Revenged

it has been well known for decades that cough syrups are uselesss...

pholcoedeine (+ other coedine based syrups) are the only ones that has any effect as a cough suppressant - everything else is a con...

and i'm prety sure taking sugar cough sweets + sugary cough syrups makes things worse... as bacteria thrive on glucose... so i don't really know why they exsit in pharmacies...

i've looked at wikipaedia but it doesn't say what happens in the brain of someone who is having an absense seizure...

all i know is that it's a generalised seizure... so is absense epilepsy overactivity in the thalamus? ... or is it just overactivity in the cortex?

... anyone?

4. yes, it's e

a is false - lactic acid is formed by anaerobic respiration (not glycolysis)

c is false - gluconeogenesis is forming glucose (not forming lactate)

12. e (all can cause build up of lactic acid)

Does anyone know the neurological reason for absense epilepsy?

All I can find out on the net is that it's classified as generalised 3Hz waves on an EEG - but what exactly happens in the brain to cause this?

thanks glider... re. alzheimers... i'm don't think nicotine has a major effect on alzheimers... as for nicotine as a treatment.... we already have acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (inhibition of the enzyme that breaks down ACh increases ACh levels in synapses)... they do have some effect but i don't think that NICE fund these drugs in the UK...

paralysis occurs in REM sleep...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep

ok... i'll rephrase the question...

does anyone one know why nicotine causes reduced incidence of parkinson's?

cuz i don't get it... all i know is that atropine (muscarinic antagonist) is used to treat the resting tremor... but parkinson's caused by the death of dopaminergic neurones... so how could intake of nicotine prevent that??

Which study did you get this from?

I was told it during a uni lecture...

but I'm not sure why nicotine (or carbon monoxide?) will have this effect...

edit: i've found a study...

' Initial Award Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of a few conditions in which cigarette smoking appears to decrease the risk of developing the disease, with a reduced risk of 50% among ever smokers compared to never smokers. '

http://www.trdrp.org/research/PageGrant.asp?grant_id=1613

Does anyone know why smokers have a lower incidence of Parkinson's disease than non-smokers?

I can't find any definitive answers online,

Thanks

iNow, i assume you are type I diabetic then?...

hypoglycaemia is rarely a problem with type II diabetics - hyperglycaemia is the main problem and it would be crazy for type II diabetics to take it...

(incidentally i used to work in a pharmacy... we used to sell 'diabetic' chocolate... but i personally would not recommend 'diabetic chocolate' for type II diabetics... the name is very deceptive... quite a few people eat buckets full of the stuff because they interpret it as meaning sugar free or as it having a special type of sugar that diabetics can have... this is nonsense... it mainly uses 'sucrose', which is a dimer of glucose + fructose...)

He guessed IBS because you have visceral hypersensitivity to water. If the hypersensitivity also occurs with warm water, then you probably don't have IBS. If you get virtually the same response to any temperature water from any source, then you might have a general hypersensitivity to water, or a bacterial infection. My instinct tells me it could be something with your ability to utilize electrolytes or sodium. All of the other drinks you mentioned would do at least something to replace the sodium or electrolytes that would be required to digest the liquid. Water would only dillute those levels, and thus could cause localized cramping. Just a thought.

Jez... IBS isn't even a medical condition!...

It's like TATT (tired all the time)... it's meaningless...

And I'm glad you can use your 'instinct' to diagnose online... hehe...

Lekg's post was from mid Feb and she/he said "once I had a virus", so I hope whatever it was is long past.

ok, i didn't realise... american dates are just so wrong and confusing ...

Glider,

Isn't the dorsal root gang the one that comes out of the L4-L5 space (or near that area)?

Also refered to the sciatic nerve?

The sciatic nerve doesn't come out of the L4-L5 space... It is made up from nerves from all the spaces between L4 and S3 ('sacral plexus')...

http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/images/sacral_plexus.gif

The sciatic nerve then splits into the tibial nerve and common peroneal nerves...

The tibial supplies the muslces within the posterior compartment of the lower leg... The common peronal supplies muslces within the lateral and anterior compartments of the lower leg...

my question to you is, how much of a factor do you believe that allergans or other things in the environment play in arthritis (yours or others)?

