Double K

Not really -

in physics "weight" refers to

The weight of an object, is the force exerted by that object on its support

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight)

Mass however refers to:

active gravitational mass and passive gravitational mass. In everyday usage, mass is often taken to mean weight, but in scientific use, they refer to different properties

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass)

One thing I always remember with physics was they always try to trick question you with the terms to test your level of understanding so be very careful to read the question and look at the key points.

"If a 10-pound bowling ball is sitting on a scale at sea level it would weigh ten pounds. What if that same bowling ball were dropped from a height of 13 feet onto the scale? If it were a bathroom scale it would probably crush it, but if the scale were strong enough, what weight would the scale show if it were able to adjust instantly to the ball hitting it? I'm assuming no wind resistance so the ball is dropping at 9.8 meters/second squared. Could you demonstrate how you came up with the answer too?"

it would weigh ten pounds

what weight would the scale show

This tells you which formula to apply

Isn't the whole point with steam, that water is a non-compressible fluid therefore the pressure it creates is the most efficient of all the liquids?

How about focused/magnified sunlight thru a system of magnifying glass lenses, focused onto either a black or copper tube coil (closed) system which runs thru some turbines and then a condenser where it is collected for re-use in the system...

This isn't a hell of a lot different to solar power now with solar hot water systems utilising black piping on the roof of a structure to pre-heat the water to a certain temp which is more energy efficient than heating it from ambient temp.

If I wandered into a church, stood up and started telling everyone about the teachings of Minmin - the light which visited me on th eNullabor plains one night, and before fleeting away ellusively told me I had a message to save the planet, that we must place all faith in Overlord Minmin - and that I didnt have any proof of it ever happening....would people think I was delusional?

So then why, when we put it in a religious context is it NOT delusional?

I think this is best illustrated with some more ranting..

Tool (May 2, 2006 - 10,000 Days - written by Maynard James Keenan)

(Offensive language replaced in parenthesis)

All righty then... picture this if you will...

10 to 2 am, X, yogi DMT, and a box of krispy kreme's in my "need to know" post just outside of area 51, contemplating the whole chosen people thingy when just then a flaming stealth banana split the sky like one would hope but never really expect to see in a place like this. Cutting right angle donuts on a dime and stopping right at my birkinstocks, and me yelping "holy (freakin shoot)!"

then the X file being, looking like some kinda blue green Jackie Chan, with Isabella Rossellini lips, and breath that reeked of vanilla chimmi changa, did a slow mo matrix decent outta the butt end of the banana vessel, and hovered above my bug eyes, my gaping jaw, and my sweaty L. Ron Hubbard upper lip and all I could think was, "I hope uncle martin here doesn't notice that I (pee'd) my (freakin) pants!!"

so light in his way, like an apparition, that he had me crying out...

"(Freak) me! It's gotta be the dead head chemistry. blotter got right on top o' me. Got me seeing E mutha (fricken) T!

and after calming me down with some orange slices and some fetal spooning, E.T. revealed to me his singular purpose. He said. "you are the chosen one. The one who will deliver the message. A message of hope for those who choose to hear it, and a warning for those who do not." Me! The chosen one. They chose me!!!! And I didn't even graduate from (fricken) high school!!

Then he looked right through me with somniferous almond eyes. Don't even know what that means. Must remember to write it down.

This is so real. Like the time Dave floated away. See, my heart is pounding. cuz this (stuff) never happens to me.

Can't breathe right now.

It was so real. Like I woke up in wonderland. all sorta terrifying. I don't wanna be alone while I tell this story.

And can anyone tell me why y'all sound like peanuts parents?

Will I ever be coming down?

This is so real. Finally it's my lucky day See, my heart is racing cuz this (stuff) never happens to me.

Can't breathe right now.

You believe me don't you? Please believe what I've just said. See, the dead ain't touring and this wasn't all in my head. see they took me by the hand and invited me right in. then they showed me something. I don't even know where to begin.

Strapped down to my bed, feet cold and eyes red.

I'm out of my head am I alive? Am I dead.

Can't remember what they said. God damn. (Poo'd) the bed.

Overwhelmed as one would be placed in my position...

Such a heavy burden now to be the one

Born to bear and bring to all the details of our ending.

to write it down for all the world to see.

