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Some literature on gravitational self-energy 1. Gravitation and Spacetime (Book) : 25~29P https://www.amazon.com/Gravitation-Spacetime-Second-Hans-Ohanian/dp/0393965015 Table 1.3 also includes a result for gravitational energy, which was obtained by different means. The E¨otv¨os experiments do not permit a direct test of the hypothesis that gravitational energy contributes to the gravitational mass, because the ostensible macroscopic amounts of gravitational self-energy in masses of laboratory size are much too small to affect these experiments. Theoretical considerations suggest that the rest masses of electrons, protons, and neutrons include large amounts of gravitational self-energy, but we do not know how to calculate these self-energies (for the implications of this, see the later discussion). If we want to discover whether gravity gravitates, we must examine the behavior of large masses, of planetary size, with significant and calculable amounts of gravitational self-energy. Treating the Earth as a continuous, classical mass distribution (with no gravitational self-energy in the elementary, subatomic particles), we find that its gravitational self-energy is about 4.6 × 10?10 times its rest-mass energy. The gravitational self-energy of the Moon is smaller, only about 0.2 × 10?10 times its rest-mass energy. If gravitational self-energy does not contribute in the normal way to the gravitational mass, then the Earth and the Moon would fall at different rates in the gravitational field of the Sun. The difference in the rates of fall is effectively equivalent to a uniform extra force field pulling the Moon toward the Sun (if gravitational energy gravitates less than normal) or away from the Sun (if gravitational energy gravitates more than normal). Such an extra force leads to a distortion of the orbit of the Moon relative to the Earth, a distortion called the Nordvedt effect. As Fig. 1.12 shows, the orbit is elongated, or polarized, in the direction of the Sun. Although the distortion effect is small, very precise measurements of the Earth-Moon distance have been performed by the laserranging technique already mentioned in Section 1.2, with a pulse of laser light sent from the Earth to the Moon and reflected back to the Earth by the corner reflectors installed on the Moon during the Apollo mission. Measurements of the travel time of the pulse determine the distance to within an uncertainty of a centimeter, and recent improvements are reducing this to a millimeter. If the uncertainty is taken as 1 cm, the analysis of the orbital data places a direct limit of 5 × 10?4 on the fractional difference between the contributions of gravitational energy to the inertial and the gravitational mass. Thus, these experiments indicate that gravitational energy gravitates in the normal way. The observed equality of gravitation and inertia for all forms of energy means that any system, containing any combination of the different kinds of energy, will have equal gravitational and inertial masses. Thus, we will now adopt Newton’s principle of equivalence, m_G = m_I , as an exact relation that our gravitational theory must satisfy. 2. Explanation of GRAVITY PROBE B https://einstein.stanford.edu/conten...ty/a11278.html Do gravitational fields produce their own gravity? Yes. A gravitational field contains energy just like electromagnetic fields do. This energy also produces its own gravity, and this means that unlike all other fields, gravity can interact with itself and is not 'neutral'. The energy locked up in the gravitational field of the earth is about equal to the mass of Mount Everest, so that for most applications, you do not have to worry about this 'self-interaction' of gravity when you calculate how other bodies move in the earth's gravitational field. 3. Wikipedia, Gravitational binding energy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_binding_energy *A few years ago, when I claimed that content, there was no "negative mass component" item in the Wiki's gravitational binding energy item, but someone added an explanation. Two bodies, placed at the distance R from each other and reciprocally not moving, exert a gravitational force on a third body slightly smaller when R is small. This can be seen as a negative mass component of the system, equal, for uniformly spherical solutions, to : Since the universe also has gravitational potential energy between all materials and is in a binding state, For the universe, the mass defect effect due to gravitational self-energy or the negative equivalent mass effect must be considered. And, in fact, if we calculate the value, since gravitational self-energy is larger than mass energy, the universe has accelerated expansion. Moreover, the gravitational self-energy is smaller than the mass energy when the particle horizon is small, and it can be found that the effect becomes larger as the particle horizon becomes larger. Since the gravitational self-energy model suggests decelerating expansion, inflection point, and accelerated expansion, serious research from someone better than me is needed. Since gravitational potential energy or gravitational self-energy is a concept that already exists, it is generating the effect of dark energy~ There will already be calculation results for the density function in someone's paper. Find it and try to calculate Mc2 and Ugs.

