premjan

You need a zero if you are doing financial calculations of profit and loss (which would have existed even in the old days).

You need a zero if you are doing financial calculations of profit and loss (which would have existed even in the old days).

The right answer seems to be 6 though I am not sure what is the right formula to apply (if there is even a known one). +-+-+-+- ++++---- ++--++-- +--+-++- +--++-+- -++--+-+

The right answer seems to be 6 though I am not sure what is the right formula to apply (if there is even a known one). +-+-+-+- ++++---- ++--++-- +--+-++- +--++-+- -++--+-+

you seem to have confused two formulas: 1) the one for non-circular permutations n! 2) the one for combinations, n!/(n-r)!/r! The one for circular permutations is just (n-1)!

you seem to have confused two formulas: 1) the one for non-circular permutations n! 2) the one for combinations, n!/(n-r)!/r! The one for circular permutations is just (n-1)!

you have some rather nice graphics of different logical systems there, Doron.

you have some rather nice graphics of different logical systems there, Doron.

more cases, but (hopefully) fewer propositions, depending on the problem. Not having to define a truth value for marginal cases ought to help in many cases where the boundaries are not clear cut. There is a case for using multivalued logics. In general, for a given problem, the type of logical system used ought to depend on the problem.

more cases, but (hopefully) fewer propositions, depending on the problem. Not having to define a truth value for marginal cases ought to help in many cases where the boundaries are not clear cut. There is a case for using multivalued logics. In general, for a given problem, the type of logical system used ought to depend on the problem.

however, I have to say that there are some good points in monadic (three-valued) logic, principally, the ability to have three truth values: true, false, and undefined (i.e. don't know). It could greatly reduce the number of propositions that have to be checked for verifying various logical expressions. Could be potentially be very useful in AI type situations, so perhaps mathematics is not really the right forum for this stuff.

however, I have to say that there are some good points in monadic (three-valued) logic, principally, the ability to have three truth values: true, false, and undefined (i.e. don't know). It could greatly reduce the number of propositions that have to be checked for verifying various logical expressions. Could be potentially be very useful in AI type situations, so perhaps mathematics is not really the right forum for this stuff.

I think symmetry is much less interesting than asymmetry. Symmetry is only a starting point to understanding real information, which consists mostly of meaningful asymmetries, once all possible symmetries have been factored out.

I think symmetry is much less interesting than asymmetry. Symmetry is only a starting point to understanding real information, which consists mostly of meaningful asymmetries, once all possible symmetries have been factored out.

what substances would a potato membrane admit? Only water?

that may be a mistake I picked up at another forum. when I look it up it in wikipedia appears that CO binds stably to hemoglobin and does not decompose it.

no idea why Carbon Monoxide (not Carbon Dioxide) decomposes hemoglobin, probably it bonds with it too strongly (since it has unsaturated covalency). you know that CO is poisonous (e.g. in car exhaust).

carbon monoxide (CO) decomposes hemoglobin, not carbon.

http://web.ukonline.co.uk/webwise/spinneret/life/osmsis.htm apparently yes to visking tubing.

paint stores might sell turpentine. toluene?

I suppose the ions transition back to a molecule if you try to evaporate it. But I don't really know.

What would a macroscopic piece of semi-permeable membrane look like? Is it even posisble to manufacture this? Is that what a "sponge" is?

In what form does the blood transport CO2 (and Oxygen for that matter)? Are both carried by attachment to the Hemoglobin molecule? I believe CO can decompose Hemoglobin (but not some other oxygen-carrying molecules found in nature).

Isn't Hydrogen Hydroxide the same as Water?

OK I found it at that site you posted earlier: SAT is apparently decidable in Monadic logic (I still need to get my brain around how an undecidable problem turns decidable just by changing the logic system).