Valery Staricov

First of all, I was guided by my theory of interrelation between the conflict and control under creation of my theory of social progress. And also I was guided by the theory of biological evolution of Charles Darwin. This theory of Darwin has become for me a sample for imitation under creation of my theory of social progress. Besides, I have drawn conclusions from errors of a utopia of Marx about communism and failures of Marxist experiment in Russia. The negative result of Marxist experiment in Russia is too result for me. The conflict and control is major human relations in society. Progress of society leads to the invention everything new and new types of the conflict and control. According to the theory of biological evolution of Darwin, four factors of evolution operate in the biosphere: • heredity, • variability, • fight for existence, • natural selection of the most adapted. The essence of the theory of Darwin is expressed in the following provisions: • There is a huge scope of individual variability of signs within one species. There are no two absolutely identical individuals. • All live organisms possess ability to fast reproduction. If there was no destruction, that posterity of one pair quickly would cover all Earth. • Vital resources are limited, therefore there is a fight for existence, for a place under the sun (for life and possibility to have posterity) between individuals of one species and between individuals of different species or against an environment. • The strongest most adapted individuals survive in this fight; those individuals have deviations who appeared favorable in these conditions of environment casually. Deviations in the hereditary device arise casually as though God plays dice. Descendants of the survived individual inherit a useful deviation and descendants appear more adapted for these conditions of environment. • The survival and primary reproduction of the adapted individuals and death of unadapted individuals is a natural selection. • Natural selection of separate individuals of one species in different conditions of environment leads to a divergence of signs and to arising of new species. The main thought of social Darwinism consists in the following, that mechanism of social evolution doesn't differ from the mechanism of biological evolution, therefore strongest man survives in society only. Thus, heredity, the variability, natural selection and fight for existence are factors of evolution both in society, and in the biosphere. The idea of evolution with help of natural selection soared in air in the 19th century. I am going to lift for a board and to develop this idea in 21 centuries to idea of social progress. For the first time the idea of social evolution through about natural selection was formulated by T. Malthus. In his opinion, systems of the help to poor people are inefficient. Ch. Darwin and A. R. Wallace had formulated the idea about fight for a survival after reading the book of Malthus. The theory of Darwin made stunning success in biology. Representatives of social Darwinism solved by a method of analogy to apply principles of biological evolution to society and by that to repeat scientific success of Darwin. T. Malthus, G. Spencer, J. A. Gobineau, H. S. Chamberlain, L. Voltman, J. V. de Lapuzh, F. Galton, L. Gumplovich. G. are representatives of social Darwinism Spencer considered that the Universe, society, social institutes and the person undergo evolution under the law of a survival of the strongest. People and the organizations should develop, relying on own forces only, weak people and the organizations should be lost or «to leave from a scene». These ideas were very close to the American colonists on Wild West where not managed to adapt man perished simply. J. A. de Gobineau considered that death of all civilizations comes because of impossibility to keep purity of race long time. J. A. de Gobineau considered that ethnic mixes lead to degeneration of the person. J. A. de Gobineau considered that there is an inevitable hierarchy of races. The cousin of Darwin F. Galton had based a new science – eugenics, as a science about selection of mankind with help of artificial selection. That to deduce the clever human race, it need to create material incentives for encouragement of marriage and acquisition by children of those who will undergo procedure of intellectual testing successfully. By the way, these IQ tests are put today into practice widely, despite bad glory of social Darwinism. Anthropologist J. V. de Lapuzh considered that the most valuable racial type is the blond dolichocephalic person, thus, signs of the highest race are a blond hair and a "long" skull. This second sign was decided with help of the head index as the relations of the greatest width of a skull to the greatest length. The width and length of a skull were decided with help of special compasses. The concept of the head index was entered by the Swedish anatomist A. Rettsius in the 40th of 19 century. O. Ammon had carried out a number of anthropological researches among recruits and students. Sometimes the facts contradicted this hypothesis, and some geniuses appeared "round-headed" – Brahicephalic persons, then Ammon was compelled to write down them in false Brahicephalic persons. L. Gumplovich considered that unit of social selection is not the personality, but an ethnic group or a social class. Gumplovich considered that the state is the organization of domination of minority over the majority that the state resulted from fight between hordes. These ideas found application in fascist Germany where «racial hygiene» found an embodiment in examination on thoroughbredness, in violent sterilization and destruction "defective" men in concentration camps and gas chambers. Nazis had plausible scientific justification of the monstrous experiments. But results of nazi experiments terrified the whole world. My purpose is to disown from false Nazi theories, terrible Nazi experiments and to revive true social Darwinism. Otherwise the groundless criticism of social Darwinism splashes out the child together with water. It need begin my criticism of social Darwinism with that attempt to explain social evolution by means of natural selection was correct, but the social conflict differs from the biological conflict a little. There are three types of the social conflict: • Fight for survival (for possibility to keep life and to avoid death) and for possibility to have posterity. • The conflict for the status of the controller. • The conflict for a sphere of influence. Darwin noticed truly that there is a fight of only the first type in the biosphere. The conflict of the second and third type is applied is widespread in society. Though fight of the first type is applied in society, as a last resort. Destruction lost men is allowed in the war partially. The loser can commit suicide or be lost as a result of the use of drugs, toxins or alcohol-containing substitutes sometimes. There is a transition from prevalence of distribution of fight of the first type to prevalence of distribution of the conflicts of the second and third types in the course of human history. Representatives of racial-anthropological school didn’t see these differences. Representatives of racial-anthropological school considered that there is a fight of only the first type in society, as well as in the biosphere. Therefore attempt of representatives of racial-anthropological school to apply the theory of Darwin to society terminated in failure. For these reasons representatives of racial - anthropological school gave incorrect forecasts and incorrect recipes of development of society. The mechanism of social evolution differs from the mechanism of biological evolution on the following signs: • The conflict occurs more often in society not for possibility to keep life, but the conflict for the status of the controller, conflict for a sphere of influence and for resources therefore lost man doesn't perish usually, and lost man becomes object of control usually. • Development occurs through steps – formations in society, and there are periods of prevalence of any species in the biosphere, for example, prevalence of dinosaurs or mammals. A unit of selection is civilizations in society, and a unit of selection is species in the biosphere. If it is possible to express essence of any species as a set of information put in genes of representatives of this species and a set of physiological signs, that it is possible to express essence of any civilization as a set of social inventions which are applied under construction of social structure of this civilization. For example, the social structure of the Russian society has development at the expense of assimilation of such western social inventions, as the market competition, a private property and representative democracy as a result of Yeltsin's reforms. Creation of system of the global world won't cancel, and, on the contrary, will aggravate this global rivalry between civilizations when leading civilizations will replace each other much more often, for example, rates of development of South East Asia advance rates of development of Western Europe and the USA today. • If the strongest, most adapted organism wins in the biosphere, that person wins in society who is armed with the most effective tools. • Speed of social progress is higher approximately in one thousand times than speed of biological evolution. Life on Earth arose about 4 billion years ago, and society arose 40-30 thousand years ago. Therefore, if Darwin formulated the theory of social evolution, I want to formulate the theory of social progress. Just speed of development distinguishes a rapid progress from slow evolution. • If the generator of changes is a mechanism of genetic variability in the biosphere, that the generator of changes is creative abilities of human reason in society. H. Chamberlain and L. Voltman were representatives of racial-anthropological school in sociology. The main mistake of representatives for racial - anthropological school consisted that her representatives called, actually, for creation of privileges for the "highest" race and to creation of an caste’s system. These privileges limit course of the conflicts that results, on the one hand, to social stagnation, falling of competitiveness and growth of dependant moods among oligarchs. On the other hand, establishment of an caste’s system leads to switching off of lifts of social mobility when born governors from bottoms can't make legal career and are compelled to arrange a social revolution for the purpose of physical destruction of oligarchs. The caste’s system is constructed on "powder keg" always, on the insuperable conflict between "upstarts" and "degenerates". Representatives of racial - anthropological school suggested to construct world supremacy of the German nation, and Hitler tried to realize this utopia, but Hitler had suffered full breakdown. Hitler constructed tyranny and totalitarianism which are more backward form of government and more backward political regime, in comparison with representative democracy. Nazi and eugenical experiments on removal of the highest race by means of artificial selection contradict humanity and democracy principles. Nazis tried to organize physical destruction of Jews and Roma in practice. About 6 million Jews were lost as a result of Nazi experiment. Hitler's attempt to construct in practice a utopia about world supremacy of the German nation and to begin the Second World War led to death about 55 million people, among them of 27,5 million Russians. Crash of fascist experiment had showed that the attempt to arrange artificial selection for people is doomed to a failure. Mankind builds the global world today where there is an inevitable resettlement and mixture of representatives of various nationalities and races. There cannot be a place for policy of «racial hygiene» - politicians of artificial selection of people and the nations by means of violent sterilization and destruction of people in concentration camps in the global world. The nationalism of the advanced nations was crushed as a result of the Second World War, but the world is threatened much more by nationalism of the backward nations today. Any empire, for example the Roman Empire, Alexander the Great empire, Russia or the USA, arises by means of gains and any empire represents a national copper where the nations mix up. Propagation of nationalism in such multinational countries as Russia and the USA, can lead to civil war, and it is the worst. The system is a sum of elements and communications between them. Development of system is a complication or simplification of system. Progress is a complication of system, emergence of new communications and elements in system. Regress is a simplification of system, disappearance of communications and elements from system. Thus, progress and regress is two opposite types of development. The example of regress is a structure of the Soviet society in comparison with Russia at Provisional government of a sample from March to October, 1917. Such social inventions as a private property (economic control), the market competition, a multi-party system, parliament, division of the authorities, free elections and political freedoms, a ban on the state censorship were cancelled. Bolsheviks tried to cancel such social inventions, as money, religious control and a family even, but Bolsheviks failed. Conclusion: society develops progressively as a whole. This axiom is proved by the huge sum of the facts of progressive development of instruments of labor, functions of thinking, emergence all of new and new groups and the organizations, types of the social conflicts and types of the social control, growth of scientific knowledge new public formations, as steps of development of society. The social conflict is a type of social interaction at which participants try to win a victory over the opponents with help of various means with the purpose of physical destruction of the opponent, his transformation into object of control or a gain of another's sphere of influence and resources. Social control is a type of social interaction at which the controller forces of object for control to performance of norms by means of threat of application of positive or negative sanctions, by means of introduction of stereotypes. Thus, there are two statuses – the controller and object of control in the relations of social control. The sanction is an award or punishment, thus, sanctions happen positive or negative. Norms are rules of behavior. The stereotype is a sample for imitation which takes root into consciousness of people through mass media and cultures. The essence of interrelation between the social conflict and control consists in the following. On the one hand, the winner in the conflict becomes by controller before the following flash of the conflict, and looser becomes by object of the control, looser is compelled to be lost or concede a sphere of influence to the winner. On the other hand, the controller is compelled to support an optimum level of severity of sanctions of social control as too strict or too soft level of severity causes to new flash of the conflict because the object of control starts to doubt in ability of the controller to carry out the functions in this case. The object of control goes on the conflict to the controller in case of too severe control because of feeling of despair and the object of control decides to risk by own life, achievements in career or a salary for the sake of liberation from too severe control. The object of control receives hope of a victory over the controller in case of too soft control as the object of control starts to consider that controller is too weak and incapable to apply punishments. For example, pupils arrange lesson failure in case of tyrannical or weak style of establishing order at a lesson from the teacher. The essence of my theory of social progress consists in the following. There are three factors of social progress by analogy with the theory of biological evolution of Darwin: • The conflict for the status of the controller. • Control of the winner of standards of behavior of the won. • Natural selection of applicants in controllers as a result of this conflict. Conclusion: The relations of the conflict and control serve as basic elements for creation of social systems. Progress society as a result of the conflicts leads to emergence everything new and new types of the conflict and control and to complication of social system. The conflicts cause the necessity of the invention all of new and new means of fight and the control devices, new types of the conflict and control. Control in society allows to keep, increase and extend among the backward people these inventions. It is possible to track interrelation of the theory of Darwin with my theory: • Fight for existence in the biosphere is similar to fight for the status of the controller in society. • Natural selection in the biosphere is similar to selection of controllers in society. First of all, war, the market competition, ideological and religious fight, esthetic competition are the most important types of the conflict which cause progress of society and emergence of new technical inventions. It is possible to consider 2 World War as an example of a rapid progress in the sphere of the invention of new types of weapon. USSR advanced Germany in development of tanks at the beginning of this war. The Soviet average tanks T 34 and the heavy tanks KV surpassed German average tanks T 3 and T 4. Germans invented and applied under the Kursk arch in 1943 heavy Tiger tanks and average Panther tanks that to overcome this backlog in tanks. In reply Russian invented the heavy tanks IS. Germans invented FAU rockets to bomb London at the end of 2 World War. Americans invented and applied a nuclear bomb at the end of this war that to force to the knees Japan. The market competition matters for society progress even bigger today, than war. Market competition leads to economic blossoming in the countries of South East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea and so on) and to economic decline in the USA and the countries of the European Union today. Just there was a crash and disintegration of the Soviet Union because of defeat in the economic competition to the West. The American Hollywood dominates in the world in the sphere of cinema today and Hollywood imposes to other countries the American standards and values of capitalism in the sphere of culture. The countries which have lost in the war are compelled to become colonies of more advanced winner countries and the countries which have lost in the war are compelled to enter new social inventions under control of these winners. Germany and Japan were compelled to enter representative democracy instead of tyranny and hereditary monarchy after defeat in 1945. Russia was compelled to enter voluntary representative democracy, a private property and the market competition instead of tyranny, communistic oligarchy, state ownership, economic planning in 1991 and 1993 after defeat in “Cold war” (in race of arms) and in the market competition with the West. This defeat in the market competition with the West and race of arms caused to hunger, emergence of commodity deficiencies and big economic problems in the USSR. The leadership of Russia led by president Yeltsin was compelled to discharge from the power of communists and to carry out these political and economic reforms that to solve these economic problems. The social utopia is a false theory, which calls to regress of social structure, to violent cancellation of great social inventions. The social utopia is a fairy tale for adults. Utopians suggested to cancel the various social organizations and forms of the social conflict and control – the government, the state, bureaucracy, law enforcement agencies, army, a private property, religion and church, a family, and also war and the market. These organizations, types of the social conflict and control represent "skeleton" of social structure. If to cancel these elements and communications, the social structure will fall before foundation simply. Progress of human society consisted in that the mankind invented and built to each new element of this social structure with great difficulty. Each new element carries out the specific function in society. Cancellation of this element leads to that there is nobody to carry out this function, why there comes to social illness. If Bolsheviks cancelled money, a private property and the market competition almost in 1917, that full ruin and hunger came in Russia as a result of these erroneous actions. Cancellation of a private property leads to disappearance of economic stimuluses to work. Cancellation of the market competition within the country leads to emergence of deficiencies, hunger, decrease in quality of let-out production of a domestic production, defeat of the domestic industry in the world market, to disappearance of possibilities for export of a domestic production, self-isolation and backwardness of domestic economy. Full economic equality can't be in principle as it destroys in a root stimuluses to work. It is possible to do a conclusion that it is impossible to cancel any type of the social conflict and control in society. Any similar attempt encounters natural resistance of the people, common sense of which doesn't allow to believe in dangerous social utopias therefore utopians try to apply violence with purpose to force people to build a utopia. Examples of utopians: Plato, Thomas More, Tommaso Campanella, Gerrard Winstanley, Jean Meslier, Gabriel Bonnot de Mably, Etienne-Gabriel Morelly, Gracchus Babeuf, Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier,Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Robert Owen, Carl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Nikolay Chernyshevsky, etc. They were self-denying people often, but they were fanatics of utopian idea. Many of these utopians promised to relieve by workers from oppression, that is from social control. But to cancel social control in society it is not obviously possible in principle. Communistic experiment was complete in Russia in 1991. It need do conclusions from this experiment: • Marx's first forecast: a ban of wars, establishment of the democratic world between the people. Result: Bolshevist Russia became an aggressor and a source of terrorist threat often. Conclusion: the absolute prohibition of wars is an unrealizable utopia. • Marx's second forecast: the socialism should win around the world. Result: Socialism affair is lost almost everywhere today. • Marx's third forecast: the market, exploitation of the person by the person, a private property on means of production should die off. Result: Economic crash of socialism. • Marx's fourth forecast: there should be a religion dying off as, according to communists, the religion is opium for the people. Result: Crash of all attempts to forbid a religion. A big share of priests appeared in GULAG where many of them were lost. The most part of church values was plundered by the Soviet power. Many temples were blown up or profaned by order of the authorities. It was possible to undermine belief in God at a considerable part of the population, it led to growth of number of suicides, divorces, abortions, a crime rate, blossoming of household alcoholism. • Fifth forecast: a ban of bourgeois culture and ideology which, allegedly, justify exploitation of the person by the person. Result: Creation of the ideological machine on deception of own people, establishment of censorship. Talented cultural figures were compelled to emigrate, sent abroad, appeared in prison, were finished to suicide or vegetated in obscurity, but mediocre timeservers let out the works in huge circulations. Thus, disappearance of competition among the Soviet art workers led to the general degradation of quality of the works of art created by them. • Sixth forecast: dictatorship of the proletariat with the subsequent dying off of the state. Result: An arbitrariness of the authorities and the state terror against own people. Deliberate unbinding of civil fratricidal war. Ban of opposition parties and execution of their members. Elections turned into the farce gradually. The state became tyrannical, and then oligarchic instead of state’s dying off. The state security agencies could operate contrary to the law. The beginning of Bolshevist terror became one of the reasons of Civil war. • Marx's seventh forecast: creation of classless society. Result: classless society (communism) remained an unrealizable utopia, but destruction of representatives of the nobility, the clergy, rich peasants, Cossacks, businessmen, confiscation of property and the state robbery became reality. Conclusion: while there will be a division of social activities while society will be constructed on the social conflict and social control, until then classless society remains an unrealizable utopia. Conclusions from communistic experiment: To simplify social structure it is not obviously possible in principle. The religion, a private property, the market competition, the state, laws, money, a principle of division of the authorities, democracy, a multi-party system, the constitution, art competition, scientific discussion, penal system, army, law enforcement agencies, social control and the social conflict is great social inventions which never "will die off" and this inventions can't be cancelled without damage for society and this inventions can't be cancelled without just resistance of the population to efforts of "utopians". Self-isolation of the utopian state leads to economic crash inevitably. There are eight types of the social conflict and eight similar types of social control: 1. Psychological conflict. 