You borrow money, but is the situation in which you owe money the same as the situation in which you do not owe money? Mass defect due to binding energy Consider situations a) and c) In a), the total mass of the two particle systems is 2m, and the total energy is ET=2mc2 In c), is the total energy of the two-particle system ET=2mc2 ? In c), when the two particle systems act gravitationally on an external particle, will they act gravitationally with a gravitational mass of " 2m "? Are a) and c) the same mass or same state? If you do not apply negative binding energy, the conclusions you get will not match the actual results. In c), the total energy of the two particle systems is In the dimension analysis of energy, E has kg(m/s)2, so all energy can be expressed in the form of mass x (speed)^2. So, E=mc2 (Here, m is not used as a word for rest mass, but for mass.) holds true for all kinds of energy. If we introduce the equivalent mass -mgp for the gravitational potential energy, The gravitational force acting on a relatively distant third mass m3 is That is, when considering the gravitational action of a bound system, not only the mass in its free state but also the binding energy term should be considered. Alternatively, the gravitational force acting on the bound system can be decomposed into a free-state mass term and an equivalent mass term of binding energy. While we usually use the mass m* of the bound system, we forget that m* is (m - mbinding_energy). Gravitational potential energy is also a kind of binding energy. A proton or a hydrogen atom itself is already a binding system, and we are using m*. In the universe, the current situation is So, the universe is accelerating expansion.

2-4-3. The ratio of increase in gravitational self-energy to increase in mass energy If the particle horizon increases and a positive mass is produced by " M ", the equivalent mass of negative gravitational potential energy is produced by " - 5.14 M ". This value is not a fixed value, it depends on the density and the size of the particle horizon. The density used the current critical density, but the density is a variable. Please see the approximate trend. As R increases, The rate of increase of gravitational self-energy tends to be greater than the rate of increase of mass energy.

The source of dark energy is gravitational self-energy. 1. The need for negative energy density 1) Negative energy (mass) density in standard cosmology From the second Friedmann equation or acceleration equation, In standard cosmology, it is explained by introducing an entity that has a positive mass density but exerts a negative pressure. ρΛ + 3PΛ = ρΛ+3(-ρΛ) =- 2ρΛ However, If we rearrange the dark energy term, the final result is a negative mass density of - 2ρΛ . There are too many people who have an aversion to negative energy (mass). However, in the standard cosmology, accelerated expansion is impossible without negative mass density. It is just that the negative mass density term is called negative pressure, so it is not recognized. 2) The energy of a gravitational field is negative In his lecture, Alan Guth said: Stephen Hawking also argued that zero energy state could be maintained when mass energy and gravitational potential energy were offset each other at the inflation period only. 3) Earth's and Moon's Gravitational self-energy 4) Our common sense was wrong long ago Our conventional wisdom is already wrong about the accelerated expansion of the universe and the rotation curve of galaxies. So, instead of thinking about whether negative energy exists, we should focus on whether the universe is explained by the introduced physical quantity. For those of you who are still reluctant to negative energy, first assume that gravitational potential energy is negative energy, and then look at the following logic. 2. Comparison of magnitudes of mass energy and gravitational self-energy in the observable universe 1)Total mass energy (include radiation energy) of the observable universe (particle horizon) Simply put, the particle horizon is important because it means the range of the interaction. The critical density value p_c = 8.50 x 10-27[kgm-3 ] was used. Observable universe (particle horizon) radius : 46.5Gly. Since the universe is almost flat spacetime, the total mass energy in the particle horizon is The repulsive force component is approximately 3.04 times the attractive force component. The universe is accelerating expansion. For reference, assuming the current average density, in the cosmic horizon 16.7Gly, U/Mc2 = -0.39 is obtained. At the cosmic horizon 16.7Gly,the repulsive force component is smaller than the attractive force component, suggesting that it is a period of decelerated expansion. 3. Find the inflection point where the attractive and repulsive components are equal I searched for the point at which the universe transitions from decelerated expansion to accelerated expansion. I do not know the magnitude Rgs at which the positive mass energy and the negative gravitational potential energy are equal, since I do not have the data of the density. We only need to understand the general flow and possibility, so let's get ? by putting in the current critical density value. Rgs = 26.2Gly Assuming that the average density is approximately 1.25 times the current average density, we get Rgs = 23.7Gly. Assuming that the average density is approximately 2 times the current average density, we get Rgs = 18.7Gly. Comparing the data from the existing particle horizon graph, it is estimated that it is approximately 5 to 7 billion years ago from the present. It is necessary to review this model because it includes the transition of the universe to the period of decelerated expansion, the inflection point, and the period of accelerated expansion. Particle horizon vs time. We need to know the average density to get an accurate value. However, as a rough estimate, according to this model, it is estimated that the transition to accelerated expansion was approximately 5-7 billion years ago. 4. The ratio of increase in gravitational self-energy to increase in mass energy If the particle horizon increases and a positive mass is produced by M, the equivalent mass of negative gravitational potential energy is produced by -5.14 M. This value is not a fixed value, it depends on the density and the size of the particle horizon. 