Horza2002

While that is true for the first p-block elements, bonding of the d- and f-block does involve hybridisation between different principal quantum numbers does happen. The 3d and 4s orbitals are very close to be equal in energy allowing them to be hybridised in a model. Granted its a prety poor model compared to other bonding models but thats ok.

You should be careful of saying that carbon doesn't have the avaliable d-orbitals avaliable to form a hybrid orbital. Carbon does have d-orbitals they are just empty and are far too high in energy to be used for any type of useful bonding. With regards to the orginal question, i expect they are asking for you too know that there are three full bonds and two partially broken/formed bonds.

It might be possible to use statistical mechanics to work it out....but I'd expect the equations to far to hard to work out.

That structure could be correct yes...but how can you twll which way the ester is (i.e. the way you've drawn it or having the carbonyl next to the methyl group). The chemical shift of the methyl group should tell you as well as the carbonyl stretch in the IR since one form will be in conjugation with aromatic ring

Im not sure how much help people can give seeing as its essentially homework. As youve worked out that there is an aromatic ring from the saturation number (and the proton NMR confirms that). Take 6 carbons and 5 hydrogens off the given molecular formula and see what atoms you have left. That should help you a lot esp given the rest of the proton NMR

Yes like hermanntrude said, other than the products being flammable, i can't see what else could happen. Although I'd advice looking up the MSDS before you make it thoiugh. Treating ispropyl alcohol and acetic acid with just an acid, although good at catalysing the reaction will also catqalys the hydrolysis

Well seeing as evolution doesn't explain how life orginated, the question of whether you believe in it or a designer who created life is void. I also think that if you say that a designer essentially set the basics up for evolution to result in us, you might as well bevelive that humans and everything else was desgined as well. As for where life comes from, there is a growing amount of evidence in the area of abiogensis. The four DNA bases have been shown to sponateously form in conditions similar to that of the early Earth, we know micelles form in water (even near boiling) so theres the origin of cells etc

Well in priciple you could do exactly the same as you would for a solution...take a single molecules and shine plane polarise light onto it and see what happens...there inlies the difficulty. Getting a single molecule in a certain position and then trying to measure the effect it has will be almost impossible. If you wanted to know which enatiomer you had, you could also try X-Ray diffraction (although ud need a crystal not a molecule). That would give you the exact 3D relationship of the groups and would therefore tell you the enatiomer.... Sorry if thats not really what you asked

You seem a little confused between conformation and configuration. Conformation is any possible 3D structure resulting from rotation around bound (e.g. eclipsed and anti-periplanar) Configurations are when you need to break a bond in order to make a molecule look like another (e.g. cis and trans alkenes) Optical rotation is only for chiral molecules. The two different enatiomers can not be rotated around any bond so that they are they look the same (if they could then they would not be chiral). As far as I'm aware, there is no relationship between structure of a chiral molecule and the handedness is rotates light or by which degree...the value obtained is just what it is. In principle, yes you could measure the optical rotation of a single molecule but that would be extremely difficult to do in practise. That is why a solution is used

Please tell me this is a joke....what the hell is happening to this country!

Its dangerous as the reaction can heat up enough to flash boil the water (as I've discovered in the past). So having boiling sulphuric acid flying around is not the safest thing in the world. No you cant get chlorince gas because theres no chlorine in there to start with

Yes your are right that an s-orbtial and one of the p-orbitals (depends on wht u label the axis) will interect with each other. But if I remember my MO lectures correctly, it is too low in energy to make any reasonable contribution

The secondary one would be more stable because it would be in conjugation with the aryl ring. Also, secondary cations and radicals are more stable than primary in general

I agree, if the larger parties listened to what the voting public wanted and their views on matters (like their supposed too!), parties like the BNP which have gone too far over the top gain support simply because they appear to listen. Although as is becoming an often occurance in this country, Nick Griffin was quote mined by the media. In yesterdays papers headlines read "BNP find gays disturbing". But of you watched the actual debate what he actual said was "I don't care what people get upto behind closed doors, but some people find the sight of two guys kissing disturbing". Once again taken all of of proportion

NaOH + H2SO4 ==> NaHSO4 + H2O I also think hydroxide will be strong enough to remove the second proton to give: NaHSO4 + NaOH ==> Na2SO4 + H2O This reaction will also get very very hot quickly!

Yes sorry I did mean to say I dont support the BNP but think they still have the right to say what they did. Seems that most people seem to agree that they have the right to their views but that they are extremely racist (mainly because they are!)

I think thats a bit harsh getting -ve rep for a valid question! Chemistry is still very important. Granted chemistry did start by determining the perodic table but now it is much more. From pharmaceuticals, materials, food, astrostudies and to synthesis...chemistry is involved in everything!

I congratulte the BBC for allowing the BNP onto the debate program. And while I don't support the BBC, we live in a country that is based on free speech! They have the same right as everyone for their views to be heard! I wonder how many of the protesters campgaining saying that the BNP is against free speech realise that by protesting they are attempting to remove the BNP's right to free speech!

The acid speeds up the reaction considerably. But if you want a methyl ester...reacting a carboxylic acid in the presence of methanol and trimehtylsily diazomethane will give u the methyl ester in about 15mins

I don't know exactly what it does...but when I was using it in the lab, there was a safety note attached with it saying that exposure to high concetrations of helium can result in permenant lung damage. Not sure how this occurs though....it might just be a sudden increase in pressure is enough to rupture the alveoli...but if thats the case, any gas would do the same..... With reagrds to nitrogen reacting with oxygen at high temps, that is true. But if you heat pure nitrogen cases in the absence of oxygen then that won't happen!

Given that, Moles = Mass / Molecular mass And Density = Mass / Volume Density = (Moles x Molecular mass) / Volume Therefore, Moles = (density x volume) / Molecular mass Once you have the number of moles of ethanol, you should be able to convert that into concentration easy enough

Any gas can be heated but to different degrees of efficiency. Have you look up the specific heat capacities of certain gases to find the most efficient? Although helium would be chemically inert, high concentrations of it can be fatal (it destroys your lungs) and is rather expensive. If you want an inert, cheap gas then id suggest N2...It makes up 70% of the atmosphere and is chemically inert except under extreme conditions (e.g. lightining strikes)...it would also be a lot cheaper and safer than helium

The ideal gas modle is an aproximation that assumes the gases don't interact with each other. Obviously this is not true...but it only meant to simplify the system so that it can be solved.

If its magnetic, then it will contain either iron, nickle or molybdenum (i think??)...or itl be an alloy containing on of thoise metals. You could try measure its Youn moduls....that'l tell you exactly what it is...I'm just not sure how easy that'l be outside of a lab. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young's_modulus The second might be rust (iron oxide). If you try dissolve it in water or an ortanic solvent (try nailvarnish remover)...if it goes a certain colour then that should give you a hin to the metal present.

yer the image provided by UC is what I was trying to explain...picture paints a thousand words!