But I forgot my pen. (Poo'd) the bed again. Typical.

Strapped down to my bed, feet cold and eyes red.

I'm out of my head am I alive? Am I dead.

Sun kissed and Sudafed Gyro scopes and infrared

won't help. I'm brain dead. Can't remember what they said.

God damn. Poo'd the bed.

The reason coinage stayed weighted in ounces is it used to always be measured against the gold standard (which is still measured today in $/ounce)

Coins, until not that long ago also contained a certain amount of precious or semi precious metal - nickel, copper, gold, silver...

Nowadays they are pretty much junk, as we have shifted off the gold standard and are using a FIAT system.

I'll save my thoughts on how flawed a FIAT system is for another post...

As racers, we do our best to grip the wheel is lightly as possible to recieve the most feedback.

If you're pushing with the palm you are still gripping with your hand and fingers and actually need to put no pressure on fingers at all therefore enabling you to grip the wheel less, the other hand is (pull hand) is used for stabilisation, but the push hand does the work. Both hands are still on the wheel and sensitivity is undiminished. If you use the pull hand to turn and generate the force the fingers and thumb must grip the wheel tighter as they are 'grasping' to make the turn, this grasp is not required in the push motion.

I'm no ER doctor, but there are some pretty simple tests for herniation.

One is looking at it, you can see clearly a large hernia and they are quite obvious, but a smaller hernia would be hard to see, and the next one is the ol' cup the scrotum and cough test. There's also many different kinds of hernia, and the obvious ones are the easy ones to catch but the internal ones are much harder to diagnose and require some pretty intense testing that obviously in an ER situation they wont have time to do.

"there are two ways to test for a hiatal hernia. A barium x-ray requires drinking a chalky liquid containing barium and taking x-rays to identify the outline of the esophagus and stomach.

an inguinal hernia is most common in the intestine. This protrusion through the lower abdominal wall can be very painful. The only test that is usually required is a physical exam that includes coughing or straining to make the hernia more prominent

Tell your pediatrician if you notice your baby's bellybutton protruding when she cries. This may indicate the presence of an umbilical hernia. Imaging studies may be a required test to rule out complications. Umbilical hernias are also found in adults.

it may be necessary for a surgeon to do a laparoscopic exam when symptoms suggest a hernia, but no test is available to confirm the diagnosis. This is a possibility when there's a need to differentiate between pain from internal adhesions from a prior surgery and incisional hernia pain"

(http://www.ehow.com/how_2056202_test-hernia.html)

With a siphon the initial force to get the water moving is produced with suction, once the water is thru the hose it can easily continue to flow, however this is gravity fed, so the rest of the draining isnt really capillary, its just gravity...and in this case the bottom of the hose (the free end) must be lower than the top of the hose (the submerged end)

There are many types of forces. F=ma is the total force on an object under acceleration.

 

In this case, the force on the scale comes from the weight of the ball (F=mg) and the impact of the ball with the scale (Ft=mv). You can figure out the velocity of the ball once it hits the scale, and you know its mass. The only question that remains is how much time (t) took for the scale to absorb the entire force. Or, in other words, how much time it took for the ball to come to complete rest after it hit the scale.

 

That depends on the spring inside the scale, mostly. Unless you have the spring constant (k), you need to have this piece of information in advance. If you have the spring constant you can calculate it by using the spring equation (F=-kx).

 

~moo

I think this over-complicating the equation. The original question mentions nothing about applying Ft=mv, I think it would be safe to assume they want to know the weight of the ball the instant it hits the scale and not worry about factoring any of that stuff in

I remember reading some theory (with mathematical 'proof') that if many factors each have infintessimally small probablities of occuring that the probablity of the final product occurring actually increases dramatically.

If only I could remember what it was called...

I will do some digging and see if I can find it as food for thought re the possibility of chatting up some aliens

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_much_is_1_KN_in_Kg

Newtons

--------------

1 N = 100 g

10 N = 1 kg

--------------

KiloNewtons

--------------

1 kN = 1000 N = 100 kg

10 kN = 10000 N = 1000 kg

--------------

Kilograms are always for one 0 less than Newtons.

'Kilo' increases a value x1000 times.