1. Psychological control. 2. Moral conflict. 2. Moral control. 3. Armed conflict. 3. The armed control. 4. Administrative conflict. 4. Administrative control. 5. Religious conflict. 5. Religious control. 6. Economic conflict. 6. Economic control. 7. Esthetic conflict. 7. Esthetic control. 8. Ideological conflict. 8. Ideological control. Moral, armed, administrative, economic and religious types of control are constructed on the mechanism of threat of sanctions. Esthetic and ideological types of control are constructed on the mechanism of introduction of stereotypes. Five corresponding types of sanctions are applied in five types of control: • Moral sanctions – a praise or abuse. • The armed sanctions – corporal punishments. • Administrative sanctions – increase or demotion, providing work or dismissal. • Religious sanctions – threat of eternal torments in a hell or eternal pleasure in paradise, the promise of rewards and punishments in process of regeneration of souls. • Economic sanctions – a prize or a fine. Types of the social conflict and social control were invented not at the same time, but in turn in the course of social progress, in the course of history of human society. Translation of norms and threat of sanctions in the course of psychological control and psychological conflict is carried out not by means of words, but in a sign language often. The mankind inherited these primitive types of the psychological conflict and psychological control from animal ancestors. It is possible to give the following examples of each type of the conflict: • Examples of the psychological conflict is a mutual intimidation in a sign language, examination in the course of flirtation of that fact who is a leader in the love relations, competition of demagogues for influence on crowd. • The example of the moral conflict is a quarrel between people in the course of fight for the status of the leader in small group. · Examples of armed conflict is a hunting for wild animals, a war between the states, a civil war, a war between criminal groups and a war criminal group against the police, a armed capture of the power or political murder, extremist terror, a duel or sports competitions. • Examples of the administrative conflict are elections, the conflict of bureaucratic cliques or a strike of workers. The clique is a group or gang of adherents which aspires to discharge by means of various mean methods from office members of other cliques and to advance members of own clique on an administrative office ladder. There are three types of elections: direct elections on people's assembly, elections in exclusive meeting, national multi-party elections. The election system in people's assembly was brought to perfection in Ancient Greek Athens, the election system in the exclusive Senate was brought to perfection in Ancient Greek Sparta and in Ancient Rome, the system of national elections was brought to perfection in England and the USA as a result of movement of chartist and feminists. Chartists had achieved by vote for workers, and the feminists had achieved by vote for women. • The example of the religious conflict is a religious competition between the church and sectarian organizations for a sphere of influence on believers within observance of the freedom of worship invented in the USA. • The example of the economic conflict is the market competition in the conditions of which that producer survives who can make and sell the goods at the smallest price and with the best quality. The market relations were invented by Phoenicians and Ancient Greeks in Athens. Sea trade and the sea ships, gold money, craft production of the goods on sale and a private property on means of production were invented in Phoenicia and Ancient Greece, but they used slaves as worker force. The market was cancelled in the Middle Ages in Western Europe and the subsistence economy was restored as the center of a civilization moved from the Mediterranean Sea to the European continent, and trade on overland roads was complicated because of feudal dissociation. Market competition were restored in Western Europe during New Time on a new basis – ocean trade and the ocean ships (caravels), hired labor and mechanical production were invented in addition to old signs of the market. Ocean trade and caravels were invented in Portugal and Spain. • The example of the esthetic conflict is a competition between art workers which was invented in Ancient Athens. The theater too was invented in Athens. • The example of the ideological conflict is a dispute or discussion between scientists, between politicians or between mass media. Formal logic (a science about laws of the correct thinking) and rhetoric (a science about eloquence) were invented in Ancient Greece. Aristotle had invented formal logic. It is possible to give the following examples for each type of control: • The hypnotist, the demagogue, able to influence to crowd, the "fatal" person, able to inspire unrequited love to own person (“fatal love”) in side of the representative of an opposite sex is by examples of controllers in the course of psychological control. • The example of moral control is a control of the leader in small group by means of such sanctions, as a praise or abuse in the conditions of moral support of the leader from the majority of members of this group. • The example of the armed control is a control in a farm against home’s animals, control in criminal group, in any total organization – soldier’s barracks, a clinic for deranged men, prison, a slaveholding economy, concentration camp for prisoners of war where there are such sanctions, as corporal punishments. The authorities turn system of criminal law into system of the state terror and intimidation of citizens at such form of government as tyranny. • Example of administrative control is a control in vassal system, in any bureaucratic organization – in tax service, army, church, police, an education system, system of the state health care, state sector in economy, a socialist command management system, ministerial system of executive power where there are such sanctions, as dismissal or employment, increase or demotion. Administrative control was invented together with invention of bureaucracy in Ancient Egypt and the states of Mesopotamia. • The example of religious control is a control of "prophet" in charismatic sect and control of the priest over believers by means of such sanctions, as threats of eternal torments in a hell or promises of eternal pleasure in paradise, promises of advantages in the course of reincarnation. Religious control was invented in such world religions, as Christianity, Islam and the Buddhism. The mechanism of religious control was invented in period of a decline for the Roman Empire. • Example of economic control is a control at private enterprise, control of the international banks and state regulation of the market by means of such sanctions, as a prize or a fine. Today this type of control is the most effective. Economic control was invented during New Time in England and the Netherlands. The international banks try to control policy of the whole countries economically. The system of state regulation of domestic market uses such economic levers as privileges on the credits, taxes and duties. • The example of esthetic control is a control by means of introduction of esthetic stereotypes – attractive images. • The example of ideological control is a control by means of introduction of ideological stereotypes with help of repeated repetition of norm. Political and trading advertizing serves as an example of esthetic and ideological control. Mass media and culture are newspapers, cinema, radio, television, a platform, video/ This mass media were invented in Western Europe and the USA during New time/ This mass media had allowed to construct system of ideological and esthetic control. The state ideological machinery was constructed with aim of deception and misinformation of citizens in interests of the authorities at communistic and fascist tyranny even. There is a freedom of press in the conditions of the western democracy that to secure citizens against this danger, that is competition system between private mass media. Under which the television company which provides false, uninteresting or out-of-date information, will be compelled to be ruined. My forecast: further progress of human society should lead to the invention of new types of the conflict and control. The main difference of groups from the organizations consists in the form of social control which is applied at their construction. Small groups are constructed, mainly, on moral control. Only criminal and, partly, teenage groups are constructed on the armed control. The organizations can't be constructed on moral control in principle. Charismatic groups are a transitional step from group to the organization. Charismatic groups are constructed on religious control. The total organizations are constructed on the armed control. The bureaucracy is constructed on administrative control. The private firm is constructed on economic control. Examples of the total organizations are soldier’s barracks, ship team, prison, a military college, concentration camp, a monastery, hospitals for blind, elderly, deranged, poor men. Examples of the bureaucratic organizations is a school, executive power, tax service, church, law enforcement agencies, professional army, the ministry. Max Weber allocated seven traits of bureaucracy, In my opinion, it is possible to add two more to them: • Observance of rules of the schedule is constructed on application threat from the direct head to its subordinated administrative punishments – increases or demotions. • Employees conduct among themselves fight of cliques for the power in the organization behind the scenes. For example, there is a conflict of cliques at school. Thus, the bureaucracy is the hierarchical organization constructed on administrative control and fight of cliques for the power behind the scenes. There are eleven main groups and the organizations in society which were invented in turn in the course of history: • Family. It has function of production of healthy posterity. The family was invented in period of origin of primitive society. The family, a kin and a tribe are constructed on moral control. Wars flashed between tribes often. • Production organization. Its function is production of the vital benefits – food, clothes, houses and so on. The cattle breeding and agriculture were the first modes of production historically and then a craft and mechanical production had arisen. The most effective at that time forms of control in the production organization, for example, moral control were applied at primitive society, armed control were applied at slaveholding society, administrative control were applied at feudalism, economic control were applied under capitalism. · Army. It was invented in period a decline of primitive society (under period of military democracy). Army has function to be at war, that is to protect borders of the national territory from an aggressor and to win another's territory. The army was constructed originally on moral control, then - on the armed control, and then - on administrative control. • Law enforcement agencies – court, police, prison. They were invented under slaveholding society. Their function is maintenance of a public order, that is implementation of the armed control of the government over citizens, implementation of system of criminal law. Later law enforcement agencies began to apply administrative and economic sanctions except corporal punishments. Law enforcement agencies are constructed on administrative control of the head over the employees. The prison is constructed on the armed control when guards have the right to apply corporal punishments against prisoners. The police is at war against the criminal organizations. The criminal organizations are a reserve center of the power which amplifies in case of temporary weakening of police and legitimate authority of the government. The criminal organizations are at war with each other. • Bureaucracy. It has function to collect taxes and to direct by public works sometimes, that is to build channels, dams and so on. Economic function of bureaucracy is the extremely inefficient form of use of labor in comparison with the system of private business constructed on economic control. Writing and the cadastre (the book of taxpayers) were invented for implementation of taxation in Ancient Egypt. • Government. It has function to control activity of army, bureaucracy and law enforcement agencies administratively. Government controls an education system and church sometimes. Theocracy, on the contrary, means the form of government at which the church controls the government. The government is constructed on administrative control. Supreme power consists today in the conditions of representative democracy of three branches – legislative, executive and judicial which are independent from each other. • Church and sects. They have function to console fear of believers before death and to convince them in necessity of existence of system of social control, in necessity of humility to controllers. Church as the religious organization, was constructed in the Buddhism, Christianity and Islam for the first time. Church applied corporal punishments against the opponents – heretics sometimes. Church organized religious wars and crusades against competitors sometimes. The church arose in period decline of slaveholding society. • Education system. It has function of training (socialization) of younger generation. The education system arose under slaveholding society. • Health system. It has function of treatment of people. The first doctors appeared under slaveholding society. The medical organizations are constructed on administrative control. • Art, mass media and cultures. They has function to satisfy esthetic requirement and to inform people, to carry out socialization. Mass media and cultures are in a condition of competition with each other. Correspondents enter to polemic with each other during fight for a sphere of influence on readers and the audience. Separate mass media and cultures, for example, the separate newspaper or a television channel, are constructed on economic or administrative control of the head over the employees. Mass media and cultures were invented under capitalism. • Science. It has function of knowledge of truth, production of inventions and forecasts. The science was invented under slaveholding society. Scientists compete with each other during scientific discussions. Conclusion: progress of society leads to emergence everything the new and new organizations with the corresponding new functions. The statics is a social structure or anatomy of a social organism for this historical moment, as system of the organizations which remind organs in body. Dynamics is a description of sequence of stages for development of structure for a social organism, that is emergence all of the new and new organizations and groups. These concepts (a statics and dynamics) were entered by August Comte. In opinion of representatives to organic school in the academic sociology, society is similar to a human body therefore society has requirements. Each social organization or group reminds any organ of society and satisfies any requirement, carries out any function. Society is progressively developing system of groups and the organizations which is constructed on the conflict and control relations between people. Ludwig von Bertalanffy created the theory of open systems in biology, and then he tried to create the general theory of systems, but this plan wasn't executed up to the end. Examples of open systems are a water tower, a biological organism and society. Open system is a system which has an entrance and an exit, open system exchanges with environment substance and energy and supports internal balance. In my opinion, society is open system which has an entrance and an exit and supports internal balance. Nature serves as environment for society. It is possible to allocate minerals and natural resources on an entrance in society. It is possible to allocate various production wastes on an exit from society. Violation of internal balance occurs because of the various reasons – because of a lack of resources on an entrance, because of excessive growth of the population, because of sharp change of environment – change of climate, an ecological situation and global problems. Violation of balance leads to hunger, revolution, civil war when people kill each other for a piece of bread. Violation of balance leads to wars between the states in a pursuit for disappearing resources. Under the law A. Toynbee's about a challenge and answer, a cause of infringement of balance is a challenge for society, on which the elite should find the answer, that is elite should solve a problem with deficiency of resources on an entrance. Restriction of birth rate occurs or a natural way as a result of hunger, epidemics and wars or by means of artificial ways, for example, by means of a tax on the second child as in modern China. Formations are steps of development of society. The main thought of a formational approach consists that development of society goes through steps – through formations. Marx listed four formations in work «To criticism of political economy»: • antique, • Asian, • feudal, • capitalist. Scientific discussion was on this matter in 1928-1935 in the USSR, as a result of I. Stalin had summed up this discussion and Stalin called five formations: • primitive-communal, • slaveholding, • feudal, • capitalist, • communistic. According to Stalin socialism is the first phase of communism. Stalin forced to forget about an Asian formation, as Asian formation reminded a socialism very much. It turns out so that there is constructed the same society in the USSR, as in Ancient Egypt therefore the socialism is a regress. The subject «Asian formation» became a taboo subject in the Soviet philosophy. K. Wittfogel wrote on this subject in the West in work «East despotism: comparative research of the total power". R. Aron had mentioned Asiatic formation in work «Democracy and totalitarianism». Reason of incompleteness of discussions about formations till today consists that philosophers couldn't find the correct criterion which distinguishes one formation from another. According to Marx, such criterion is the level of development of productive forces, but this criterion is too abstract, unsuitable for comparison of formations therefore one researchers distinguished four formations, and others researchers distinguished five formations, one researchers considered an Asian formation distinct from others formations, and other researchers didn't consider such. In my opinion, the type of control in the economy sphere is such criterion: • Primitive formation is constructed on moral control in the economy sphere. • Slaveholding formation is constructed on armed control in the economy sphere. • Feudal formation is constructed on administrative control in the economy sphere. • Capitalist formation is constructed on economic control in the economy sphere. Marx didn't invent a new type of control for communism and Marx considered even that all forms of social control will be cancelled under communism, but such forecast has appeared by a utopia as society can't exist without the relations of the social conflict and social control. Communists did attempts to use in economy under a socialism ideological stimuluses – flags, the pendants, badges of the Drummer of communistic work, a medal of the Hero of socialist work, article in the newspaper, glorifying drummers, the photo on the Honor desk, certificates of honor. Miner Alexey Stakhanov became the first drummer. But this campaign ended with a total failure as workers don't want to work for flags, workers want to work for money. Such sanctions influenced on people under a socialism really, as corporal punishments in the sphere of prison labor in GULAG, threat of the death penalty for "wreckers" and administrative sanctions in the sphere of free work. Corporal punishments is a sign of a slaveholding society in the sphere of economy, and administrative stimuluses are a sign of feudalism therefore the socialism was an Asian version of feudalism where there is big on the size a public sector of slaveholding economy. Thus, in my opinion, there were four formations in the history of society: • primitive, • slaveholding, • feudal, • capitalist. The Asian formation was invented in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, later similar societies arose in Ancient India, Ancient China, Mexico, Peru, Byzantium and imperial Russia. "Asian" and despotic character of imperial Russia, according to Vittfogel, is dictated by an external factor - the Tatar-Mongolian gain. Bolshevist revolution cleared away the road to total Asian state of the USSR nine months later after falling of the Asian state created by tsarism. Vittfogel saw in imperial Russia the traits, typical for "east despotisms" - a rural community and bureaucracy absolutely accurately. In my opinion, men invented irrigation agriculture and cattle breeding in Asia, men constructed in Asia enormous irrigational systems and other global objects - pyramids in Egypt, city walls in Mesopotamia, the Chinese wall in China. These enormous objects became archaeological monuments and often useless way of waste of human energy which had no real advantage. Men invented in Asia the state slavery, bureaucracy, taxes, hieroglyphic writing, a despotism, regular army, court, law enforcement agencies, the code of laws, state ownership on the earth, a temple economy and an economy of the Pharaoh. The bureaucracy had functions of taxation and the management of building of global objects. The despotism or, in other words, tyranny had benefit in the countries of the Ancient East as only the despot could force to repair irrigational systems every year and by that to prevent hunger. The Asian formation became an Asian version of a slaveholding society which gradually turned into an Asian version of the feudalism, but Asian formation had bright difference from such West slaveholding society and feudalism as lack of a private property on means of production in Asia. Men had invented in Ancient Greece representative democracy and the aristocracy, the military ship – a triyer, the market, sport, theatre’s, competition, a private property on the earth and slaves. There were in the West only a serfdom and vassal system, constructed on administrative control. Exactly in the West capitalism was invented. Capitalism was brought on bayonets of the West European colonialists to Asia. Conclusion: in my opinion, Vittfogel was right partly only in question about reasons of emergence of a despotism in the various countries. Vittfogel concentrated own attention only to one reason of emergence of a despotism (need to build irrigational systems in the conditions of irrigation agriculture) and Vittfogel didn't see other reasons. In my opinion, the main reason of emergence of a despotism are extreme external and internal conditions of living society. Threat of external aggression, the big territory and imperial state system can be such conditions There is a need of