtained, and

the mass triangle is established. It is deduced that the sum of squares of up quark mass

in protons is equal to the square of down quark mass. The mathematical expression is:

mu²+ mu²= md²; According to the observation of the decay law of other baryons, the

quark law in baryons is obtained: except protons, the heavy quarks in other baryons

will decay into up quarks or down quarks, and the sum of squares of up quarks should

be equal to the square of down quarks.

According to mu²+ mu²= md², it is deduced that there are three generations of

protons in the universe. The core of the view that there are three generations of

protons in the universe is that the proton in the center of the star and the proton

valence quark on the surface are different. Using the viewpoint that there are three

generations of protons in the universe, we can explain some unsolved mysteries of the

sun, analyze the reasons for the expansion of the universe, and create conditions for

the final cracking of dark matter and dark energy