5. Increase in dark energy (gravitational self-energy) due to increase in particle horizon 1)Particles and galaxies spread almost uniformly throughout the universe through the inflation process. 2)Galaxies move according to the Hubble-Lemaitre law. 3)On the other hand, the propagation speed of the field, the range of interaction (particle horizon), has the fastest speed, the speed of light in expanding space. 4)Thus, over time, many new substances (matters and galaxies) enter the particle horizon. In other words, the newly entering materials undergo gravitational interaction, resulting in an increase in mass energy and an increase in gravitational potential energy in the region within the particle horizon. 5)By the way, while mass energy is proportional to M, total gravitational potential energy (gravitational self-energy) is proportional to - M2/R. As M increases, the gravitational potential energy increases faster. Accordingly, the repulsive force component increases faster than the attractive force component. 6)The increase in gravitational potential energy due to the newly incorporated matter into the particle horizon is causing the dark energy. The same principle is applicable to the birth of energy within a particle horizon. That is, when the mass energy increases by M, the gravitational self-energy increases by - M2/R. 7)In the present universe, it is predicted that the dark energy effect (repulsive effect) surpassed the gravitational effect of matter and dark matter about 5 billion years ago. According to this model, it is the point at which the positive mass energy and the negative gravitational self-energy are equal. Knowing the average density function, we can get the exact value. 8)Gravitational potential energy is a concept that already exists and is negative energy that can create repulsive force. This model produces similar results to the phenomenon of applying negative pressure while having positive (inertial) mass density. As the particle horizon expands, the positive mass increases(New influx or birth of matter), but the negative gravitational potential energy created by these positive masses is greater. While having a positive inertial mass, it is creating a negative gravitational mass that is larger than the positive inertial mass. Because of this factor, this model should be reviewed. 6. How to validate the dark energy model that gravitational self-energy is the source of dark energy 1)Find the expressions of p(t) and Rph(t) p(t) is the average density inside the particle horizon. Rph(t) is the particle horizon. 2)At each time, within the particle horizon Find E = M(t)c2 and Ugs = - (3/5)(GM(t)2/R E = M(t)c2 is the attractive energy component and Ugs is the repulsive energy component. 3)Compare Ugs/E with the observations Anyone familiar with particle horizons and density functions can verify this model. *The potential of this model 1. Description of the current accelerated expansion R = 46.5Gly, the ratio of the attractive component to the repulsive force component, U/Mc2= - 3.04, and the negative energy component and the repulsive force component are larger, explaining the accelerated expansion. 2. Numerically, it represents the change from decelerated expansion to accelerated expansion, and by calculating the inflection point, it can be compared with the observed value. The roughly calculated inflection point is 5 to 7 billion years ago, So this model has potential. 3. In standard cosmology, dark energy is an object that has a positive energy density and exerts a negative pressure. The gravitational self-energy provides an explanation for this bizarre property. 1) Characteristics: It has a positive mass (energy) density and acts as a negative gravitational mass. 2) Size: Produces a negative gravitational mass density that is greater than the positive inertial mass density. The repulsive component is greater than the attractive component. The gravitational self-energy accounts for both of these properties. Mass energy is positive energy and is attractive, whereas gravitational self-energy is negative energy and has repulsive properties. Mass energy is proportional to M. On the other hand, gravitational self-energy is proportional to -M2/R. At a size smaller than Rgs (The magnitude at which the positive mass energy and the negative gravitational self-energy are equal.), the mass energy is greater than the gravitational self-energy created by positive masses, and at a size larger than Rgs , the gravitational self-energy created by positive masses is greater than the mass energy. 4. Since gravitational self-energy is pointed out as the source of dark energy, verification is possible. #On the solution of the strong gravitational field the solution of the Singularity problem the origin of Dark energy and Dark matter https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359329109

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