suppression of separatist revolts in imperial state. There aren’t irrigation agriculture in Russia, but there were threats of external aggression from side of numerous aggressive neighbors for Russia always. Russia possessed the big territory always and there was a need to suppress revolt of separatists in Russia always. It is not casually that Russia chose today the most rigid model of democracy – the presidential republic, otherwise civil war could begin against separatists in Russia or Russia could lose war on the international scene. Russia occupies median place between Europe and Asia therefore Russia invented nothing herself almost, and Russia borrowed social inventions alternately that of Europe, of Asia. In general, there are very few countries which could to make at least one social invention. The list of "teachers" for Russia: • Vikings became the first teachers for east Slavs. Vikings were from the West, from Sweden. Vikings had brought to Russia the princely power, trade on the rivers, the weapon and a military system, laws, collecting a tribute. • Byzantium was the second teacher for Russia. Byzantium occupied median place between Europe and Asia too. Russia had borrowed the Christianity, writing, architecture from Byzantium. • Tatar-Mongol and the Golden Horde from Asia were the third teacher for Russia. Golden Horde had taught to Russian men to collect taxes from each house and to build despotism, as a result the absolute monarchy were established in the Moscow principality where the throne was handed down to the eldest son or the big brother. • Western Europe (at first Poland, then Sweden, Holland, England, Germany, France became the fourth teacher for Russia in 17 century, and under Russian emperor Peter 1 especially. Russia was at war alternately with some of these countries and Russia studied at them). Russia borrowed from Western Europe three English inventions - technical inventions, the market and economic control. Russian emperor Nicolay 2 tried under pressing of liberals and revolutionaries to enter the fourth English invention - to construct system of representative democracy, Nicolay 2 entered parliament and multi-party elections, but Nicolay 2 couldn't complete this form of government – Nicolay 2 didn't enter the constitution and parliament control over the government. There was a failure in social construction as a result of October revolution of 1917. Bolsheviks destroyed a capitalist system and constructed a primitive Asian formation by an example of Ancient Egypt. Four campaigns for construction of an Asian formation were carried out by Bolsheviks: • Military communism. Lenin cancelled a private property on the earth and plants, economic control in economy, the market, unfinished representative democracy; he tried to cancel even money, religion and the code of laws vainly. This campaign caused to Civil war in Russia, but Bolsheviks could win in Civil war though Bolsheviks had to go on temporary concessions to peasants in the form of New Economic Policy. • Industrialization. Bolsheviks had organized big buildings of plants of heavy and war industry, channels and the railways. The agriculture robbery, gratuitous work of prisoners, coercion to purchase of bonds of the state loan, vodka sale became sources of financing of these buildings. • Collectivization. Bolsheviks tired out peasants in collective farms violently and Bolsheviks forced to peasants to work in collective farms almost free of charge – for "ticks" in the magazine of workdays. Peasants ate and paid heavy taxes from a kitchen garden. Rich peasants were plundered and subjected to repression. As a result peasants have not stimuluses to work completely, and the agricultural branch came to a condition of complete decline. • Cultural revolution or big terror or «big cleaning». Lenin constructed oligarchy where oligarchs were called by "Lenin guard». Fight of fractions began for the power within this «Lenin guard» in the 20th years 20 century. Stalin won in turn the paralyzed Lenin, Trotsky's fraction, Zinoviev’s and Kamenev's fraction, Bukharin’s, Rykov's and Tomsky’s fraction. Stalin destroyed physically almost all «Lenin guard» in 1937-1938 and Stalin had constructed tyranny. Stalin had created instead of «Lenin guard» a new ruling layer – the nomenclature which was rigidly subordinated to the tyrant. Thus, Asian formation was completed and represented a classical sample under Stalin. Khrushchev had destroyed physically the new applicant in tyrants – Beria and Khrushchev had restored oligarchy with what gradual dismantle began of an Asian formation in Russia. Yeltsin had destroyed oligarchy and an Asian formation in Russia completely, Yeltsin had constructed capitalism and system of representative democracy on the western samples. The Asian formation was constructed and in other countries of socialist camp where these four campaigns were carried out on the Soviet sample too. As soon as the Soviet armies were disengaged from countries of Eastern Europe in 1989, there were "velvet" revolutions and capitalism was restored. The Asian formation in China was constructed by Mao Tse Tung who won civil war and carried out such campaigns, as «big jump», national communes and a cultural revolution. Policy of the New Economic Policy is carried out in China today, but the power is in hands of communistic oligarchy, and students who demanded democracy on Tiananmen Square, were crushed by tanks. The Asian formation remains today in Northern Korea and in Cuba. The conclusion consists that the socialism is regress in comparison with capitalism, and this grandiose communistic experiment led to big victims in Russia. Bolsheviks couldn't find the Russian way of development of the country and Bolsheviks had moved Russia to a backward Asian way. Communists aren't able to build today anything, except this primitive model of society. Repetition of similar utopian experiment becomes for Russia catastrophe. There are three main ideas of a civilizational approach: • Each local civilization has a unique originality. Each local civilization differ from each other on systems of values, customs, culture, production technology, the morals and philosophy. • Each local civilization endures the periods of the birth, blossoming, decline and death. Such is a cycle of life of a civilization. • These local civilizations exist nearby with each other, replace each other and fight against each other. Researchers allocate some local civilizations: Ancient Egypt, civilization of Babylon and Assyria, Ancient China, Ancient India, antique civilization of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, civilization of Ancient America, Muslim civilization of the Arab Caliphate and Ottoman Empire, West European civilization. There is a discussion about composition of this list of civilizations. The reason of this discussion consists that researchers didn't find yet criterion which distinguishes one civilization from another. In my opinion, such criterion is the list of the great social inventions made by these civilization. For example, my big doubts are caused by attempt to consider Russia a separate civilization. Despite the Russian patriotism, it is difficult to find the fact in the history of Russia of the great social inventions made by Russian which were included into gold fund of mankind. Russia, as well as the majority of the countries of the world, didn't invent, but Russia studied at other civilizations. It would be desirable to repeat once again that Russia is a transitional country from Asia to Europe, like Byzantium. The civilization is the society constructed on a certain set of great social inventions. One civilization differs from other civilization a set of these inventions. The essence of the Toynbee's law of a challenge and answer consists in the following: environment offers civilizations a challenge, the elite should find the answer. If there aren’t the answer or answer is inadequate, that civilization perishes. If the elite could find the right answer, this civilization conquers and teaches neighbors to this great invention. Examples of successful answers of civilizations: • Hunters of Sahara. Process of a drying up of the Africa-Asian steppe began after the termination of ice period. There was a Sahara Desert on a place of corpulent pastures. Process of a drying up is a challenge for ancient people. Some tribes of hunters and collectors died out simply. Other tribes made two great answers: nomadic cattle breeding and irrigation agriculture. Nomads based a nomadic civilization and Nomads began to drive the herds from one oasis to another skillfully. Ancestors of Egyptians and Schumer could dry up bogs in valleys of Rivers Nile, Tiger and Euphrates, they based river civilizations, Egyptians and Schumer had constructed grandiose drainage and irrigating systems, using not iron, but only stone and wooden instruments of labor. • The Andean civilization had arisen in the uplands territory. The challenge for ancestors of Incas is a small territory of the earth suitable for agriculture in mountains, severe climate and low fertility of the earth. The answer is a terrace agriculture. • Minoan civilization. The island of Crete was the center of this civilization. This civilization had arisen from challenge of sea. The Minoan civilization was lost as a result of a volcanic eruption in 1 600 year BC. Phoenicians lived in mountains on the seashore and Phoenicians had not enough earth suitable for agriculture. The answer of Phoenicians is the invention of the sea ships, sea trade and the alphabet. The bronze weapon, products from glass and purple cloth became the Phoenician goods. Phoenicians were forced out from maritime routes by their pupils – ancient Greeks. The last colony of Phoenicians – Carthago - was destroyed by Ancient Rome and the Phoenician civilization was lost. • The challenge for an antique civilization of Ancient Greece is a small fertility of stony soils. There were three attempts to make the answer to this challenge. The answer of Sparta consisted that it is necessary to win nearby lands in Messeny, to turn conquered inhabitants into the state slaves and to force them to work for Spartans. Sparta was compelled to create regular army for performance of this task, but Spartans had no craft and trade, Spartans were backward in all areas, except war. The answer of Corinth and Colchis consisted that it is necessary to base overseas colonies in Sicily, the Southern Italy and Thrace where there was a lot of fertile earth and to import bread from there. But the most successful and effective answer was made by Athens. Athens borrowed the invention at Phoenicians – sea trade and craft, and Athens bought bread on the obtained money simply. Athens had surpassed the Phoenician teachers that Athens had invented the first military ship, instead of the trading ship – to a triyer. Athens had invented the new goods – the iron weapon, grape wine, olive oil, silver jewelry, ceramics and so on. Invasion of Persians to Greece caused Alexander the Great successful campaign. Ancient Rome invented mobile creation of infantry in answer to invasion of Gauls, then Romans invented the Roman code of laws. • Continuous invasions of nomads became challenge for Russia. Russia is located on the road from Asia to Europe. Byzantium had perished as a result of similar invasions simply, and Austria had stood against the Ottoman Turk somehow. The answer of Russia consisted in the invention of new estate – the Cossacks, in use against nomads of firearms and a ships. The firearms were invented by Frenchmen and Englishmen during Centenary War, the ship or “dracar” is an invention of Vikings, thus, Russians invented nothing, and Russians used against Asians the European inventions successfully. Cossacks located on the rivers and Cossacks had made rivers as natural boundaries of defense, then Cossacks began to use a ships and a gun for advance to Siberia, thus, Cossacks had won the earth of nomads and Cossacks had crushed this ancient center of aggression against farmers of Europe and Asia. Example of a successful campaign of Cossacks is Ermak's campaign from settlement Stroganov's capital the Orel (Perm province) to Siberia. • If to develop Toynbee's ideas, that, in my opinion, it is possible to call challenges which led in answer to four Great English inventions: - Low labor productivity of serf workers caused necessity to invent instead of administrative stimuluses more effective economic stimuluses – a monetary prize and a monetary fine. - Deficiency of the goods, especially pepper and spices, became a callenge which resulted in need to invent ocean trade, the ocean ships (caravels) and the market competitions at which deficiency can't exist in principle. If the ships were primitive earlier, and it was possible to float only along the coast on old ship that it was possible to hide in any bay in case of a storm, it was possible to float straight across the ocean on a caravel. - The competition in side of the Indian weavers who were able to produce handwork fabrics at very low price and excellent quality, caused to invent mechanical weaving looms and the steam engine. - Abuses of tyrants caused to invent system of representative democracy which consists of the constitution, parliament, system of division of the authorities, multi-party elections and political freedoms. Some authors opposed formation’s and civilizational approaches at research of history of society unreasonably. Theoretical synthesis of these approaches is necessary. Who drives up mankind on steps of progressive formation’s development? Progress of society goes by trials and errors under the Toynbee's law of a challenge and answer. Local civilizations realize various projects of development, local civilizations fight with each other, as a result there is a natural selection of these civilizations and their answers with help of war and the competition in the international market. There is a change of civilizations – leaders on the world scene because of this fight of civilizations. War and the market is a lot always therefore any civilization can't win eternally according to the probability theory, good luck can turn away from earlier successful civilization once. Besides there is a degeneration of creative elite of this civilization over time, creative elite loses ability to do the invention. The local civilization is a sampling unit in human history, like a species in the biosphere. Thus, fight of local civilizations is reason of the formation’s development, fight of local civilizations is that whip which drives up mankind on steps of progressive formation’s development though certain people, the nations, the organizations, groups, the countries and civilizations develop cyclically through the birth, blossoming, decline and death. There are two ways of development of social structure - a peace reform and a social revolution. Possible consequence of revolution is emergence of civil war and a large quantity of victims. All reformers and revolutionaries say usually that they are supporters of progressive development or establishing order, but the result of reform or revolution can be both progress and regress of society. For example, October revolution of 1917 led to regress of social structure in Russia in practice, but Yeltsin's reforms are progressive. The sociology of revolution was created by Pitirim Sorokin. Lenin considered that revolution is good, revolution is a holiday for oppressed men which can revenge with impunity for sanctions and plunder yesterday's controllers. Revolution is an only way for such revolutionaries as Marx, Engels and Lenin to receive the power without elections, without asking will of the people as communists lost on honest elections always. Marx called revolutions «history locomotives». Sorokin and Gobbes considered that revolutio is very bad. I agree with this point of view. Sorokin considered that revolution is a serious social illness which can lead to death of a social organism suddenly that revolution is the worst way of improvement of life of masses. Revolutionaries promise to masses «mountains of gold» in words, masses receive hunger, epidemics and executions of innocent people in practice. Insignificant results of revolution are reached by the huge price. Sorokin calls two reasons of revolution: • Infringement of base instincts at the majority of the population. • Disorganization of the power and social control. Types of the infringed instincts, as the first reason of revolution: • Hunger. • The impoverishment. Soldiers of revolutionary army is beggars and slaves always. Marshals of revolutionary army are losers from elite at which legal career didn't turn out for the various reasons and which are ready to walk to the power on corpses. • Unsuccessful war and state terror. War turns soldiers into raging crowds of mentally ill people. Despotic regimes are “pregnant" by revolution constantly. • Censorship and a ban on migration. For example the poet V. Mayakovsky glorified October revolution because of a censorial ban on his publications before revolution. There was a ban on migration of Jews from the western areas to the central Russia (boundary of settlement). Therefore many Jews became revolutionaries. • Estate’s restrictions. These restrictions prevented people to make legal career from bottoms of society. Disorganization of the power and social control means inability of the government to suppress a revolution, to eliminate the conditions displeasing of the population, to split masses into parts and to set them at each other by a principle «divide and dominate», to send an energy output of masses to other not revolutionary course by a principle «to open the valve that the copper didn't blow up». The atmosphere of prerevolutionary eras surprises by observer with powerlessness of the authorities and degeneration of ruling privileged classes always. The history "suffers" the cruel and injurious governments, that time while they are able to operate by country, but history pronounces a severe verdict to the powerless and parasitic governments. When there is a revolutionary explosion, that the ruthless revolutionary sweeper puts out absolutely all social garbage – degenerates from elite. At the same time "upstarts" from bottoms rush up on a social ladder sharply through a huge crack in a social sieve of selection. Such sieve exists on each floor of a social ladder. But the new elite erects at the second stage of revolution new "sieve" under which protection the upstarts who have reached tops, merge with the remains of not gone wrong aristocracy which new elite leave for transfer of experience of management people. New Bolshevist "sieve" passed upward only those who «from the machine tool» or «from a plough» and New Bolshevist "sieve" rejected down all the others. It is possible to draw a conclusion that revolution is favorable to bandits and usurpers of the power, and revolution isn't favorable to all other social groups. A merit of president Yeltsin was not only that Yeltsin carried out reforms necessary for the country, but also that Yeltsin crushed two attempts of communists to seize power with help of army and KGB mutiny in 1991 and with help of the organization of mass riots and the armed capture of the power in 1993. It is possible to explain success of Bolsheviks in 1917 also to that there was a difficult process of change of elite in Russia, as well as in other advanced countries. The power passed from hands of noblemen to hands of businessmen gradually, and the power was intercepted at this turning point suddenly by rascals, like racketeer Stalin and Lenin who lived many years in Paris on the stolen money and money of German investigation. The reasons generating the second stage of revolution are strengthening of hunger, crime, requisitions, epidemics, primitive chaos «wars of all against all» are. People stat before a dilemma: or to be lost, continuing revolutionary uproar, or to put things in order at any cost. Examples «creators of an order is Caesar, Octavian Augustus, Cromwell, Napoleon, Robespierre, Lenin and Putin who were able to put things in order «an iron fist» after the period of revolution or reforms. There is a mad energy output at the first stage, but the person is not the perpetual motion machine therefore mass apathy and weariness comes sooner or later. Society which isn't capable to develop by peace reforms is compelled to pay for revolution a tribute at a rate of a considerable part of the population. It is possible to draw a conclusion that peace reform is much better, than a social revolution. How many and forms of government existed in the history of mankind? What forms of government existed in the history of mankind? To answer this controversial question, it is necessary to choose correctly criteria which distinguish one form of government from another. Aristotle called six forms of government: • Tyranny. • Oligarchy. • Ochlocracy. • Kingdom. • Aristocracy. • Democracy. There are only two forms of government in classification of Machiavelli: • Republic. • Monarchy. In my opinion, it is possible to make classification of five forms of government: • A TYRANNY or a KINGDOM are constructed on such type of the conflict, as the armed capture of the power and civil war. • An ARISTOCRACY or A OLIGARCHY are constructed on elections in privileged meeting. • A DIRECT DEMOCRACY is constructed on elections in people's assembly. • A HEREDITARY MONARCHY is constructed on transfer of a throne by inheritance almost without fight, it is constructed on palace revolutions. • A REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY is constructed on national multi-party elections. The representative democracy is the best from five forms of government. But building of representative democracy is the most complex problem. Society rolls down to the archaic forms of government – tyrannies or oligarchies in case of failure of similar building of representative democracy, as it had happened in 1917 in Russia under Bolsheviks. The ochlocracy and tyranny are worst of five forms government, and an ochlocracy are worse than tyranny even. The tyranny was invented in the countries of the Ancient East, the aristocracy was invented by Lycurgus in Sparta, direct democracy was invented in Athens, hereditary monarchy was invented in the form of custom about throne transfer to the eldest son or the big brother was invented in the Moscow principality, representative democracy was invented in England and the USA. Direct democracy was invented in primitive society, oligarchy and tyranny was invented in a slaveholding society, hereditary monarchy was invented at feudalism, representative democracy was invented under capitalism. Russia is a unique country where the power tried to enter all five forms of government in turn during 20 century. hereditary monarchy was before 1905 under emperor Nicolay 2 in Russia. Russians tried to construct representative democracy from 1905 to February 1917, Russian parliament, a multi-party system was for this purpose created, political freedoms and free elections are guaranteed, but the constitution wasn't adopted, and the right of appointment of members of the government remained in hands of the emperor, instead of parliament. The diarchy of Provisional government and the Soviet power was established from March to November 1917. an election in the Constituent assembly was held, this Constituent assembly should choose the form of government. Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917, and Lenin had constructed oligarchy where «the Lenin guard» became an privileged layer instead of the nobility, opponents of Bolshevist oligarchy were destroyed physically during Civil war and with help of KGB terror. Bolsheviks had destroyed an ochlocracy of father Makhno in Ukraine. Stalin had constructed tyranny in the thirties 0f 20 century, thus there was again a change of elite – replacement of «Lenin guard» on the nomenclature at power top. Khrushchev had restored oligarchy, having eliminated Beria, as new applicant in tyrants. Gorbachev's merit consists that it loosened oligarchy to the basis. Yeltsin destroyed oligarchy and established representative democracy. Putin destroyed an ochlocracy and the center of civil war in Chechnya, and then Putin put things in order after Yeltsin's reforms. The USA and Britain as leaders of world development in the 20th century, pursued policy of overthrow of the tyrannical and oligarchical governments and building of representative democracy worldwide. Overthrow of tyranny of Saddam Hussein in Iraq is the last example of such progressive policy.