If there are 12 N, then there are 1,2 kg.

___

That is only an estimation. A kiloNewton(kN) is a measure of force while a kilogram (kg) is a measure of mass.

F=ma. F=force, m=mass, a=acceleration

When talking about weight, weight is a force. So if something weighs 1kN then it will have a mass of 102kg. Get this by dividing this force by the gravitational constant.

The acceleration gravitational constant is around 9.81m/s2.

F=ma

F(kN)=10lbs(4 535.9237grams) * -9.81(m/s2)

4 535.9237 * 9.81 = 44497.411497 g*m/s2

F=44497.411497/1000

F=(approx.) 45 kN. (44.497411497 to be precise)

Not all charcoal is a piece of wood.

It can be lightly charred organic matter, particles of soot with high graphite content formed by recompositing free radicals

Most types of charbonated matter is referred to as charcoal.

Any natural organic matter with an O/C percentage less than 0.6%

I think that they can identify it's age through radio-dating (kind of like speed dating only performed over the radio and less interesting?)

I'm sure you could get something useful out of here though..

http://www.acarp.com.au/

Yes, there is potential energy in capillary action. It is the surface tension of the water. However, once the capillary is filled with water, there is no more potential energy. Now it will take energy to empty it.

Actually you just need to break the molecular bonds at the top of the system (this is done in trees by gasifying to vapor thus seperating the component molecules)

Adding a chemical to decrease the viscosity could possibly achieve it?

(although destroys the idea of a "clean" technology as you're then polluting the water source)

"A single molecule of water looks like a letter V, with one oxygen atom at the bottom point and two hydrogen atoms at the top. These atoms share some of their negatively charged electrons, forming a strong connection called a covalent bond.

The oxygen atom grabs more of the shared electrons, which makes it slightly negative, leaving the hydrogen ends slightly positive. This small shift in charge is what attracts water molecules to each other......

.....The difference in the liquid form is that, at a given time, approximately 10 percent of the hydrogen bonds are broken.

Nilsson's group, in contrast, claims that water takes on a new structure, in which a molecule essentially grabs on to only two of its neighbors - with just one hand and one foot. At room temperature, 80 percent of water molecules are in this state, while the rest have the traditional four hydrogen bonds.

The implication of this new two-bond model is that liquid water would be made up mostly of chains and perhaps closed rings, as opposed to the tighter network of tetrahedrons."

http://www.livescience.com/environment/041201_water_bonds.html

Interesting article actually!

Also, just trying to further clarify the question regarding larger muscle groups (especially when in eccentric contraction)

When it comes to proprioception larger muscle groups typically require more motor units to be recruited for activation - which means a greater level of feedback is being recieved than with a smaller muscle group. There have been many studies done to measure the different levels of motor neuron recruitment during different contractions and to be honest it's a pretty complex topic, but this may help to clarify for you.

"Motor unit activation patterns were studied during four different force levels of concentric and eccentric actions. Eight male subjects performed concentric and eccentric forearm flexions with the movement range from 100° to 60° in concentric and from 100° to 140° elbow angle in eccentric actions. The movements were started either from zero preactivation or with isometric preactivation of the force levels of 20, 40, 60 and 80% MVC. The subjects were then instructed to maintain the corresponding relative force levels during the dynamic actions. Intramuscular and surface EMG was recorded from biceps brachii muscle. Altogether 28 motoneuron pools were analyzed using the intramuscular spike-amplitude frequency (ISAF) analysis technique of Moritani et al. [1]. The mean spike amplitude was lower and the mean spike frequency higher in the isometric preactivation phase than in the consequent concentric and eccentric actions. When the movements started with isometric preactivation the mean spike amplitude increased significantly (P<0.001) up to 80% in isometric and concentric actions but in eccentric actions the increase continued only up to 60% (P<0.01). The mean spike frequency in isometric preactivation and in concentric action with preactivation was lower only at the 20% force level (P<0.01) as compared to the other force levels while in eccentric action with preactivation the increase between the force levels was significant (P<0.01) up to 60%. When the movement was started without preactivation the mean spike amplitude at 20% and at 40% force level was higher (P<0.01) in eccentric action than in concentric actions. It was concluded that the recruitment threshold may be lower in dynamic as compared to isometric actions. The recruitment of fast motor units may continue to higher force levels in isometric and in concentric as in eccentric actions which, on the other hand, seems to achieve the higher forces by increasing the firing rate of the active units. At the lower force levels mean spike amplitude was higher in eccentric than in concentric actions which might indicate selective activation of fast motor units. This was, however, the case only when the movements were started without isometric preactivation."

