chemistry

"What is the d subshell and is there a reason why you get electrons 2 in s, 6 in p and 10 in d." The rules are due to limitations mentioned in quantum mechanics. 2 electrons can exist in an orbital, an orbital. A subshell (s,p,d etc...) has a specific number of orbitals; and has specific "shapes" for these orbitals. A subshell is inclusive of a shell. "Does an atom with a d shell need 10 electrons instead of 8 in it's outer shell to be inert?" Transition metals usually form coordination complexes. Yes, elements with 10 or 5 electrons tend to be more inert than others due to stability; having all five d orbitals filled, paired or unpaired...depending on the complex in question (e.g. octahedral complexes) tend to repel ionic arrangements. "How can the valency / oxidation number be calculated from the atomic number? is there a formula that will work for all elements?" For most elements various oxidation numbers can be found in nature. Elements may take on different oxidation states according to the stability of a complex which suffices for the oxidation state for example. However, an element by itself with the same number of protons as electrons has an oxidation state relative to noble gases. hope this helps ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chemistry http://groups.msn.com/GeneralChemistryHomework http://www.chemicalforums.com http://www.physicsforums.com

The solubility is in g/L or whichever you prefer; but make sure that the volume is the original volume of the saturated solution...that is the volume of the solution before you added HCL. I will answer the question you posted back at Genchemhwk by the end of today; as of now I am kind of busy.

I mentioned solubility constant, molar solubility, and everything else. Read the last paragraph, I mentioned every concept in detail including everything you mentioned in your last two posts; three alternatives to express solubility. Your last post deals with more with percent dissociation, acid base equilibria. Solubility deals more with heterogeneous substances with respect to water in that the mass of the solid is impertinent.

Runner, I have replied to your question which you posted on GeneralChemistryHomework http://groups.msn.com/GeneralChemistryHomework/challengequest.msnw?action=get_message&mview=1&ID_Message=36

The existence of potential energy in regards to particles suggests instability. That is this instability can be stabilized through conversion to kinetic energy or other forms of energy. Remember that energy is not a vector quantity so do not confuse direction the particles are moving with energy. In regards to your question, you should think in terms of change in potential energy and not just potential energy itself. So in order to found out whether the change in potential energy is negative or positive use Coulumbs law (your posted equation) and add the desired magnitudes in the distance variable.

Height is proportionate to the growth of skeletal bones which occurs through ossification of cartilage; secondary sites of ossification fuse with the central site of ossification when growth ends. I have not looked into the area of height genetics. All I know is that height is polygenic. Nevertheless to what extent is one's full height applicable to recessive and dominant factors? I am wondering if this even applies. Virtually all of the men I have seen are taller than their fathers or at least as tall as their fathers. I suppose that most of the excessive tallness is attributed to the role of androgens in facilitating growth of skeletal bones. Nevertheless there are a couple of individuals who are actually shorter than their fathers despite exercise, which suggests that recessiveness may be applicable. Nevertheless observations suggest that this is very rare. Especially when you look at asian populations, the sons are so much taller than the fathers. It seems to me that height is largely attributable to environmental factors...how much you exercise, eat, how much calcium you ingest during growth.

Bond energies are never equal unless the reactant and products are the same species. Remember that the bond energies that any textbook gives you are the average bond energies. Bond energies of a specific bond usually differ according the the chemical environment.

Remember that NO3 has resonance. The molecule will actually exist as a interspecies btw all of the resonance structures that can be drawn. Thus the pz molecular orbitals will be delocalized. "Why not O- | N--O- | O-" This structure does not have full octet around the nitrogen atom and thus it will not be a plausible resonance structure. As for phosphorus: Phosphorus can form an expanded octet, that is it disobeys the octet rule. The reason for this can be account for by the atomic bonding theory. Phosphorus can form hybrid spd orbitals by promoting an electron to the d orbital. The stability of the bonding usually suffices for the energy needed to do this.