WHAT FORM OF GOVERNMENT IS THE BEST? Problem of classification of the forms of government. How manyand what forms of government did exist in the history of mankind? To answer this controversial question, it isnecessary to choose correctly criteria which distinguish one form of governmentfrom another. The comparative analysis of the forms of government is acondition for their successful classification. The form of government is a typeof the device of the Supreme power in the country. There were some attempts to make similarclassification in history of philosophy. Aristotle's classification. Thisclassification is stated in Aristotle's book of "Policy". Thisclassification is borrowed by Aristotle Platoentirely, but Aristotle managed to state this classification in more systematic form. Aristotlecalled six forms of government (a kingdom, tyranny, the aristocracy, oligarchy,an okhlocracy, democracy) which are allocated according to two criteria: • Number of ruling persons (one, minority, majority). • Assessment of the forms of government (bad orgood). The kingdom is a good form of government when one goodperson governs. Examples of outstanding tsars: Kodr, Cyrus, Alexander theGreat, Napoleon. The tyrannyis a bad form of government when one bad person governs. In my opinion, Stalinand Hitler serve as examples of tyrants. Tyrant Periandr considered that it isnecessary to tear off ears rising over others – to execute all outstandingpeople. The well-known words possessesby Aristotle: "It is better to kill the tyrant than to kill thief".These words became the slogan of all killers by tyrants like Sofia Perovskaja and members of group«People will» in Russia who killed Russian tsar Alexander 2 though Alexander 2was a reformer, instead of the tyrant. The aristocracy is a good form of government when goodexclusive minority rules. The oligarchy is a bad form of government when bad exclusive minority rules. Democracy is a good form of government when the good majority of the population rules. Okhlocracy is a bad form of government when the bad majority of the population (criminalcrowd) rules when the simple people become similar to the despot. Demagoguesare able to flatter for crowd and to turn the mercenary offers into laws.Demagogues erect charges againstofficials often, and the people acceptthis charges willingly so value of all officials comes to naught. And anarchycomes at inaction of officials. Conclusion: According to Aristotle, the aristocracy isthe best form of government. In my opinion, this conclusion was absolutelycorrect only for an antiquity when representative democracy wasn't inventedyet. There was a regress in 20 centuryin a number of the countries to the ancient forms of government – to oligarchyor tyranny – in the form of a fascist regime, the Soviet power, thefundamentalist and Islamic state. The main lack of classification of Aristotleconsists that this classification is a little obsolete since the new forms of government were inventedafter Aristotle. Classificationof Machiavelli. There are onlytwo forms of government in classification of Machiavelli: • REPUBLIC • MONARCHY My point of view concerning classification of theforms of government. In myopinion, it is possible to make classification of five forms of government: • TYRANNY or KINGDOM. • ARISTOCRACY or OLIGARCHY. • DIRECT DEMOCRACY or OKHLOCRACY. • HEREDITARY MONARCHY. • REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY. This classification is made on the basis of fourcriteria: • quantity of governors or voters, • kinds of ways of conflict for power, • kinds of fighting groups and a place or the arena oftheir fight, • kinds of defects or shortcomings of each form ofgovernment. Mostimportant is the second criterion from these four criteria since kinds of thesocial conflict and kinds of social control are the main basis for constructionof social structures. The quantity ofgovernors is equal to one tyrant or the tsar under tyranny or a kingdom.The quantity of governors is equal to privileged minority under thearistocracy or oligarchy. The quantityof governors is equal to the majorityof citizens under direct democracy or an okhlocracy. The quantity of governors is equal to dynasticfamily under hereditary monarchy. All citizens have a right to elect and be theelectee in the conditions of representative democracy. Ways of conflict forpower are the armed capture of the power or civil war for a throne undertyranny and a kingdom. Way ofconflict for power is elections in privileged meeting under the aristocracy andoligarchy. Way of conflict for power iselections in people's assembly under direct democracy okhlocracy. Way ofconflict for power is throne transfer by inheritance without fight or palace coupswith help of quads at hereditary monarchy. Way of conflict for power is national elections in the conditions ofrepresentative democracy. Kinds offighting groups are groups of rebels inarmies or bureaucratic cliques under tyranny and a kingdom. Kinds of fighting groups are fractions in the senate, the Politburo or Central Committee of CPSU under the aristocracy and oligarchy. Kindsof fighting groups are crowds led bydemagogues under direct democracy or an okhlocracy. Kinds of fighting groupsare groups of guardsmen led by representatives of a ruling dynasty or impostorsunder hereditary monarchy. Kinds of fighting groups are parliamentary parties or fractions inparliament in the conditions of representative democracy. Kinds of defects are an arbitrariness andabuses of tyrants and harm from civil wars for a kingdom or tyranny. Kinds of defects are adegeneration of oligarchy and revolt of the majority deprived of civil rightsfor the aristocracy or oligarchy. Kinds of defects are abuses of demagogues andimpossibility to construct this form of government in the big territory fordirect democracy or an okhlocracy. Kinds of defects are a degeneration of aruling dynasty and absence of election of governors for hereditary monarchy.Representative democracy has no defects, but representative democracy has smallshortcomings – too many governors and deputies and they make the decision too long. Conclusion: Representative democracy is the best fromfive forms of government. But creation of representative democracy is the mostcomplex problem. To overcome these small shortcomings, Parliament give to the President emergency powers for limited term in case ofemergence conditions –in case of wars, natural disaster or mass riots. Societyrolls down to the archaic forms of government – tyrannies or oligarchies incase of failure of similar construction of representative democracy, as ithappened in 1917 in Russia under Bolsheviks. Worst of five forms of governmentare the okhlocracy and tyranny, and an okhlocracy is worse than tyranny even.An example of okhlocracy are meetings ofcriminals or crowd of villains which are ready to smash and kill always. Thetyranny was invented in the countries of the Ancient East. Aristocracy was inventedby Lycurgus in Sparta. Direct democracy was invented in Athens. Hereditarymonarchy was invented in the Moscow Principality in the form of custom about asuccession, about throne transfer to the eldest son or the big brother.Representative democracy was invented in England and the USA. What forms of government did exist in Russia in the20th century? Russia is a unique country where of the power tried toenter all five forms of government in turn during 20 century. Hereditarymonarchy was under Russian emperor Nicolay 2 in Russia before 1905. Russian tried to construct representativedemocracy from 1905 to February 1917,Russian parliament and a multi-party system was created for this purpose,political freedoms and free elections are guaranteed, but the constitutionwasn't adopted, and the right of appointment of members of the governmentremained in hands of the emperor, instead of parliament. The diarchy of Provisional government and theSoviet power was established from March to November 1917. an election in theConstituent assembly was held. This Constituent assembly should choose the formof government. But Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917, Bolsheviks disperseby Constituent assembly, Conclusion: Representative democracy is the best fromfive forms of government. But creation of representative democracy is the mostcomplex problem. To overcome these small shortcomings, Parliament give to the President emergency powers for limited term in case ofemergence conditions –in case of wars, natural disaster or mass riots. Societyrolls down to the archaic forms of government – tyrannies or oligarchies incase of failure of similar construction of representative democracy, as ithappened in 1917 in Russia under Bolsheviks. Worst of five forms of governmentare the okhlocracy and tyranny, and an okhlocracy is worse then tyranny even.An example of an okhlocracy are meetings of criminals or crowd of villainswhich are ready to smash and kill always. The tyranny was invented in the countriesof the Ancient East. Aristocracy was invented by Lycurgus in Sparta. Direct democracy was invented in Athens. Hereditary monarchy was invented in the Moscow Principality in the form of custom about a succession,about throne transfer to the eldest son or the big brother. Representativedemocracy was invented in England andthe USA.

I have formulated the theory on the basis of Carl Jung's theory about personality types. There are four types of personality of people: technician, psychologist, speaker and theorist. These types differ from each other that personality types have different developed functions of a brain. Technician has technical abilities, psychologist has developed intuition, speakerhas developed oral speech, theorist has developed abstract thinking. The share of speakers makes 46 %, technicians – 32 %, psychologists – 20 %, theorists – 2 % in the Ural population.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">Such politicians as Yeltsin, Bill Clinton, Churchill, de Gaulle, Sarkozy, Ronald Reagan, Romney, Gorbachev, Zhirinovsky, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Lenin, Khrushchev, Margaret Thatcher, Cromwell, Mussolini were speakers. For example, Lenin had the following tendencies of the speaker: correspondence education, oratorical talent, success in the armed October revolution, tendency to plagiarism in philosophy. Khrushchev had the following tendencies of the speaker: the lowest education level, oratorical talent, ability to organize the armed revolution and Beria's arrest, crudity of reforms and adventurism in foreign and domestic policy. Yeltsin had the following tendencies of the speaker: tendency to alcoholism and adventurism, oratorical talent, ability to win in general presidential election, ability to suppress the armed putsches in 1991 and 1993 by means of military force or by means of the organization of armed resistance of simple citizens at the White house, aspiration to carry out reform not on the basis of own plans, but on the basis of recipes of the western advisers and councils of theorists of Sobchak and Gaidar.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">The speaker leans on group of adherents all life, for example, Lenin leaned on «Lenin guard» always. Many governors-speakers are excellent commanders, as Julius Caesar, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon 1 Bonaparte. Alexander the Great rushed on the enemy in fights the first. Speakers perish not in fights but in summary secret plots and political murders often, for example, speakers Philippe Makedonsky, Julius Caesar and, probably, Alexander the Great were lost from hands of conspirators. Gorbachev and Khrushchev lost the power as a result of secret plot of the former colleagues. Speaker Khrushchev lost in secret fight from psychologist Brezhnev.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">Speakers are all leaders of country revolts – S. Razin, E.Pugachyov, I.Bolotnikov, K.Bulavin.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); "><br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">Such politicians as Marx, Brezhnev, Bin Laden, the U.S. President Barack Obama, François Olland are psychologists. Psychologists - tyrants were Neron, Kaligula, Ivan the Terrible, Stalin and Hitler. Signs of the psychologist are the hobby for religion, poetry and social utopias, existence of the long periods of unemployment during life, poverty and humiliating tendency for men to live at the expense of friends or women, a large number of wives and mistresses, skill in fight behind scenes.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">For example, Stalin had the following tendencies of the psychologist: incomplete spiritual education, hobby for writing of verses in youth, skill in intrigues and fight behind scenes, lack of a profession in the youth, two wives and a large number of the mistresses, total absence of talent of a military leader. Hitler had the following tendencies of the psychologist: dream of a profession of the artist and position of the homeless tramp in youth, refusal to become the official contrary to a father's advice because of hostility to routine work, literary talent, mysticism, hobby for vegetarianism and east cults, love to an astrology, a favourite role of the prophet during a public statement, high extent of possession of methods of fight behind scenes, absence of talent of a military leader, low success on elections (nazis received 43,9 % of voices on elections of 1933 only). Tsar Ivan the Terrible had the following tendencies of the psychologist: literary talent, faith in Got before fanaticism, skill in the intrigues, six lawful wives and a large number of mistresses. Marx had the following tendencies of the psychologist: position of the unemployed during almost all life, hobby for poetry in youth, fanatical obsession utopian ideas and unrealizable dream to become the marshal at the head of revolutionary armies of the proletariat, poverty and readiness to live on money of the friend – speaker Engels, existence of a large family, too large volume of compositions.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">Situation becomes absolutely intolerable in the country and at court of the governor in that case when the tyrant-psychologist has mental deviations from norm. Many tyrants had strangenesses in behavior, for example, people began to notice strangenesses in behavior of the Roman emperor Kaligula after the disease suffered by him, Kaligula began to consider himself by Got. The Roman emperor Neron considered itself as the great poet and the singer, hearings went about Neron what Rome was set on fire on Neron's order that Neron could be inspired by a fire picture for poem writing about death of Troy. Some researchers tried to explain senseless executions as paranoia symptoms at tsar Ivan 4 the Terrible and Joseph Stalin. World famous psychiatrist Bekhterev was called to the Kremlin in 1927 for treatment of the Soviet dictator Stalin about which said that Stalin tests the depression periods. Bekhterev diagnosed that Stalin suffers a heavy form of paranoia. After that Bekhterev died suspiciously quickly – in the same evening. Opening was not made for clarification of a cause of death by Bekhterev, a body by Bekhterev was cremated. There is an opinion that Bekhterev was poisoned by order of Stalin in revenge for the terrible diagnosis. Khrushchev disgraced a cult of personality of Stalin and Khrushchev called by Stalin «the madman on a throne».<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">There are many methods of fight behind scenes. Stalin used such methods of fight behind scenes, as "cleaning" of bureucratic apparatus and inspiration of conflicts between own supporters who were compelled to inform by tyrant Stalin at each other. Stalin achieved before solving fight at congress of Communist's party, that a majority of heads of an average link in the party's apparatus was on side Stalin. According to Stalin, it is necessary to achieve support from the majority of "officers"for a victory over "generals", Stalin's opponents underestimated this support from heads of an average link. Stalin's supporters, using the majority, simply didn't let Trotsky speak from a tribune at congress of party, Stalin's supporters muffled words byTrotsky by whistle and a cry. «The Leningrad business» is an example kindling of the conflicts between Stalin's deputies. Stalin fell ill and left to be treated on the resort, Zhdanov directed by Russia instead of Stalin some months. Zhdanov managed to put at the head of many regional party organizations during this time of Zhdanov's friends – Leningrad residents, Zhdanov prepared for power capture in case of Stalin's death in such a way but Zhdanov too hastened. When Stalin returned to Moscow, Beria informed by Stalin about Zhdanov's activity. As a result, Zhdanov died under strange circumstances, 2 thousand people were executed on the "Leningrad" business, many of which were ministers and the high-ranking officials. Psychologist Bin Laden had applied global terror in fight against the USA for the first time in history.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">Such politicians, as tsar Nikolay 1, tsar Nikolay 2, tsar Alexander 3, Minister of Foreign Affairs Molotov, U.S. Presidents George W. Bush and George H. W. Bush, Angela Merkel, president Putin, president Medvedev, British prince Charles, British queen Elisabeth 2 are technicians. All these technicians are born conservatives and creators of an order after the period of reforms or after revolution in policy. Technicians approach for a role of the official well , but technicians approach approach for a role of the politician badly. Technicians find oneself to policy casually - on a patronage from the executive device or inherit a throne. Technicians own all ways of political struggle badly – technicians aren't able to win in elections, technicians own receptions of fight behind scenes badly and technicians aren't able to arrange the armed revolutions. Technicians are born performers, technicians have low leader abilities and technicians prefer not to risk. Technicians don't have enough such qualities of character, as cunning and insidiousness for successful conducting fight behind scenes. Technicians don't have enough oratorical abilities and ability to be pleasant to public for a victory on elections. Technicians prefer to speak from a tribune on a piece of paper and technicians aren't able to speak from a tribune in free style. Speeches by technicians is boring, too long and deprived of emotions as it is possible to influence to subconsciousness of the person in crowd by means of expression of emotions only. Speeches by technicians aren't pleasant to crowd on meeting. Signs of the technician in policy are a profession of the official in antecedents, conservatism and aspiration to put things in order in the country, gray appearance, a manner of a public speach in the form of performance on a piece of paper. For example, Tsar Nikolay 2 had the following tendencies of the technician: conservatism of political views and aspiration to keep an absolute monarchy by all means, speaker Vitte had written manifesto on October 1905 for Nikolay 2, Nikolay 2 signed by Manifesto, but Nikolay 2 couldn't finish democratic reforms. J. Bush Jr. won the first presidential election with great difficulty, it was necessary to recalculate votes several times even.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">Psychologist Bin Laden had applied global terror in fight against the USA for the first time in history.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">Such politicians, as tsar Nikolay 1, tsar Nikolay 2, tsar Alexander 3, Minister of Foreign Affairs Molotov, U.S. Presidents of J. Bush Jr. and J. Bush Sr., Angela Merkel, president Putin, president Medvedev, British prince Charles, Dritish queen Elisabeth 2 are technicians. All these technicians are born conservatives and creators of an order after the period of reforms or after revolution in policy. Technicians approach for a role of the official well , but technicians approach approach for a role of the politician badly.Technicians find oneself to policy casually - on a patronage from the executive device or inherit a throne. Technicians own all ways of political struggle badly – technicians aren't able to win in elections, technicians own receptions of fight behind scenes badly and technicians aren't able to arrange the armed revolutions. Technicians are born performers, technicians have low leader abilities and technicians prefer not to risk. Technicians don't have enough such qualities of character, as cunning and insidiousness for successful conducting fight behind scenes. Technicians don't have enough oratorical abilities and ability to be pleasant to public for a victory on elections. Technicians prefer to speak from a tribune on a piece of paper and technicians aren't able to speak from a tribune in free style. Speeches by technicians is boring, too long and deprived of emotions as it is possible to influence to subconsciousness of the person in crowd by means of expression of emotions only. Speeches by technicians aren't pleasant to crowd on meeting. Signs of the technician in policy are a profession of the official in antecedents, conservatism and aspiration to put things in order in the country, gray appearance, a manner of a public speach in the form of performance on a piece of paper. For example, Tsar Nikolay 2 had the following tendencies of the technician: conservatism of political views and aspiration to keep an absolute monarchy by all means, speaker Vitte had written manifesto on October 1905 for Nikolay 2, Nikolay 2 signed by Manifesto, but Nikolay 2 couldn't finish democratic reforms. J. Bush Jr. won the first presidential election with great difficulty, it was necessary to recalculate votes several times even. <br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">J. Bush Jr became puzzled a little during the first moment during attack of the international terrorists to America, but then J. Bush Jr started to put things in order and to struggle with terrorists in Afghanistan and Iraq successfully. <br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">Such politicians as sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, Valeria Novodvorskaya, Sobchak, Anatoly Gaidar and Sakharov were theorists. The most successful role of the theorist in policy is a role of the adviser at the governor-reformer. the speaker is reformer usually. This speaker carries out reforms according to councils of the theorist. Sorokin was the personal secretary of prime-minister Kerensky in Russia in 1917. Sobchak, Sakharov and Anatoly Gaidar were Yeltsin's advisers. Attempt of the theorist to play an independent role in policy leads to failure without a support on the speaker always.