http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1050641102000639

Firstly - my knowledge of electronics is pretty lame, however there is a system in production I believe that already uses this system somewhat, I just wanted to point you to this for inspiration more than anything else (I doubt the product tells you how they did it unfortunately, as I imagine they protect that pretty well) And you've probably already heard about it I'm guessing, but just in case! (Although you may be able to glean some of how they achieved it)

http://www.metalstorm.com/

Capillary action is itself a "pump" mechanism, the vacuum pump is merely assisting this much like the siphon hose analogy not alot of energy is required to transform the potential energy of the system into kinetic.

Now here's the kicker I guess, is that the energy is already there as potential (and gravity) Hey I'm not saying it's not a flawed system by the way...merely trying to nut out the details...

I never said pi was not required. I said it's not the basis of time measurement. We can't do any of this without math, but it is misguided to assert that math is the basis of time or time measurement. What we do as scientists is describe the behavior of nature. Pi is a necessary tool of that description. Time exists whether we measure it or not.

Any calculation that determines time would need pi - if you take this out the calcs do not function. Given that time (as an arbitrary) measures the passage of our rotations around a fixed benchmark (the sun) including our revolutions and many other factors, all of these take place on a sphere, circling another sphere, in an eliptical cycle. All of these variables require an element of pi to calculate them - it's why it's called the golden ratio...

Sacred geometry is replete in nature, and as we are measuring a natural occurance to discount it as a 'basis' is illogical.

Our clocks measure motion and our whole precept of time is based on motion and our ancestors determined time by motion of planets/moons/stars/sun or at least co-ordinated to these motions (relative to earth) you can absolutely NOT discount pi in these calculations.

Ok I missed this comment earlier and the implications of it:

"Time exists whether we measure it or not."

Well, that's a pretty tough one to answer. Does time exist? All that truly exists is the present - the now.

The rest is arbitrary and if we're calling it 'time' then yes it has a definition, and that definition requires calculations to achieve it's meaning - even Einstein stated that "Time is relative"

Zen monks have meditated on this for centuries - and although using a religion to define something is treading on dangerous ground (especially in a science forum) it's relevant to the discussion.

In philosophical terms all that exists is right now, the past is no longer occuring, and the future is yet to occur.

And why is angular frequency required there? Can't frequency be measured rather than angular frequency?

 

(Also, you might check swansont's blog)

Oscillations are sinusoidal waveforms if you're measuring time from a waveform you're doing so with a frequency measurement, angular frequency for a sine wave - therefore pi required.

Lefthandedness is certainly different and in the minority, and I don't know why.

I remember hearing/reading somewhere that left handedness is in the majority of cases the norm - but that it (has in the past) been "trained" out of us at school as a means of "normalisation" (when I say this I mean bringing everyone to the 'norm', not that it's abnormal)

This is a cultural thing....

Also I remember being caught at pretty young age (cant recall exactly what age it was) but would have been around 6 to 8, that I was caught with a young girl of the same age from my school we were messing around in a sexual fashion although I cant say we understood what was really going on we were certainly exploring. We got in HUGE trouble...that part I remember well. However it was perfectly innocent and naive - but really whats to say most kids dont desire this but close supervision by parents prevents it?

Anyways my point is that personally, I certainly experimented with females at a young age, which I guess is as much an indication as anything.

When they determine 'handedness' these days it's through observations of which hand the child naturally favors, if this is the logic for that preferencial behaviour then surely it should be a good indicator also with sexual behaviour?

the adhesive forces between solids and liquids. Water up in the tree is actually the lowest energy state, despite the additional gravitational potential energy, because you've used up the potential energy of the intermolecular attractive forces. A tree can keep sucking up more and more water only because there is an energy input - the sun - evaporating water at the top, making room for more water, etc.

In short, you can't ever get more energy out of a machine than you put in.

Ok yes, I realise there is always losses in ANY system.

