Karnage

OK thanks for the info. Its not exactly what I was looking for but its a good start

Research on this field has been relatively to a minimun. I have not succeeded in finding any literature (scientific articles) that discuss this topic. Maybe there have been a few references but I have not been able to find them. Does any1 have any info about this subject?

errrrrr . It seems a BIT way out there. But anyway, im looking to see the effects nitric oxide may have ie neurite death, stunted neurite growth, abnormal growth of neurites etc. Thnx for trying tho

24 ppl have viewed it so far and no one can give me an answer...

Sorry dude i didnt know im kinda new to this forum. But i hope my explanation gives the guy an insight. You know, sometimes telling the answer can make the person realize the method how to do it and apply it to other problems you know...

Well I do have a basic understanding of gene expression but I want to comprehend the entire thing so that t will help me write my paper on the project.

It is generally assumed that problems such as these do not take in "earthly considerations" such as air resistance. If air resistance were taken into consideration, it would further complicate the problem.

Im just about to complete high school. However, I am an expert in the three branches of science (biology, chemistry, physics) and I also love US history, which I am also good at. Mathematics is definitely one of my strongest subjects. However, english is not my strength - only my vocab is decent. Otherwise, I even have trouble writing this blurb...

i could help you out but i need clarification on the "S 20 E" part. I am pretty good at all the three branches of science (more biology/biochemistry though)

(mass of substance)(specific heat of substance)(change in temp) = (mass of water)(specific heat of water)(change in temp)

You use this equation becuase energy is conserved. The change in temp of the substance will be (250-x) where x is the final temperature. The change in temp of water will be 0+x or simply x. (again x denotes the final temperature of the mixture)

(100g)(.1)(250-x)=(200g)(1)(x)

if you do it right, x should equal about 11.9 degrees celsius. This I think is the final temperature of the whole thing. My chemistry is a bit rusty (I am more of an expert in biology and biochemistry) and i havent done it in two years. However i think this is the right answer to your problem. If any1 thinks otherwise please place a reply.

Anyone have a good western blot protocol? I was planning to run a real-time polymerase chain reaction but the capillaries in the PCR machine were contaminated. Now I cannot run the RT-PCR, which is the best quantitative method of PCR. So i have to resort to a western blot but i dont have a protocol. Can anyone give me the link to a good, reliable western blot protocol?

Katie Ann. From what I know, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes are all part of what we call the endomembrane system. They are all interrelated.

This means that all these organelles are part of a system. Proteins destined for secretion are made on ribosomes bound to the rough ER. The proteins move through the endomembrane system and are dispatched from the Golgi apparatus in transport vesicles that move through the cytoplasm and then fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the protein to the outside of the cell. Examples of secretory proteins are collagen, insulin, and digestive enzymes of the stomach and intestine. (In a similar way, proteins destined for a particular cell organelle move to the organelle in transport vesicles that deposit their contents in the organelle by membrane fusion.)

Here is another explanation: Proteins synthesized in the rough ER travel inside vesicles to the Golgi apparatus, which detects chemical tags on these proteins, alters their structure, then releases them in other vesicles targeted for different destinations.

Also here's a very good website that allows you to visually see how dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis work.

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

Dehydration Synthesis - the combining of molecules to form larger ones through the removal of water. Ok. Lets say for example we want to combine 2 monosaccharides (small sugars). You know that glucose is C6H12O6. Say that we want to combine two glucose molecules. IF you want to combine both of them the way they are, they will not go together because they do NOT have any open bonds for attachment. All the bonds are already filled and no more atoms can attach to a glucose molecule anymore. Thus, in order to combine them, you have to remove a hydroxide ion (OH-) from one glucose and a hydrogen ion from the other glucose (H+). Then you can combine the two glucose molecules more easily becuase there are now open bonds that can be used to attach other molecules. The removal of OH- and H+ forms water - H2O. Just add them together - OH + H = H2O. THis is how dehydration synthesis works. Now hydrolysis is the exact opposite. If you want to break a disaccharide apart ( a disaccharide is a molecule of 2 sugars ie sucrose, lactose, maltose, fructose) you must ADD water. It is the exact opposite of dehydration synthesis.

If you want further clarification of the process look it up in Wikipedia.

Here's the link to the information on Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration_synthesis

Hi. I have a question. How can an excessive production of nitric oxide be harmful to developing neurites? This is a question that I have had unanswered for a while. I know that a lack of nitric oxide production is harmful to neurites because it is essential for neuritogenesis. Thus a lack of nitric oxide will lead to cognitive deficits. However, I do not know how an excessive production of NO will be harmful to neurites. Does anyone know? Can anyone help me? Is there evidence to support nitric oxide toxicity to developing neurites?

Ok thanks for the information. The thing is, the aim of my research is to find bifenthrin's effect on nNOS expression in NGF-differentiated PC-12 cells. The reason for nerve growth factor is to neuronally differentiate the PC-12 cells and simulate a developing nervous system. I am trying to see if bifenthrin has the potential to induce neurotoxicity by observing its effect on the developing nervous system. If you are not aware, bifenthrin is a pyrethroid, a class of insecticides that are deemed to be "non-neurotoxic" to humans yet are selectively toxic to insects. This is why they now supplant the older insecticides (ie organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates). Remember, the older insecticides are deadly to humans and protests have been made to rid of them. Got any feedback on my project?

Ok thanks for the information. I might still need clarification but I am satisfied with what I got right now. So according to your definition of gene expression, an increased gene expression would mean more produciton of a certain enzyme? I am testing the change in gene expression of NOS (nitric oxide synthase) when exposed to bifenthrin (a pyrethroid insecticide). I just need to know what increase and decrease in gene expression is. I think it correlates to the production of the enzyme but im not really sure. You think you can clarify this?

Well i work with pheochromocytoma cells so i guess eukaryotic cells

Hi. I do a project regarding gene expression but I do not exacly have a full, strong understanding of it. Can some people explain what gene expression is? I just need a clear easy-to -understand explanation. Thanks I greatly appreciate it.

Thanks for the information! The only thing is: I already know that stuff. I know NO is a free radical and causes cell apoptosis via OXIDATIVE STRESS. In addition, NO can kill neurons in vitro. The thing is...i just need clarification on NOS expression in DEVELOPING NEURITES. What could be implied if NOS expresion increases or decreases? Again thanks for the info...I'm really happy that someone around here knows this stuff.

Hey guys, i saw this forum and i just had a question that i need an answer on. I am conducting a project that I need more clarification on a certain point. In my project, I differentiate pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12 cells) into neurites via NGF (nerve growth factor) in order to simulate the developing nervous system. What i am aiming to look for is the change in NOS (nitric oxide synthase) gene expression. If anyone can tell me if a change in NOS expression could have any effect on neurotoxicity in the nervous system please tell me cuz i need to know. If you want a little more info, NOS is the enzyme that synthesizes nitric oxide, an important compoun that regulates numerous physiological processes in the human body and nervous system. If anyone knows stuff about NOS expression and how change in NOS expression in the DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM can induce neurotoxicity please post a reply OR email me at translash@yahoo.com. I really appreciate it if you guys can help me. Thank you.