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">Signs of the theorist in policy are the profession of the university teacher and a scientific degree, panic fear before a public speech, originality and a categoriality conclusions, some strangeness and appearance, promotion of offers on political reforms. All theorists were supporters of democratic reforms. For example, Sobchak was the professor of the right and Sobchak had a scientific degree. Gaidar was the professor of economy, as the prime-minister Gaidar entered the market in Russia, Gaidar was afraid of a public speech in panic and Gaidar was not able to be pleasant to crowd. Novodvorsky has the strangest appearance ,Novodvorsky does the most original and categorical conclusions. Sakharov became thecreator of a hydrogen bomb and Sakharov had a rank of the academician, Sakharov was afraid in panic to speak before public, the public prevented to speak by Sakharov at congress of the Supreme Council by means of a false applause.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">Sociologist Pitirim Sorokin named eight lifts of vertical mobility on which people move up or down on steps of a social pyramid in the course of the personal career:<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">• army,<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">• church,<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">• school and science,<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">politics,<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">• art,<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">• press, television, radio,<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">• business,<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">• successful marriage.<br style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(230, 235, 236); ">the speaker is the first grade on degree of success in policy, the the psychologist is second grade on degree of success in policy, the technician is the third grade on degree of success in policy, the theorist is the fourth grade on degree of success in policy. Speakers are able to win in such types of a political conflict, as elections, revolt and civil war. Speakers are able to operate political party and speakers are able to order the armed group. The psychologist possesses the highest level of skill under the organization of plots, political murders, acts of terrorism, fight of bureaucratic cliques behind scenes. The role of the tyrant is intended for the psychologist. The technician is capable to inherit the power only or on a patronage. The role of the official is intended for the technician. The role of the adviser of the governor is intended for the theorist. Speakers are "lions" in policy, psychologists are "foxes", technicians – conservatives, theorists – reformers. The profession of the politician most is suitable today for speakers since speakers are able to win in elections and speakers are the best orators. Elections are the only lawful way of fight for the political power today. Application of the armed capture of the power, terror and political murders is today under a legislative prohibition.

CynicalMachiavelli's fight of school cliques. (recommendationregarding the maintenance of discipline on the lesson). This conflict of bureaucratic cliquesgoes in any organization ‐ in the church, in the army, in the school, in thepolice, in the industrial corporation. It is necessary to consider features ofthis conflict on a school example. The small group of companions, tightlyunited for achieving of improper goals, is called by clique. My method issynthesis of a soсiometry by Jacob Moreno and my theory of personality types. Though some authors accused by Machiavelli ofcynicism, but the theory of Machiavelli is an example for imitation for me inthis matter. Machiavelli wrote about fight without rules in policy, and I writeabout fight without rules in the conflict of school cliques. The purpose ofschool cliques is conflict for power in organization. Teachers and studentscreate similar cliques in the school. Cliques, which consist of thestudents use such means for achievementof power as the goal‐directed disruption of lesson and fight against theteacher. Successful disruption of a lesson means that the power of the leaderof school hooligans is more than power of the teacher. The cliques of teachersconduct between themselves rivalry for the key positions and for the quantityof lessons (for size of salary) in the school. Unification into the cliquesmakes possible for people more successfully make to own career in thebureaucratic organization within the framework of the process of verticalmobility. Lone person is not capable to enjoy success in the administrativecareer. According to my theory, it exists fourpersonality types of people: technician, psychologist, speaker and theorist. .....................SPEAKER PSYCHOLOGIST ┼ TECHNICIAN ...................THEORIST Thesetypes differ from each other that they have different developed functions of abrain. Technician has most developed ability to technician activity,psychologist has most developed intuition, speaker has most developed verbalspeech, theorist has most developed abstract-logical thinking. Technician andpsychologist are contrasts, and for this reason they are contrasts and enemieseach other. The speaker and the theorist are contrasts and enemies each othertoo. Share of speakers consists 46 %, technicians – 32 %, psychologists – 20 %,theorists – 2 % in the Ural population. Share of women among speakers andtechnicians consists of 50 %, share of women among psychologists – 80 %, shareof women among theorists – 20 % in the Ural population. If you want to definepersonality type of the given person, that it is necessary to begin with the answerto a question, is this person the speaker or not? The speaker is brightlyallocated from common mass of people always, therefore it is very easy todefine by speaker. The speaker possesses high development ofverbal speech (it is written on a forehead - "liar","chatterbox" and «laughing-man» as it is written on a forehead ofRussian singer Vladimir Vysotsky), Therefore speaker chats all the day as theradio receiver. Speaker is the leader in collective or he aspires to leadership.Style of speaker’s thinking is superficial. Speaker leans on numerous friendsin the conflict. Style of speaker’s clothes is fashionable. Speaker possesses"the pasted" friendly or impudent smile. If the given person isn'tthe speaker then he is most often that this person is technician orpsychologist since the share of theorists is little in any population. Butpsychologist and technician are contrasts and they differ from each otherstrongly. Psychologist possesses the spiritualizedexpression of face (it is written "poetess" and «whore» on a foreheadby psychologist). Psychologist’s face reminds a mirror where all emotions areread easily. Psychologist possesses pathos style of speech, psychologist has"southern" features more often (psychologists compose the majority ofpopulation among the southern nations). Psychologist has extravagant style ofclothes (for example, psychologist has the shortest miniskirt, piercing etc.).Psychologist has weakness of character and a position "from below" indialogue. Psychologist strives to have a support on the patron during theconflict. The technician possesses a cold passionlessexpression of face (it is written "sexual-frigid woman" on a foreheadby technician) and "northern" features. Technician possessesmonotonous style of speech. Technician has speak with a tribune with help of «apiece of paper». Technician’s style of thinking is sample and practical.Technician is inborn executor as the robot. Theorist possesses high degree ofdevelopment of intelligence (it is written "botanist" on a foreheadby theorist). Theorist is the strong single and theorist keeps single or inweak group of outsiders. Expression of his face is disseminated and unsociable.Theorist is afraid of a public statement in panic. Speakerhas the highest tendency toward the contact and toward the unification into thecliques. The theorist, who is the inborn lone person, has the lowest tendencytoward the contact and toward the unification into the cliques. Thereforespeakers have maximum success in the administrative career, and theorists haveminimum success in the administrative career. It dismisses by speakers formembership in oppositional clique and for the too great tendency to powersometimes. Psychologists prefer to betray their yesterday's friends and to passto the side of conqueror in the case of the defeat of own clique. Techniciansdo not manifest large tendency toward the power. Technicians does not assume activeparticipation in the fight of teaching cliques. Technicians try to carry out the orders of the existingleader accurately and technicians don’t to voice doubts in relation to leadingabilities of the existing leader publicly. Theorists behave similarly. Theruling teaching clique is formed around the director of school. The process ofrivalry between the cliques appears for the influence to the director of schoolsometimes. The riots of teachers are possible on pedagogical meeting againstthe new director sometimes. Collective complaints into the higher authoritiesare possible sometimes, when the leaders of the teaching cliques haveconsidered by new director of school asweak leader sometimes. It need time for new director of schoolthat to strengthen his power and to formthe ruling clique around itself. It is possible to pass to the dismissal of theleaders of oppositional cliques after the accomplishment of this first priorityobjective. The rivalry of teaching cliques reaches such incandescencesometimes, when the pedagogical association becomes similar to “the ball ofsnakes”. This position is aggravated because of a insignificant quantity or thecomplete absence of men in the composition of the pedagogical association,since women are more skillful by their nature under spreading of rumors and playing of scenes of the humiliation ofenemy, women are less capable of theimplicit obedience within the framework to bureaucratic hierarchy. This specialfeature of women can be explained by that fact that the portion of psychologistsamong the women somewhat higher than among the men. It is not possible toattain outstanding knowledge at schoolboys without good discipline. With otherside, the lack of initiative and the passiveness of schoolboys testifies about the absence ofinterest to the studied subject. Theabsence of interest leads to the bad knowledge also. Therefore teachermust aspire to “the golden mean” in thisquestion ‐ to support the optimum level “of noise” at the lesson. Teacher hasthe capability to obtain information about the level of interest to own lecturethrough the feedback with the listeners. The absence of interest to the lectureis manifested in the form the complete absence of remarks and counter questionsfrom the side of audience. In this case it should be suppressed all attempts by speakers-pupils to take away the thread ofconversation to the side from the studied theme, to organize empty chatterunder cover of questions to the teacher. These actions of speaker are one ofthe methods of the disruption of lesson. A good method of supervision of thework of pupils is observation of thefact, do pupils write summary or not? There are hostile to each other cliques inschool’s class very frequently. These cliques consist from pupils. Teacher canplay on the contradictions between the hostile cliques in school’s class, thatallows this teacher to avoid the general revolt in a class. The attempt of theteacher to punish of leader for cliquemeets with friendly resistance and protest of the members of this clique andthe approval of the members for hostile clique, since the punished leaderis their worst enemy too. The scope of resistancedepends from the dimensions of the punished clique and degree of its influencein the school’s class. If punished leader continues to go to the aggravation ofconflict against the teacher, then teacher must call by punished leader to the individual conversation after thelessons, where the punished leader is deprived of the support of its clique andpunished leader behaves much modest. The largest scope of conflicts expects by teacher duringthe first year of work in this school; therefore teachers as far as possible try not to change school too frequently.Second useful advice ‐ to begin the teaching of subject in the fifth class andto train by pupils to the subordination from the early age, when leader’squalities were not formed still completely at school class. Interesting lecture is the best method ofmaintaining discipline on the lesson, then the purposes by teacher and theinterests of the leaders of cliques coincide completely. Teacher have a certainpower for guiding the order on the lesson, and teacher have the right to punishviolators of discipline, but this right is limited strongly in practice in theRussian school today. Sometimes several cliques are capable to unite in theclass for organizing of general riot against the teacher. Inexperienced teacherattempts to give unsatisfactory marks to all pupils of class for the test inthis case. This method is completely ineffective. To give unsatisfactory markto all pupils ‐ this means that the teacher has punished no one. So that thepunishment would be most effective, pupils should be “sorted out” according tothe degree of their activity in the process of disrupting the lesson. Just speakers are the instigators of thedisruption of lesson always and it is necessary to punish by speakers first ofall and another personality types can be left at rest. Speakers ‐ these are thekey men in the class. If can teacher tosubordinate by speakers, then it ispossible to consider that teacher had succeeded in subordinating entire class.It is necessary to punish only organizers and executors of the disruption oflesson, and it is necessary to leave at rest by another pupils or even toreward for the nonparticipation in the riot. One of main purposes of theorganizers of riot ‐ this is the provocation by teacher to the conflict withentire class, in this case instigator of the disruption of lesson attempts to hide after the somebodyelse’s backs in order to avoidpunishment. Teacher should try to agree with speaker- instigator about the conditionsof peace after the punishment of the instigator of disorders. It is necessaryto ask by instigator about the fact thatit does not arrange in the style of your teaching, it is necessary to find acompromise in the relations with the leader-speaker. Teacher should alternatewhip and cake in the relations with the leaders, but it need begin to buildrelations with the leader with “thewhip” so that the subordinated speaker would value “cake” more greatly. Teachermust respect the nonformal leaders of class for their influence. Some speakersin the future can become “bosses oflife”, although other speakers can become by criminals and alcoholics. It was only the one who by nonformal leaderin the school; it was capable to become boss at the adult age. That rejected at the teenage period never will be ableto become boss or businessman at the adult age, even if this rejected mancan to obtain by 2 diplomas about highereducation. Teacher must avoid conflicts with leaders of class as far aspossible, but teacher should remember that the empty warnings frighten no onewithout the exponential sanctions. When teacher threatens very much, butteacher is afraid to use the punishments, then pupils do the conclusion that paralysis of will set inthis teacher. The best method of guidance of orders is to find guilty speakerand to punish by him approximately, themethod of exponential sanctions consists in that. It need recommend for speaker‐ leaders of class tothe selection of the profession of boss, politician or businessman in theprocess of professional orientation just, but scientific career is not intendedfor speaker‐ leaders of class . Leader of group has sanguine temperamentusually. Choleric person cannot to be leader because of excessive tendency tothe conflicts even in relations with friends. The excessive rigidity of thephlegmatic person prevents him to become by the leader of group. Excessive vulnerabilityand manifestation of weakness in theconflicts prevents by melancholicperson to become by leader of group.Just melancholic persons occur in theposition of those rejected and humiliated persons frequently in the children's collective and in the totalorganization (in the prison, army and so on). Teacher as far as possible mustsupport melancholic persons, but the possibilities of teacher are severely limited in this sense,since it is possible to conquer victory in conflicts and high status in the association only by ownforces and by the force of own character. Teacher expends most of all effortson the conflicts with the choleric persons, since choleric persons are the instigators of senseless conflictsbecause of high eccentricity by cholericpersons . Choleric person is impact force sometimes in the hands of nonformalleader, who set as a goal to disrupt the lesson. Choleric person-pupil checks the ability ofnew teacher to direct order. If new teacher could not punish by choleric person, then class doconclusion that the teacher does not know how to introduce order and it ispossible to disrupt lesson impunity.Situation from the conflict with one choleric person passes into the collectiveriot. That to avoid this, it need suppress the riot in the embryo, that is it is necessary to arrangeexponential sanctions at the very beginning conflict for the choleric person.By the way, choleric person endures the punishments and impacts of fate easily,choleric person falls by spirit never, since choleric person has strong nervoussystem. Choleric person occupies the isolated position in the class sometimesand choleric person attempts to earn authority on the conflict with theteacher, teacher must punish thischoleric person boldly, since no onepupil will support punished choleric person. Teachers are subdivided into fourtemperaments also. Sanguineperson-teacher manages the task of maintaining discipline on the lesson betterthan others. Sanguine person-teacher knows how to settle conflicts, and toconquer in the conflicts. Phlegmatic person-teacher tries to avoid conflicts asfar as possible, he is very steadfast in the conflicts, but he is capable “toexplode” sometimes, after which “victims” appear among the instigators of thedisruption of lesson, “victims” try notto lead this teacher to the extreme in the future on the basis of bitterexperience. Choleric person-teacher provokes itself by pupils to theuseless conflicts frequently, the choleric person-teacher can go to the extrememeasures in the process of conflict; therefore pupils relate to him with thecertain fraction of fear. Melancholicperson- teacher is very difficult towork in the school because of the inability to conquer in the conflicts andbecause of the superfluous vulnerability. Melancholic person- teacher is capable to spill many bitter tears and toarrive into the state of complete desperation after the disruption of lesson.Melancholic person- teacher begins to beapologized before the pupils even, it is inadmissible completely. Weak teachersdo not survive. in Russian school. Russian school is the zone of constant conflicts, it is not necessary to fear by conflicts, butit is necessary to know how to conquer in conflicts. In order to avoid nervousdisorder, in order to restore forces, itis necessary to know how to rest, it is necessary to know how to forget aboutthese conflicts during the leisure. That teacher, who does not know how this tomake, is doomed to the professional diseases. Conflicts are inevitable, and it is not necessary to suffer inthat reason. But it is necessary to avoid unnecessary and deliberately lostconflicts with own boss. It cannot be forgotten that people obtain authorityand status of leader as a result victories in the conflicts. It is not possibleto lead of the work for class from the position “from below”, it cannot beavoided or settled all conflicts, some conflictologists‐ utopians call to thaterroneously. Different personality types fulfill differentroles, different personality types occupy different statusesinside the small group. R. Bails and F. Slater explained not one, but twoleaders stand that in head of any group: “ideologicalinspirer” and “most respected” or,in other words, father and mother. Thefirst leader leads group, he selectpurpose and means for the group, he punishes rigidly and he excludes from the group. The second leadersupports pleasant microclimate inside the group, he organizes the process ofcontact, he recruits into the group of novices. According to myobservations, the speaker approaches tothe role “ideological inspirer” best of all , and psychologist approaches tothe role “most of that respected”. There are exceptions from this rule. I sawgroup of four choleric persons in myobservation. This group was terrible force under the disruption of lesson.There is a group of quiet girls almostin each class, which consists of some technicians, where technicians fulfill the role of father andmother. I observed the groups of girls,which consist of some psychologists, where psychologist fulfilled the role offather, but such exceptions from rule are very rare. Technician in the group isseries executor usually. Theorist does not know how to associate in the group;therefore he plays the role of the isolated “lonely wolf”, capable of givingthe rebuff to speakers or theorist enters into the small weak group ofoutsiders, which has excluded from other groups.

