BabcockHall

I would define a fermentation as any anaerobic catabolism of a carbohydrate, but my definition may not be universal. A pathway that included glycolysis plus something to regenerate the NAD and bring pyruvate back to the same oxidation level as glucose would qualify as a fermentation in my mind. I can think of two commonly encountered examples.

I might be tempted to quibble a bit with the answer, because even the one substance that is clearly unlike the others is sometimes used as a solvent in one reaction.

People more experienced in IR should probably guide you, but (going on memory here) the peaks in the range 1450-1600 are suggestive of an aromatic ring, and it might be possible to tease out some information regarding the substitution pattern. I am not sure about the nitro group.

There is more going on in the IR besides the OH stretch. Can you identify any other functional groups?

See Table 14-2 in Nelson and Cox's Principles of Biochemistry for the values for the individual reactions.

Biochemistry often use a different standard state than other branches of chemistry, one in which the concentration of protons is taken to be 1 x 10-7 M. The standard free energy of glycolysis can be found in many biochemistry textbooks. However, as a learning exercise, I don't see anything wrong with your working it out for yourself.

Where did you read this? Some context might be beneficial.

At pH 0 (where protons are 1 M in concentration) ATP, ADP, and Pi will all have very different protonation states than they do at pH 7. I am not sure what the value of deltaG° will be, but I am fairly certain that it will be different.

Start by defining in words or with an equation what the distribution coefficient is.

Why are you searching for such a list? Enzymes are catalysts; therefore, I don't know what you second paragraph means.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145298/ "Normal Roles for Dietary Fructose in Carbohydrate Metabolism" "The liver is the major site for fructose metabolism."

I do not disagree, but in liver fructokinase converts fructose into fructose 1-phosphate. IIRC the regulatory mechanisms governing hexokinase and phosphofructokinase are thus bypassed and glycolysis is entered into later on in the pathway. @OP, this is why having a good biochemistry textbook is helpful.

Almost nothing of what you wrote is true. Liver stores glycogen and can make glucose from it. Glucagon is a hormone, and is not the same thing as glycogen. Glucose and fructose have a complex relationship metabolically. Do you have a copy of Nelson and Cox's biochemistry textbook or something equivalent?

IIRC the form of the equation is fundamentally similar to its form for hemoglobin. Hill's equation was in some sense an exercise in curve fitting. There was not enough information for a detailed model when he did his work.

Ribose is a furanose that is an aldose; therefore, one has to be very careful about making generalizations. Think about sedoheptulose.

Voet and Voet is a good reference.

I would say that the oxime-based reactivating compounds are better candidates for something to take ahead of time than atropine is, based on the passage that String Junky quoted. However when I read about this a few months ago, it seemed to me that oxime-based compounds differ in how effective each one is, and that the most effective one for nerve agent X might not be the most effective for nerve agent Y.

Just to finish out my thought, succinyl CoA can be converted into oxaloacetate in several steps, and oxaloacetate can be converted into glucose via gluconeogenesis.

Yes, the odd chain fatty acids give rise to propionyl CoA, which can be converted into succinyl CoA in several steps, one of which is dependent on vitamin B12. I don't know what percentage of fatty acids have an odd number of carbons. For completeness we should probably also mention that the glycerol backbone of a typical triacylglycerol can be converted into glucose.

To paint with a very broad brush, the health of one's arteries may depend on the nature and the amounts of the fats that one consumes. Some have claimed that there is a correlation between the amount of trans-fat in the diet with the relative amounts of so-called good versus bad cholesterol. I realize that this is a slightly different question from the one that you asked, but I offer it for the purposes of illustration.

@OP, What makes a substrate a good candidate for the SN1 process? for the SN2 process? Once you are sure of these answers, look at the substrate of this problem.

Liver can store both triacylglycerols and glycogen for energy. Glycogen is a polymer of glucose.

You have answered a different question from the one I intended to ask. My educated guess is that this assignment presumes that one's purpose is to produce and purify a large quantity of this serotonin receptor. That explains why one would want a start codon, a hexahistidine tag, etc. BTW there is only one true start codon for a gene. As for the problem itself, do you think that one could add restriction sites into a piece of DNA as part of the process of amplifying it via PCR? If so, how? Assuming that one wished to amplify the gene for this receptor, how many primers would you need?

@OP, In general please show your work or give your thoughts in your first post. Substitutions reactions at a benzylic carbon might go one way or the other, depending on additional factors. The degree of substitution of the carbon and the hydroxy substituent on the aromatic ring (assuming it is present) are both factors here. Why don't you provide your thoughts now?

To reemphasize one point above, fatty acids (the main component of triacylglycerols) can be used for energy (by aerobic catabolism), but they cannot be converted into glucose. The question of how monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids are different from saturated ones from the point of view of our diet is a large and complex one. Ideally the question should be narrowed down before it could be addressed in a forum.