However, if a chemical was added to break these bonds at the top, then that would solve the problem no?

Or if a vacuum existed at the top (which goes back to the straw analogy I suppose)

Just how much pressure would be needed to extract the water at the top? Because that's really the key, and could the system provide enough energy to power something simple enough (and with left-over power for elsewhere)?

Initially it's true that alot of energy would need to be expended to kickstart the system. Lets imagine this for example a standard - modern - hydro electric dam the water is already stored at a high point and no energy is needed as it already exists (potentially) with the water at a high point. the system is built on the side of the dam and initially the power to create the suction at the top would have to be supplied but once vacuum was achieved the system should theoretically act much like a siphon hose (although generally those are gravity driven ie the water flows to a low point, however if the suction continued theres no reason that I could not link two basins full of water and siphon continually between the two assuming the vacuum was never broken.

Based on pi? Um, no. That's like saying radioactive decay is based on e. It's a non-sequitur. Pauli's "not even wrong."

 

Time measurement based on oscillations of atoms, and can be measured by a quartz crystal. Not round. The common theme is that it's based on oscillations, and you can count cycles.

"Frequency standards and clocks have no fundamental differences -- they are based upon dual aspects of the same phenomenon. The basic unit of time, the second, is defined as "the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of transition within the cesium atom." Frequency is determined by counting the number of cycles over the period of a second. Therefore, the definition of a clock can be expressed as a device that counts the number of seconds occurring from an arbitrary starting time.

From this definition it appears that a clock needs three basic parts. First, a source of events to be counted. This source can be labeled a frequency standard, frequency source, or time interval standard. Second, a means of accumulating these events or oscillations. Third, a means of displaying the accumulation of time. "

http://www.agilent.com/metrology/xtals.shtml

Angular frequency ω is defined as the rate of change in the orientation angle (during rotation), or in the phase of a sinusoidal waveform (e.g. in oscillations and waves):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency

Unfortunately for your argument, pi is required

While it's certainly not required to be intuitive, it doesn't make sense that larger muscles are better at sensing the small vibrations than the smaller muscles.

 

I think fingers and fingertips (used in pulling the wheel) are much better at feeling subtle movements than are the palms of the hands (used in pushing the wheel). Fatigue may come into play after a while but I'm not sure that physical strength is being questioned here so much as which muscles allow for more sensitivity and control while turning.

Ok let me attempt address these points if I can.

I think firstly it's important to note that whilst the palm is used for pushing the rest of the hand still remains on the wheel. Also the technique described from the drive_tech website also suggests the thumbs are wrapped around the wheel. In essence, not just the palm is used in the push motion - granted it is the main point of contact but the tactile senses of the rest of the hand are undiminished.

The somatosensory system is a pretty complex organ, and actually athletes with something as simple as wearing lycra pants can improve performance through greater feedback to this system, it also can help to reduce injury. Also a larger muscle group covers larger surface area, and has more nerve endings, resulting in a greater area recieving bio-feedback for propriocetion...

"In the periphery, the somatosensory system detects various stimuli by sensory receptors, e.g. by mechanoreceptors for tactile sensation. The sensory information (touch, pain, temperature etc.,) is then conveyed to the central nervous system by afferent neurones. "

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactition

If you take a look at the attached diagram, you can see the nerve receptors in the hand are equally spread throughout the palm, thumb, index and middle fingers and some of the ring finger.

I'm hoping this addresses the querry above relating to sensitivity.

As for the question of control, again I believe that the stronger and larger muscle group will retain control to a higher degree.

Also you could argue (although the differences would be nano-seconds) that the palm is closer to the brain therefore the stimuli has less distance to travel to be recieved and less distance to travel to return the response to the palm rather than the fingers.

Muscles are much stronger in eccentric contractions (which is where the muscle is lengthening under load - this always confused me as its called a "contraction" I never understood why but was always a good way to trick people up in the exams!) A good example of this is an exercise on the leg press where you load alot of weight, two people assist and actually force the weight downwards as you resist, and the aim is to lower slowly and control the lowering of the weights (not to actually lift it - the two assistants actually do most of the work pushing the weights back up). This forces the muscle into an eccentric contraction which is the muscle actively lengthening. Also a good example of this is a basketball player, they hop before dunking the ball which 'pre-loads' the muscle into an eccentric contraction and allows greater height in the jump.