Your offers of a new kind of the conflict is a utopia.

The Judaism didn't become by world religion. The Judaism remained national religion only Jews. Bertrand Russell, apparently, specified to the reasons because of which a Judaism didn't become by world religion, such customs in a Judaism as cutting off man's genitals and will prohibition to eat pork, have prevented that Europeans have accepted this religion. Europeans including Russian, have accepted Christianity as there are no such harmful customs in Christianity. To put it briefly, Europeans had to choose between a Judaism and lard, and Europeans have chosen lard. Lard is and my favourite foodstuff. Struggle of Russia and the West against Islamic fundamentalism has shown that value of religion hasn't decreased in the modern global world. The religion has both advantage and harm. Harm of religion consists that the religion disturbs to science development, for example, today in Russia I should protect the theory of Darwin about an origin of the man from a monkey sometimes. The advantage of religion consists in upbringing of people, for example in strengthening of family, instruggle against abortions and divorces, in birth rate increase. These problems are especially actual for Russia and the Western Europe where extinction of indigenous population and immigration of the Islamic people begins, that is Islamization of Europe and Russia. For example, Moslems-Albanians have already expelled the indigenous Christian serb's population from Kosovo. Turks-Muslims assimilated, expelled or arranged genocide against Christians of Greeks and Armenians in Byzantium. And Spanish-Christians arranged to a rekonkist against Muslim-Arabs in Spain. These religious conflicts don't disappear and in the future.

Three world religions exist: • Buddhism, • Christianity, • Islam. Mechanism of religious control was built in each of the world religions. Religious control consist in that priest compels by believers to observe the religious norms of behavior under threat to send to paradise or hell. As it considered in the Middle Ages, keys from sky are in pocket of Rome's pontiff. I am atheist, I don't believe to paradise and hell and if I will destined to be in hell, I hope to meet the most clever and merry group of friends in hell. I consider that it is necessary to believe not in God but only in itself and in own forces, therefore i the religion is considered from the point of view of atheism and a science this article though I recognize benefit of religion and uselessness of attempts it to cancel. Five elements of mechanism of religious control: • Myth about requital beyond the grave, which had proved the existence of religious sanctions in the hands of priests. Religious sanctions in Christianity and Islam are a threat of eternal torments in helland eternal pleasure in paradise. The religious sanctions in Buddhism is apromise of benefits in process of resettlement of souls (myth about reincarnation) as Vladimir Vysotsky sings: "Hindus had invented the good religion if people would behave itself well to this life, that this people will be the Chief or Minister in the next life, if people would behave itself badly, that this people will be snake or baobab in nextlife". The myth about hell and paradise had be invented in Judaism in the Old Testament for the first time. There is a myth about the The Last Judgement over of living and died men after doomsday in Christianity and Islam, as result righteous men will find the eternal pleasure in paradise, and sinners together with the devil and his servants will be denounced to eternal torments in hell. Cycle of regenerations (sansara) is associated with suffering in Budhism. The best exit out this cycle of suffering is a path just life, which should lead of man to nonexistence, to immersing in the condition of Nirvana. Conclusion: the most effective myth about requital beyond the grave had be invented in Christianity and this myth had been borrowed from Christianity to Islam. · Monotheism. Monotheism is a myth about one God. Polytheism is myth about many Gods. It was difficult by priest under polytheism , for example in Ancient Rome, to compel the believers to observe the rules of behavior. Invention of monotheism had allowed by priestto order to believers to observe the norms of behavior from the person of a single God which has one code of norms and one will. Monotheism was invented for the first time in Judaism, where a single God by name Jahveh had created World and Man for seven days. Acts of this God and misadventures of the people of Israel was described in the Old Testament. New Testament arose in 1‐2centuries of New Era and it consists from four books (Gospels), where it is explained about the life of Jesus Christ (son of God), actions of Apostles (pupils) that Holy Spirit had gone to the Apostles a few days after the Ascension of Jesus Christ to the sky, Apostles learned to speak to different languages suddenly and Apostles went to teach Christianity in different countries. Thus, there were three Gods in Christianity historically -the father, son of God (Christ), the Holy Spirit. But it needed one God only. Therefore priests met twice to Ecumenical Councils and priests had decided to believe that God is one in three persons in three hypostases. Alexandria's Bishop Arius did not understand the social order and Arius continued insist to the traditional point of view that God‐father is the only God and Christ is not true God, but only an excellent creation of God‐father". Therefore the Arius has been declared as heretic in Nicaea's Council, Arius has been separated from of Church and he has been banished to exile. Such bitter fate expected and other priests who had deviated from line to building of mechanism of religious control. For example, Iconfighters fought against the introduction of icons in Byzantium in 7‐8 centuries of New Era, because Iconfighters did not understand the benefits of icons for strengthening of religious control. Iconfighters referred to the God's commandment "You Don't create myself idol!". Icon plays the role of visual aids for illiterate believers, where these believers see clearly the pictures of The Last Judgement, paradise and hell. The creator of Islam Muhammad has made conclusions of the problems of Christians with monotheism and with dogma about Trinity, therefore Muhammad proclaimed the strict monotheism: "Allah is the only God and Mohammed are just his Prophet", that is Muhammad is not God, but Muhammad is a usual man to whom God inspired their truths. Conclusion: principle of monotheism is led more strictly in Islam than in Christianity, this is the only advantage of Islam in comparison with Christianity. · The cult, as a system of ceremonials, symbolic things, musical instruments, which have a function of the intensifier of influence on believers in the hands of apriest. There are follow means to strengthen of influence on believers: icon, bell, organ's music at Catholics, majestic architecture, drums and copper plates at Buddhists, gilt appareling of priests, magnificent furniture inside the temple, cross on neck at Christians, numerous bows and etc. All pictures of humans and animals inside the temple are forbidden in Islam. Magnificent worship service in dacans (monasteries) is typicalness for Buddhism, where there are sculptures of Buddha and other gods of Lamaist pantheon. Conclusion: poor cult in Islam is disadvantage compared with Christianity and even Buddhism. · The clergy, as hierarchical pyramid of priests with severe discipline within this pyramid. This pyramid had arisen not at once. Traveling priests preached the religion in period of the formation of Christianity. They preached Christianity to own discretion. This led to constant disputes on religious questions. To overcome the strife, single hierarchical organization (the Christian Church) was created at Nicea's Council in 325, this Church consists of clergy (organization of priests) and laymen (Hierarchy within the Catholic Church: Pontiff of Rome, Bishop, Presbyter ,Deacon. It needs the blind subordination from the lower ranks to Supreme ranks. Excommunication from Church, pilgrimage to holy places, public repentance, scourging, wearing of shameful signs, imprisonment were applied as punishment in Church. Inquisition transfers heretics persisting in heresy to the hands of secular authorities for burning on fire. Any attempts to divide the Church, to change dogmas without decision of Ecumenical Council or Rome's Pontiff, to break a mechanism of religious control was stopped in the root with help of these cruel punishments. Similar hierarchical pyramids have been created in Islam and a Lamaism. · Control for observance of religiousnorms. Parish priests engaged to upbringing of believers directly, priestsleaned to the Bible in their sermons and priests interpreted Bible's content indifferent ways depending from the situation. Two methods are known of control over observance of religious norms: -The supervising for believers in side of a priest, the believer should recognized to priest in their sins at confession. -The supervising for the believers in side of the community. Conclusion: the second form of control is more effective. The Pope of Rome received huge income from all Catholic countries of Western Europe in the Middle Ages. Pope of Rome and Cardinals lived in luxury, they spent own time at feasts and hunting, such a way of life became a disgrace for the Catholic Church. Pope of Rome ordered to sell the indulgences throughout all Europe. Sale of indulgences has become the last drop which overflowed the bowl of patience of believers. Moreover, layer of people has appeared in Western Europe, this people could count own money, it was the layer of entrepreneurs. They have arranged a religious revolution (Reformation), as result of which the countries of Northern Europe have become Protestant and it have ceased to pay money to Pontiff of Rome. The first to Protestant prophets have become Luther in Germany and Calvin in Switzerland. German sociologist Max Weber has reflected the essence of this Protestant revolution in work "Protestant ethics and spirit of capitalism", which he had written in 1904‐1905. Weber considered that Protestant ethics and religion has generated to capitalism. Protestant religion has urged to work persistently, assistance and let them into circulation, that to get new money. Calvin invented the myth about predetermination, entity of which consists in follows. Protestants believed that only such men hit to paradise as men was elected by God in advance from birth. People do not know in advance own destiny, own predefinition– to hit to paradise or hell, but people may guess. For that man should engageto the business. If man has grown rich as result of enterprise activity, that means that he has elected by God and God helps in business him already under Earth's life. Here is a precepts from the Code of Builder of capitalism, which Calvin cited in their speeches: • Time is money. • Money bears the new money. • If men produced the fat from livestock, that entrepreneurs produced the money from men. • If man pays debts in time, that purse of other men is opened for this man. • Knock of your hammer inspires the calmness for your creditors. Calvin has restructured a little, but Calvin has not destroyed the mechanism of religious control. Heleft in inviolability the myth about requital beyond the grave and monotheism, but Calvin changed strongly the cult. Calvin has canceled the using of icons, crucifixes, crosses, frescos, expensive clothes of priests etc, with aim to make the Church by "cheap", Protestants (Huguenots) rushed to Catholic temples and cut by icons with help of axes during a religious war with Catholics in France. Calvin has destroyed the hierarchical pyramid within clergy. Calvin has reduced number of priests cardinally, it has allowed to cut down expenses on their maintenance strongly. Monasteries have been closed, since Calvin considered monks as the parasites, doomed to get in a hell. Priests have been ceased to appoint from above, community has begun to choose of priests from its environment. Bible has been translated with not clear for many men Latin language into national languages (German, English, French and so on). Because the simple believers has received the opportunity to read the Bible every day themselves and engaged toself‐education. Only priest had the right to save the believers from sine earlier, believers were able to save themselves now. Calvin had canceled the confession. Calvin had forbidden even expensive clothing and entertainments in Geneva even that it didn't prevent by Protestants to engage in their main affairs – to pray and to work. Conclusion:the Protestant religion is the most advanced and useful in an era of capitalism. The benefit ofreligion is that religion helps to establish the social peace and to satisfy human need in consolation of feelings of grief, trouble, loneliness and especially fear before death. Elite saw in Christianity as "the bridle" for plebeians. Russian communists tried to destroy religion and Church as the latest counter‐revolutionary party, but communists were unable to destroy religion, because to cancel the fear before death is not possible in principle. This campaign of communists against religion has ended with a failure since the mechanism of religious control is a great social invention, Such inventions never disappear in the history but only collect. I ask that readers write аnswers to my article clearly and simply so I am Russian and I speak English bad.

It is a lot of charlatans-conflictologists today which promise to settle all conflicts insociety for fee. But is it possible and necessary on principle? 1. Debatable questions of conflictology. In such science as conflictology, there are several unresolved problems: · Of than does consist the essence of the interrelation between the concepts social conflict and social control? · Do conflicts have a benefit? · In than do the reasons and the purpose of conflict consists? · Whatis criterion for the classification of conflicts? · WhetherIs it necessary or is it possible to settle all conflicts on the basis of thevoluntary agreement of conflicting parties? · In what does consist the basis for agreeing the conflicting party's during the settlement of conflict? 2.Definitions. Social conflict - this is the form of social interaction, with which the participants attempt to gain the victory above their enemies with the help of different means with the aim of the physical destruction of enemy, his transformation into the object of control or conquering of the somebody else's sphere of influence and somebody else's resources. Social control - this is the form of social interaction, with which thecontroller constrains the object of control to the fulfillment of standardswith the aid of the threat of the application of positive or negativesanctions, with the aid of the introduction of stereotypes. Thus, there are two statuses (controller and objects of control) in relations of social control. Sanction is reward or punishment, thus, sanctions are positive or negative. Norma is the rule of behavior. Stereotype is the model for the imitation, which is takes root in the consciousness of the people through the media and culture. There is no description of the logical principle of the interrelation between the conceptions of "social conflict" and "social control" in the sociological literature. The essence of this interrelation consists of the following: · From one side, the conqueror in the conflict becomes controller before the following flash of conflict, lost in conflict man becomes to the object of control, and lost in conflict man is forced to perish or to yield the sphere of influence to conqueror. · From other side, the controller is forced to support the optimum level of the strictness of the sanctions of social control, because too severe or too soft level of severity of social control causes the new flash of conflict because in this case the object of control begins to doubt in the ability of controller to fulfill its functions. In the case of too severe level of severity of social control the object of control goes to the conflict with the controller because of a feeling of desperation and decides to risk by its life, by achievements in the career or by wages with aim of the release from too severe a control. In the case of too soft a control the object of control obtains hope for the victory over the controller, because object of control begins to consider by controller too weak and incapable to use punishments. For example, the pupils arrange the disruption of lesson in the case of the too tyrannical or too tolerant style of the guidance of order on the lesson from the side of teacher. 3.About the benefit of conflicts. The positive functions of conflict is that the conflict is the reason for change and development of social system and the natural selection of aspirants to controllers; therefore the complete eradication of conflict is utopia, conflict is the necessary element of social structure. 4. The purpose and the reason of social conflict. The purpose of conflict is the conquest of resources, status of controller or sphere of influence. The reason for conflict is the human needs for wealth, prestige and authority due to other people. The consequence of these conflicts is the inevitable and natural inequality between the people in the society. The status of controller, the be conquered sphere of influence, the wealth, the prestige and the authority are prizes to winner in the conflict. 5. Criterions for the classification of the kinds of social conflict and social control. Criteria of kinds for social conflict is the type of combat means with conducting of conflict. Criterion of kinds of social control is the form of sanctions and stereotypes. In five types of control adapt five corresponding types of the sanctions: · Moral sanctions - praise or swearing. · Armed sanctions (body's punishments). · Administrative sanctions - either increase or reduction on the service, either assignment of work or release. · Religious sanctions - threat of eternal flour in hell or eternal bliss in to paradise, the promise of advantages or penalties in the process of reincarnation (in the process regeneration soul). · Economic sanctions - reward or penalty. Aesthetical and ideological kinds of control are built on the mechanism of the introduction of stereotypes. 6.Classification of the forms of social conflict and social control. There are eight kinds of social conflict and eight analogous kinds of the social control: 1.Psichological conflict. 1. Psychological control. 2. Moral conflict. 2. Moral control. 3. Armed conflict. 3. Armed control. 4. Administrative conflict. 4. Administrative control. 5. Religious 1conflict. 5. Religious control. 6. Economic conflict. 6. Economic control. 7. Aesthetical conflict. 7. Aesthetical control. 8. Ideological conflict. 8. Ideological control Kinds of social conflict and social control were invented not simultaneously, but on the turn in the process of the history of human society. The translation of norms and the threat of sanctions in the process of psychological control and conflict is achieved not with help of the words, but in the language of gestures frequently. It is possible to give the following examples of each form of the conflict: 1). Examples of the psychological conflict: · the mutual intimidation in the language of gestures, · explanation in the process of the flirtation of that fact, who is leader in the amorous relations, · the competition of demagogues for the influence on the crowd. 2). Example of the moral conflict: · the quarrel between the people in the process of fight for status of leader in the small group. 3). Examples of the armed conflict: · hunting on wild animals, · war between the countries, · Civil War, · war between the criminal groups and against police, · the armed seizure of power, · political murder, · extremist terror, ·duel, ·sport competitions. 4). Examples of the administrative conflict: · political elections, · the conflict of bureaucratic cliques, clique- is group or the gang of adherents, which strive with help of different base methods to dismiss from the work of the members of other cliques and to move the members of own clique upward on the administrative official stairs, · the strike of workers. There are three forms of the political elections: · straight elections at the people meeting, · elections in the privileged meeting, · nation-wide election for the political leaders (deputies, governors or the President). Election system in the people meeting was brought to the perfection in Ancient Greek Athens, election system in the privileged senate was brought to the perfection in Ancient Greek Sparta and in ancient Rome, and the system of national elections was brought to the perfection in England and the USA. 5). An example of religious conflict is religious competition between the church and sectarian organizations for the sphere of influence on the believers within the framework of the observance of the freedom of conscience, invented in the USA. 6). An example of economic conflict is the market competition, under conditions of which that manufacturer survives, who can produce and sell goods on the smallest price and with the best quality. Market relations were invented by Phoenicians and ancient Greeks in Athens. They had invented sea trade and seagoing ships, handicraft production of goods to sale and particular ownership of the means of production, but as the work force they used slaves. Gold money invented in Lydia. The market was abolished in the Middle Ages in Western Europe, and are restored subsistence economy. Market relations were restored in Western Europe in the New Time on the new basis - in addition to the old signs of market were invented oceanic trade and ocean-going ships (caravels), hired work force and machine production. Oceanic trade Caravels invented in Portugal and Spain. 7). An example of aesthetical conflict is the competition between creators of art, aesthetical conflict was invented in ancient Athens. 8). An example of ideological conflict is dispute or discussion between the scientists, between the politicians or between the media. Formal logic (science about the laws of correct thinking) and rhetoric (science about the eloquence) were invented in ancient Greece. It is possible to give the following examples for each kind of social control: 1). Examples of the psychological controllers: · hypnotizer, · demagogue, who knows how to influence to crowd, · "fateful" lower or mistress. 2). An example of moral control is the control of leader in the small group with help of such sanctions as praise or swearing under the conditions of the moral support by leader from the side of the majority of the members of this group. 3). Example of the armed control is control in a farm against domestic animals, control in criminal group, control in any total organization (barracks, hospital for irresponsible, prison, slaveholding economy, concentration camp for prisoners) with help of such sanctions, as body's punishments. 4). Examples of the administrative control: · control inside the vassal- feudatory system, any bureaucratic organization (tax service, army, church, the police, government's sector in the economy, socialist command-administrative system, the ministerial system of executive power) with help of such sanctions as dismissal or employment, increase or the reduction on the service. Administrative control was invented together with the invention of bureaucracy in ancient Egypt and states of Mesopotamia. 5). An example of religious control is the control "of the prophet" in the charismatic sect and of the priest above the believers with help of such sanctions as the threats of eternal flour in hell or the promise of eternal bliss in to paradise, promise of advantages in the process of reincarnation. Religious control was invented in such world religions as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism only. The mechanism of religious control was invented in the period of the sunset of Roman empire. 6). Examples of the economic control: · control in particular enterprise, · the control of international banks under poor countries, · the government control of market. · The system of the government control of the home market uses such economic levers as privileges on the credits, the taxes and the duties. Economic control is achieved with help of such sanctions as reward or penalty. Today this kind of control is most effective. Economic control was invented in the New Time in England and Netherlands. 7). An example of aesthetical control is control with help of the introduction of aesthetical stereotypes (attractive images). 8). An example of ideological control is control with help of the introduction of ideological stereotypes by the way of repeated repetition of norms. Political and commercial advertisement serves as an example of aesthetical and ideological control. 7.Need it to settle conflicts? Settlement of conflict is the impracticable task until participants of conflict are agreeable observe some conditions of armistice. These conditions can consist of agreement about the repartition of resources, boundaries of the spheres of influence or about the observance of agreement, according to which winner in conflict becomes by controller and loser in conflict becomes by object of control. This agreement is the result of the test of forces in the conflict usually, but not by the result of the useless conversations with the psychotherapist frequently. Not all kinds of conflict must be settled, since. it is profitable for society to support such kinds of conflict as market competition, political elections, creative competition, scientific dispute, sport competitions. For this purpose government fights against those participants of conflict, who have managed to win all their contenders in conflict and to attain monopolist position on the market, government support the opposition in the political sphere is supported and government watches for observance of political freedoms. The system of division of the authorities is built on the maintenance before acertain degree on the competitory relations between the branches of authority. 2.1.9.Two of the type of conflicts. Conflicts are divided into two types: · The conflicts, which are conducted without the rules and without the arbiter. This conflicts are conducted before the complete physical destruction of losers in conflict sometimes. · Conflicts according to the rules, where there is an arbiter, who watches for observance of the rules of game and who awards a victory. Such conflicts finished never by destruction of losers in conflict. As the conclusion it should be noted that development of society results in reduction of the sphere for kinds of conflict without the rules and to the expansion of the sphere of those kinds of the conflict, where there are arbiter and rules ofgame. Above my answers were represented to all debatable questions in conflictology.

My articles are on all Russian-speakingsocial-scientist forums already, my articles will be too on allEnglish-speaking forum soon. It is my purpose. This article about whores andfrigid women is my most popular article. You are lucky with women in your life, it isimpossible to tell about other men. My article is written for these other menthat they didn't do errors in youth on inexperience. I have collected in thisarticle wisdom scientific theory by Carl Jung and experience of all my life. Idetain nobody also you can go further. I lean onCharles Junga's experience and I lean on experience of my supervision within 13years at school, female prison and the employment center. In my opinion thereare only 4 personality types from which one (theorist) meets extremely seldom,therefore the person deals mainly only with 3 types of the person. It is veryconveniently for supervision and it has allowed me to make easily the visualtest for personality types. Kiersey,Maers and Briggs couldn't make the visual test as they have 16 personalitytypes All results of their researches are doubtful because of the absence ofthe visual test.

How can you marry to rich man and can not you marry to whore or sexual-frigid woman? I had been formulated own original theory on the basis of Charles Jung's theory about personality types. It can read my book Valery Staricov "Personality types. Complete version" in site Link Removed by Moderator According to my theory, it exists fourpersonality types of people: technician, psychologist, speaker and theorist. ....................SPEAKER PSYCHOLOGIST ┼ TECHNICIAN .........................THEORIST These types differ from each other that they have different developed functions of a brain. Technician has most developed ability to technician activity, psychologist has most developed intuition, speaker has most developed werbal speech, theorist has most developed abstract-logical thinking. Technician and psychologist are contrasts, and for this reason they shouldn't contract a marriage with each other. The speaker and the theorist too are contrasts. Share of speakers consists 46 %, technicians – 32 %, psychologists –20 %, theorists – 2 % in the Ural population. Share of women among speakers and technicians consists of 50 %, among psychologists – 80 %, among theorists – 20%. If you want to define personality type of the given person, that it is necessary to begin with the answer to a question, is this person the speaker or not? The speaker is brightly allocated from common mass of people always, therefore it is very easy to define by speaker. The speaker possesses high development of verbal speech (it is written on a forehead - "liar", "chatterbox" and «laughing-man» as at russian singer Vladimir Vysotsky), therefore speaker chatsall the day as the radio receiver, speaker is the leader in collective or he aspiresto leadership, style of speaker's thinking is superficial, speaker leans on numerous friends in the conflict, style of speaker's clothes is fashionable, speaker possesses "the pasted" friendly or impudent smile. If the given person isn't the speaker then it is most likely that this person is technician or psychologist since the share of theorists is little in population. But psychologist and technician are contrasts and strongly differ from each other. Psychologist possesses the spiritualized expression of face (it is written "poetess" and «whore» on a forehead), psychologist's face reminds a mirror where all emotions are read easily, psychologist possesses pathos style of speech, psychologist has "southern" features more often (psychologists compose the majority of population among the southern nations), psychologist has extravagant style of clothes (for example, psychologist has the shortest miniskirt, piercing etc.) psychologist has weakness of character and a position "from below" in dialogue, psychologist drive to have a support on the patron during the conflict. The technician possessesa cold passionless expression of face (itis written "sexual-frigid woman" on a forehead) and"northern" features, technician possesses monotonous style of speech,technician speak with a tribune with help of «a piece of paper», technician's style of thinking is sample and practical, technician is innate executor as the robot. Theorist possesses high degree of development of intelligence (it is written "botanist" on a forehead), theorist is the strong single and theorist keeps single or in weak group of outsiders, expression of his face is disseminated and unsociable, he in panic is afraid of a public statement. I have conducted comparative empirical research of degree of success in love and quantity of love's relations among students of technical school and I have found out that the correlation of victories and defeats at speakers reaches 3/2, at psychologists — 1/1, that the correlation of victories and defeats attechnicians — 3/16, that the correlation of victories and defeats at theorists— 0/5. Quantity of love's relations to one man is 3,75 at psychologist. Quantity of love's relations to one man is 2,6 at speaker. Quantity of love's relations to one man is 2 at theorist. Quantity of love's relations to one manis 1,6 at technician. It can do conclusion that speakers and psychologists are potencial "hanter" in love, technicians and theorists are potencial "victims" in love. Speakers surpass another personality types to degree of success in love. Psychologists yield a little by speaker to degree of success in love but psychologists surpass by speakers to quantity of love's relations. Psychologist hasthe following advantages in the family life: · High sexuality. · Ability to be subordinated implicitly and to settle conflicts from the position from below, ability to create warm microclimate and relations of love in the family. Psychologists have the following shortcomings: · Tendency toward the unemployment and the absence of the stable income. · Such parasitic traits of character as infantilism, laziness and the tendency to live after the calculation of husband. · Tendency toward the conjugal treasons. · Inability and the unwillingness to carry out home works Woman-psychologists begin sexual life earlier than other personality types. Woman-psychologists enter into their first marriage earlier than other personality types and woman-psychologists are capable of bearing as many children, as husband will be able to feed. Woman-psychologist is agree able to play the role of domestic slave even frequently, but it is desirable to play this role in "gold cage", otherwise it can betray husband and give to the divorce. It is possible to do the conclusion that the man-psychologist is frequently looser in the life and he is bad suited to the role of husband, but he is well suited to the role of lover. All "fateful" men such as Don Juan, Casanova were psychologists, love was their only craft in the life, they mastered to the perfection this craft which caused contempt ,envy and hatred of other men. Psychologist and speaker are record holders in aquantity of treasons, legal and civil marriages (psychologist has first marriage on the love, and then according to the calculation). The main objective is to find rich fiancé and patron in the life of woman- psychologist. Some man-psychologists have a tendency toward the nontraditional sexual orientation. Technician has the following advantages in the family life: · Presence of a constant work and stable, average according to the size of income. · Desire and ability to be engaged in homework Technician have the following shortcomings: · Low sexuality, which forces his husband to the treasons. · The tendency to grumble and to cavil toward other members of family for the least occasion. · The absence of enterprise with the solution of family problems, It is possible to do the conclusion that the problem to marry is most complex problem in the life for technician. Technician marries later than other personality types, since their fiancés select by technicians lastly and according to the calculation, when fiancé want have"honest" wife and good housewife. Speaker has the following advantages in thefamily life: · Highest, but not stable income. · Leader's qualities, the readiness to take upon itsel finitiative and burden of the solution of financial problems and protection of family from the external dangers. Speaker has the following shortcomings: · Tendency toward alcoholism, adventurism, crimes and gamblings, he don't have diligence and desires to study enough. · The instability quarries and incomes of speaker. It ispossible to do a conclusion: the speaker doesn't have problems by search of the groom or the bride. Woman untraditional sexual orientation is speaker often. Theorist has the following advantages: · Average and stable income. · Long-range plan for the life. · An absence of tendency toward alcoholism and a small quantity of friends, these qualities of character guarantee rest and order inthe house. Theorist has the following shortcomings: · The incapacity to work as chief or businessman, which exclude for it the possibility of obtainingthe high incomes. It is possible to do the conclusion that the theorist has the lowest success in the love and some problems with the entrance into the marriage. Husbandcan be confident, that the wife-technician will not change to him, although this husband sometimes is forced to have a mistress on the side. The best candidate for the role of mistress - this is psychologist, but the selection of psychologist to the role of wife is connected with too great a risk of treasons. Therefore woman-psychologists choose profession of prostitute, striptease or photo model often. Main principle with the selection of husband consists in that it is necessary to select the identical or close to own personality type and in no case it is not possible to select the opposite personality type. The marriage between psychologist and technicianis the sufficiently frequent error, which comes to end with divorce frequently. Classical example of a similarun successful marriage is the marriage between the technician English princeCharles and psychologist princess Diana. It is possible to do following conclusions. It is not necessary to condemn various personality types for their propensities in family life. Each personality type lives and survives how isable. To marry for rich, it is necessary to choose in husbands of the "correct" speaker who does not have bad habits. That not to receivethe wife-whore, it need not marry topsychologist. That not to receive the wife-sexual-frigid, it need not is need not marry to technician. I am Russian man, I understand English language bad. Therefore I ask my opponents to write by his posts clear simple andbriefly. Otherwise I can not to understand words of my opponents.

I wont that my original ideas will seize by minds of thousands of people. I am finishing translation of my new article “How can you marry to rich man and can not you marry towhore or sexual-frigid woman?”. This article will be popular anecdot. My articles and my book are intresting andoriginal always and my articles and books have considerable quantity of visitings. This is important for mealways. My advice for you: It need more cynicism. Hero of satirical novel by Ilf and Petrov “12 chairs” Ostap Bender had given this advice.

Mypersonality type is theorist. I had finished technical college and philisophy faculty of Ural university. I am 53 years. I had worked 13 years by teacher in school and technicalcollege, 13 years in factory by electrician, 25 years in cinema-theatrer by projectionist . Therefore I know precisely thatpsychologists don’t suitable for training to technical professions, techniciandon’t suitable for learning to profession by actor of cinema,theorist don’t sutable for learning to profession by chief, speaker don’t sutable for learning to profession by scientist.Training of unsuitablefor learning man is useless expenditure of time and money. My expiriense testifies about that just.