For a more technical explanation of this see here

http://www-neuromus.ucsd.edu/musintro/contractions.shtml

This means that your push arm is in eccentric contraction and the pull arm is concentric. Meaning your push arm is actually stronger in regards to force generation. If it's stronger in this position it would mean less fatigue, less fatigue means more endurance and as most moto sports are endurance events less fatigue is better...

Oh I might add (but its a little unrelated to the OP - anyone doing weight training - if you wish to bulk up quickly, especially your legs, the method I described above (referred to as a forced eccentric by trainers) is THE fastest way to bulk up very quickly. I would recommend though that you don't plan on doing much walking for the next few days after your forced eccentric session tho! it leaves you feeling pretty sore!)

Merged post follows:

Pulling would seem to allow for more of a "feel" for what's going on since it's restricted to fewer muscle groups.

Also I'm not really in agreement here, because basically you're using larger muscle groups to perform the push action - another cause of less fatigue as larger groups will work less and fatigue slower.

If I'm pulling thru the corner I can perform the action almost solely without engaging the shoulder, but the push action requires engaging the rotator-cuff and powerful deltoids and lats.

I do apologise, I actually intended to say psychiatry was the quackdom.

Pyschology I do believe works wonders.

Let me just quantify that before you nail me for that comment too.

It has been my observation in many cases that psychiatrists tend to prescribe drugs as a matter of course, rather than actually address the deep underlying issues that cause the depression - I believe in holistic treatments (which pyschology addresses) and I do not believe psychiatry tackles the problem from an holistic angle. Perhaps it wasn't always this way but I have

seen many friends whom suffered long at the hands of phsychiatry on several different forms of medications and eventually moved off them (and went to psychologists) and then improved.

There's loads of species that have individuals on the pink side of sexual behavior, including bonobo monkeys...primates if I'm not mistaken. Surprised me actually its prevalence....is there anything Wikipedia hasn't documented?

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Homosexual_behaviour

Ok I'll concede I was wrong on that point! (in the face of overwhelming evidence...ouch!)

Apparantly we (animals in general) are all just hornbags. Perhaps its more of a "mental disorder" then to NOT have sex with anything that moves or be

'try-sexual'

(from the same link as above)

While it is commonly believed that animal sexuality is instinctive and thus somewhat mechanistic, research regularly records that many animals are sexual opportunists, partaking in sexual relations with individuals of visibly distinct species [43]. This is more visible in domesticated species and animals in captivity, as domestication commonly selects for increased breeding rate (and so an accelerated breeding cycle has commonly arisen in domesticated species over the centuries), and also because these species are more easily observed by humans. Nevertheless, animals have been observed in the wild to attempt sexual activity with other species or indeed inanimate objects. Attempts by wild moose to obtain sex from domestic horses are apparently well known by wildlife specialists.[citation needed]

In the wild, where observation is harder, genetic studies have shown a "large number" of inter-species hybrids, and other investigations describe productive and non-productive inter-species mating as a "natural occurrence".[44] Recent genetic evidence strongly suggesting this has occurred even within the history of the human species, and that early humans often had sexual activity with other primate species

Your argument that only humans and primates have sex for pleasure is ridiculous on its face. Sex is about the pleasure response and nothing else, for humans and non-humans alike.

 

Logic of emotions? I tell you what... try a few semesters of neuroscience, and once you're all caught up I can tell you what you're still missing if you've failed to amend your current position.

I assume you are referring to the purpose of the cerebral limbic system and specifically the Amygdala. There are several other structures linking reciporically to the limbic system also, but I think Amygdala is the one responsible for 'processing' emotion no?

Unfortunately neuroscience analyses the how of the emotional response, not the why - and in my opinion the why is the key to that argument.

And just to respond to the top part - Sex is not about pleasure. There are plenty of animals that reproduce (through methods other than sex also) but don't do it for pleasure as they are so simple that their brains dont contain a pleasure centre.

"However, concerning the emotions, in particular how such human emotions function, we are almost carried into the realms of supposition."

http://www.matsuishi-lab.org/limbicsystemJ_E(final).htm