Excuse me, I didn’t understand all sentences of my opponent. I am Russian and I asked already to my opponents to write clearly and simply. Environmental factors have some influence to development of abilities of man. Innate personality type of man have main influence to development of abilities of man too. Environmental factors develop easily leading function of man, for example, environmental factors develop leader’s and orator’s abilities of speaker easily. But environmental factors can’t develop scientific abilities of speaker absolutely. All are on the contrary at theorist. Environmental factors can develop poetic and technician abilities of speaker and theorist in certain degree. Speaker Mayakovski wrote bad communistic poetry so he was poet of second sort. For example, environmental factors develop technical abilities at technician easily. But environmental factors can’t develop poetic and artistic abilities at technician absolutely. All are on the contrary at psychologist. Environmental factors can develop scientific and orator’s abilities of technician and psychologist in certain degree. For example, technician Vladimir Putin speak with tribune with help paper so Putin is orator of second sort. Psychologists Plato and Carl Marx were utopianists so they were scientists of second sort. This examples is empirical facts. And verity of empirical facts do not depend from that you like this empirical facts or not.

Stariсov Valery Vladimirovich: “My theory of personality types is better than theories of Maers-Briggs, Keirsey and another my competitors”. How need it select profession or husband? How need it marry for rich man? How need it collect personnel? How need it make a career and select the elevator of upward mobility? How need it to determine the degree of fitness to the role policy, artist or leader? Of than do the reasons consist for criminality and unemployment, reason for the loss of local civilizations and ruling elite? What there are tendencies in the instruction and the teaching? How need it to support discipline at the lesson? Comparative analysis of theories and tests to the type of personality . My purpose consists of the demonstration of that fact that, from one side, our studies occur in the course of similar of experiments in the West, and, from other side, our basic principles differ somewhat from the ideas of other authors. The history of science shows that the first circumstance partly protects from the transformation of author's ideas into complete scientific delirium, and the second circumstance - from the transformation into the plagiarism or into the attempt to invent the bicycle, already long ago invented. C. G. Jung created theory about the types of the personality, according to which all people can be divided into extraverts and introverts, then it isolated in them four functions of the thinking: sensation, intuition, a feeling and thinking. Extraversion – this the directivity of attention to the external environment of personality - to the rumors, the mode, the prices, wealth, prestige and authority. Introversion - this the directivity of attention personality to its internal peace - to its own ideas and principles, the book and creation. External signs of extravert are the daring open view, sociability and swollen eyes. External signs introvert are shyness, timid view and unsociability. Sensation and intuition are opposite to each other, a feeling and thinking are opposite to each other. Each person possesses one main function of thinking and two auxiliary functions of thinking, opposite function in it is depressed. The attempt to develop opposite function can lead to the nervous disorder. Each person manages main function to the perfection, auxiliary functions - poorly, opposite function in it is not completely developed. Man obtains his type of personality by the inheritance from the parents and it is not capable him to replace in the course of the life, although it is capable to develop not only its leading function, also auxiliary functions. Thus, according to Jung, there is six indices - introversion, extraversion, sensation, intuition, feeling and thinking. There are eight types of personality - sensory introvert, intuitive introvert, feeling introvert, cognitive introvert, sensory extravert, intuitive extravert, feeling extravert, cognitive extravert. Jung gave the verbal description of these types of personality, but he did not compose tests to the type of personality; therefore the students of Jung attempted to somewhat touch up the theoretical construction of teacher and to compose validate tests. For achievement the first purpose it is necessary, in our opinion, to make the following. In the first it is necessary to be distracted into the typology from the separation into extraverts and introverts. The results of our observations show that theorists - this always bright introvert and we did not succeed in revealing cognitive extraverts that speakers - these are always bright extraverts and we did not succeed in revealing feeling introverts that technicians and psychologists possess extraversion or introversion to the insignificant degree. 2. In the second, necessary to somewhat refine some indices of Jung, for example, necessary to replace the indeterminate function “a feeling” by the more concrete specific, more physiological function “spoken language”, precisely, in the process of a constant contact with the aid of the spoken language speaker learns about the rumors and the estimations, which rule in the public opinion. It is necessary to replace partly animal function “sensation” by the exceptionally human function “capability for gun activity”. It is necessary to replace function “thinking” by the close in the sense function “abstract-logical thinking”. Thus, in my opinion, there is four types of personality - psychologist, a technician, speaker and theorist, each of which possesses the tendency to use their, first of all, leading function of the thinking: psychologist possesses the tendency to use intuition, technician - capability for gun activity, speaker - spoken language, theorist - toward abstract-logical thinking. I. Maers and K. Briggs added to six Jung indices still two - planning and impulsiveness. Capability for planning indicates the tendency to previously make a decision and to act according to the plan, studying intermediate stages and methods of achievement of the objective. Impulsiveness indicates the tendency to have many versions and to act in the dependence on the circumstances. Thus, in these authors on the basis of eight indices came out sixteen types of personality, but this too much for the visual testing; therefore D. Keirsey it divided sixteen types into four groups of four portraits in each group. Group - is the type of temperament, each of which to Kersey it gave the mythological name: 1. Dionysus, which possesses sound sense and impulsiveness. 2.Epimetey, which possesses sound sense and planning. 3. Apollo, which possesses intuition and feeling. 4. Prometheus, who possesses intuition and thinking. 3 Two tests of Kersey are published in works 22 and 23. Kersey reduced the number of questions in the test of Maers - Briggs. The description of four temperaments in Kersey almost coincides with our description of the types of the personality: Dionysus = speaker, Epimetey = technician, Apollo = psychologist, Prometheus = theorist. To the example O. Krieger and J. Tyson [8], we also give the description of the tendencies of the types of personality in three fields - in the business, system of formation, love - we add the description of tendencies in the policy, the skill and the criminal peace. In our opinion, the conceptual corrections of Maers, Briggs and Kersey to Jung's theory were not entirely successful for the following reasons. In first, their criteria are interdepended, capability for thinking includes planning and it excludes impulsiveness, capability for a feeling exclude planning and are assumed impulsive actions. In the second place, the typology of Kersey resembles artificial theoretical construction, since 16 types - this too much for the visual testing. It is not possible to compose the list of identification marks for 16 types of personality. Thirdly, the typology of Kersey does not have physiological substantiation, since in the human brain there does not exist the centers of planning and impulsiveness, but there are centers of spoken language, gun activity, intuition and abstract-logical thinking. In work 19 the it is mentioned questionnaire of J. Singer - M. Lummis. These authors forewent the idea of the opposition of the functions of thinking, but this step, in our opinion, is not expedient, since it indicates failure from one of the cornerstones in Young's theory. Our recommendations regarding the selection of profession have much in common with recommendations E. A. Klimov, presented in the Differential- diagnostic questionnaire [16; 220-222], it divided all professions into five types: 1), “man- nature”, 2), “person are technology”, 3), “man- man”, 4), “man- sign”, 5), “person - artistic means”. 4 In my opinion, first type profession (livestock breeder, agriculturist, veterinary surgeon, microbiologist, chemical laborant) they are intended for the technicians. Second type professions (engineer, turner, electrician, welder, tractor operator, joiner, architect, instrument technician, organization man, fitter, builder) are intended for the technicians. Third type professions on the management by people (salesman, owner, leader, politician, officer, manager, specialist in the advertisement) are intended for the speakers. Third type professions, which assume individual work with the client (psychotherapist, educator, priest) are intended for the psychologists. Fourth type routine professions (bookkeeper, programmer, draftsman, corrector, scientist- experimenter, cartographer, secretary-machinist, type-setter) are intended for the technicians. Fourth type creative professions (scientist- theorist, jurist, editor) are intended for the theorists. Fifth type professions (artist, artist, director, writer) are intended for the psychologists. Similar ideas about four types of the personality of teachers, students or philosophers voiced other authors. For example, V. N. Soroka-Rosinskiy named four “species” of teachers. M. Troy it isolated four categories of the students: “academician”, “collegial”, “professional”, “nonconformist”, which resemble theorist, speaker, technology psychologist respectively. In the opinion Troy, “collegials” love sport and parties, them do not interest the book good marks. “Professionals” attempt to obtain good marks and it is good to be arranged in the future. “Academicians” are absorbed by studies from the soul, but not for the benefit, subsequently they frequently become graduate students and instructors. “Nonconformists” are people of Bohemia, by which there is no matter to the studies, which despise the average men and conduct the rakish means of life. We have published two tests to the type of personality - verbal and visual. The first test is intended for determining its type of personality and anonymous respondents, and the second test - for determining the type of the personality of the surrounding people. The degree of the validity of verbal test appears somewhat lower than degree of the validity of visual test, but for the mastery of the craftsmanship of the application of a visual test sociologist must master a certain experience of the visual determination of the types of personality. Our experience of visual testing was accumulated for nine years of conducting these studies. In this skill of determination of the type of personality with the aid of the visual test there is nothing supernatural. Our experience of teaching shows that to this skill in the elementary form it is possible to train students during several practical occupation. 5 Nature of the relations between the types of personality. Diagram 1 indicates the nature of the relations between the types of personality. The best relations are added between the identical types of personality, for example the relation between two technicians. Acceptable relations are added between the close types of personality, for example, between the technician and the theorist, between the theorist and the psychologist, between the psychologist and the speaker, between the speaker and the technician. The relations of hostility and incomprehension are frequently added between the opposite types of personality, for example, between the technician and the psychologist, between the theorist and the speaker. The nature of these relations is manifested in the conflicts or in the tendency toward the collaboration in all spheres of society. Diagram 1. ................... SPEAKER PSYCHOLOGIST ┼ TECHNICIAN ....... .......... THEORIST Visual test. External signs. Theorist. Speaker. Technician. Psychologist. 1. Role in the small group. Strong lone person. Leader or aspirant into the leaders. Series executor Toady, separately approximating leader. 2.Expression of the face. Intellectual, unsociable. Friendly, insolent. Cold, impassive. Inspired, emotional. 3. Style of speech. Categorical, laconic. Business-like. Monotonous. Pathos-arousing. 4. Stile of thinking. Original, logical, abstract. Shallow, surface. Concrete, practical, pattern. Descriptive, intuitive, associative. 5. Direct of interests. Science. Rumors, business, price, policy. Technics, craft, needelwork. Love, religion,art. 6. Style of clothing. Classical, high-quality. Fashionable. Clean, uniformal. Extravagant, Bohemian’s. 7. Stile of public appearance. Panicky fear before the public appearance is experienced. Innate speaker. “On the paper”. Pathos-arousing style. as in religious prophet. 8. His support and style in the course of conflict. Is designed only for itself, the unbending nature. Support to the numerous friends. Organizer the instigator of conflict. Support on leader. Durability or passiveness in the course of conflict. Support to the patron. The Provocateur of conflict, manifests the weakness of nature in the course of conflict, the readiness to yield. 9. Position in the contact. Removed position according to the principle: “Me it does not concern”. Position on top”, manifests large ambitions. Industriousness, subordination without the humiliation. “Position from below”, it is capable to be degraded. 6 Empirical studies with the portion of the types of personality in the population of town Berezniki. In 2002 with the aid of the visual test I had subjected to the testing 242 studying 8, 9, 10, 11 classes of the school of №6 town Berezniki [36]. As a result these studies it was explained that the portions of the types of personality in the population comprise: psychologists - 19%, of them boys - 1/5, girls - 4/5, technicians - 32%, among them boys - 1/2, girls - 1/2, speakers - 46%, among them boys - 1/2 girls - 1/2, theorists - 3%, among them boys - 2/3, girls - 1/3. The list of the recommended professions [29] and the degree of the readiness for the subordination [37], which must be considered during the selection of profession and the selection of personnel. Psychologist - this is the innate artist, priest, the educator of kindergarten, the teacher of low-order classes, layout artist, psychiatrist, trainer, specialist in the advertisement, designer, modeler, photo model, the worker of the sphere of sexual services and the representative of other creative professions. Technician - this is the innate official, bookkeeper, dental doctor, surgeon, programmer, scientific worker- experimenter, supply chief, engineer, draftsman, electrician, driver, welder, builder the representative of other technical professions. Speaker - this is the innate leader, owner, merchant, army or police officer, politician, master of ceremonies and the representative of other leading and commercial professions. Theorist - this is the innate professor, scientific worker- theorist, jurist, banker, editor and the representative of other intellectual professions. At the worst, man can select the professions, recommended for the close types of personality according to diagram 1 and become second-grade specialist, but in no case it is not possible to select the professions, recommended for the opposite types of personality, which men it is simple unable to master. For example, theorist can become second-grade electrician or second-grade priest, but he never will be able to become leader or businessman. Some professions frequently require of the man of diverse and even opposite abilities. For example, the profession of secretary-abstractor, requires from people of the knowledge of office equipment, to what they are inclined technology, and the skill to build personal relations with the leader, the psychologists are inclined to what. The profession of school teacher requires a good knowledge of scientific literature, to what are inclined the theorists, the presence of the leading abilities during the guidance of elementary order on the lesson how they possess speakers, a good possession of systematic methods, by which they possess technology and capabilities for individual educational work with the students, by which they possess psychologists. 7 Besides capabilities for the mastery of profession subordinated is required the readiness for the implicit obedience to leader. The types of personality are differed from each other according to the degree of readiness for the subordination. Which of the types of personality does be most appropriate to the role of executor? What useful or harmful qualities of nature does manifest each type of personality during the performance of the role of subordinate? Psychologist has such useful qualities of nature as the ability to immediately guess all desires of leader and to report to his associates, capability of the thin flattery and for intrigues, the ability to establish with the leader special relations and even to become mistress; therefore psychologist better than others is suitable to the role of deputy. Technician loves routine, discipline, constant place of work, for example, the Minister of Foreign Affairs technician Molotov for the improbable assiduity had a nickname “rock Buttocks”. Speaker has such useful qualities of nature as the skill to associate, activity and enterprise, the ability to head one of the subordinates of subdivisions, but these qualities regarding barely they be required to executor. Theorist is the generator of ideas and inventions, he completely does not pretend to the role of leader. Psychologist has such negative traits of nature as inability to examine the device of technology and to make repair, unwillingness to follow the cleanliness at the work site, ability to write denunciation to his leader into the higher authorities or to betray his leader into the difficult minute because of the weakness of nature or for the personal career. Sex in the quarry of psychologist - this secret weapon for achievement of his own purposes, for example, psychologist is capable to grant sexual services to his leader in exchange for the release of his enemies. The enemies of psychologist they are frequently technology. For me it was necessary to observe the example, when psychologist- principal from educational work it granted to the technician- director of school its sexual services in exchange for the release of its enemy - technician- principal from the training work. The wife- technician of this director of school, which was the teacher of mathematics, escaping from the disgrace, it was forced to be discharged from this school and to leave to another city. Subsequently the speaker-instructors arranged riot, wrote collective complaint into the district division of formation about the financial abuses of the director of school, they arranged loud protest on the dispute commission. As a result the director of school and his mistress were forced with the disgrace to be discharged from the school at will. 8 Subsequently the former director of school could not find in the native city of prestigious work and it was forced to leave into another city to its wife, where it knew how be arranged to again by the director of school. Technician in the role of subordinate barely has deficiencies, since he is the innate executor. Only drawback technology is inability to establish contact with the client, for example, this quality very importantly in the sphere of trade for the series salesman, to role of whom best anything approaches the speaker, who is quite contact from the types of personality; therefore buyers involuntary are pulled to the speaker. Speaker has such negative traits of nature as excessive ambitions; therefore he is dangerous for the leader, since he always dreams to occupy the place of leader, speaker is nonformal leader in the association and instigator of conflict for the authority with the formal leader. Speaker is inclined to the organization of collective binges at the work site, group crimes, thefts and swindle. The work of speaker frequently contains the concealed marriage and imperfections. To it does not be sufficient industriousness and diligence, it expends much operating time on the empty conversations and smoke breaks. It does not love to study technical literature. It is capable to insolently be rude to leader in response to the valid criticism. It loves to exploit its associates. In a word, as said speaker Trotsky after Lenin's death: “I am not originated for the commissions. I want to be either next to Lenin or at his place”. Deficiencies in the theorist consist in the fact that it is not capable of the implicit obedience and of the voluntary humiliation, for example, in the scientific work it is capable to defend its point of view even in spite of the opinion of leader, the internal principles of theorist do not make possible for it to flatter and to be flexible in the behavior. It is possible to draw the conclusion that the technician is the best candidate for the role of executor, speaker is the poorest executor, theorist and psychologist more- less approach to this role. It can find of complete version of text for my book Valery Vladimirovich Staricov “Four personality types” in site http://typelogic.com/typelinks.shtml And I ready to answer the questions of readers in this forum, but I ask that this readers write clearly and simply so I am Russian and I speak English bad.