It really depends on what type of arthritis you are talking about...

gout is caused by uric acid crystals in the joints... septic arthritis is bacterial infection of a joint... osteomyelitis infection of bone... these few are mainly environomental factors (e.g. gout - binge drinking, infection - bacteria)

osteoarthritis is due to old age/trauma and rheumatoid arthritis is mainly genetic (i think)... so neither are really environmentally caused...

btw, i'm not sure about allergens causing arthritis... i haven't heard of that before... is it similar to rheumatoid arthritis?

Many types of arthritis (Eesp.in joints) are caused by a build up of uric acid crystals in the joints.

Getting it out is a problem

Glucosamine many find this helpful

Arizona (heat) and warm baths (for an hour or so a day) would help.(put some rosemary juniper in the bath)

Daily massage with helps. Keep using and exercising the joint

If you rub rosemary oil into the joint it promotes blood supply to the joint, so too winetergreen. The theory is the blood picks up some of the Uric acid and takes it to the kidneys and is excreted.

 

For the pain use Chilli. Either eaten, rubbed on or as Zostrix ointment. Do this a few times a day it takes a few days to kick in. Marijuana can also be helpful for the pain. probably best cooked into cookies (biscuits)

Anti inflamatories can also help; but don't let the doc talk you into long term cortisone use. Use it only for emergency/severe problems.

 

Herbalists recommend "kidney tonics" like juniper berry. You can put the oil on your skin or drink gin. Don't use it if you have kidney disease.

Discuss other kidney tonics with a registered hebalist.

A registered herbalist... ...

Firstly, you have no evidence that this is gout... absolutely none... it isn't the most cause of arthritis... but if it was gout - why the hell would you recomend drinking gin!...

you seriously have no idea what you are talking about... and you are severely deluded for recommending marijuana over anti-inflammatories...

Trace amounts of a lot of things can have big effects on your body.

true, but theophylline isn't one of them

"Perhaps you are thinking of inhallation anasthetics such as haloperidol, which are more much more potent than N20..."

Haloperidol isn't an inhalational anaesthetic.

my bad... well spotted... i meant halothane and not haloperidol...

and i meant thiopentone before - not phenobarbitone...

Yeah, pretty much. There are a lot of claims companies like to make but it basically gives you a bigger pump. When you lift your muscles dilate with blood which helps you lift more, and it also has the effect of making your muscles look bigger.

But the tablets are just in link were just arginine tablets... just like a protein suppliment really... they aren't nitric vasodilators like i was thinking about like glyceryl trinitrate given for heart failure...

tbh i don't think theophylline is used for asthma all that much... it is given orally (in a tablet form or liquid) and the only time i think where it may be used is when children refuse to take inhallers... but they aren't very good drugs for causing brochodilation... as they are a lot less selective in their action compared to salbutamol (which is b2 agonist inhaller)... but i think it may be given intravenously in emergency situations... i'm not totally sure on that...

You might find this list interesting?

100-3000 ppm (parts per million) doesn't sound paticulary high to me...

i was going by that and a few other sites. but i'll admit i'm no anaesthesio... however you spell it.

neither am i ... but wikipaedia is very good... i use it for everything ...

and tbh no body fully understands how anasthetics work... it's still a bit of a mystery precisely how they work... they either stimulate inhibitory receptors (e.g. GABA) or they inhibit stimulatory receptors (e.g. glutamate receptors) or both... but afaik there aren't any real mechanisms of action that can fully explain their effects...

Theophylline is a medication for asthma btw...

outside a controlled enviroment N2O IS dangerous as you can get to the point where you don't know how much you've had and take a fatal dose without realising. and though it isn't used as an anaesthetic anymore(too dangerous, imagine that) it was the first anaesthetic.

ok, i wasn't thinking about recreational use... i guess it depends the dose and what you are taking it with... it is bound to be particularly nasty when taken with central nervous system depressants such as opioids, alcohol, benzos...etc.

but trust me N2O isn't potent enough to induce general anasthesia... this is why it isn't used... not because of the dangers - none of the anasthetics used are all that safe... but it has a MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration) of 105%... this means that in order to get 50% of people anasthesia you need to 105% N2O, but you can't get more than 100% and so it would be impossible... the most you can give is 80% with 20% oxygen and so for most people it won't ever maintain general anasthesia... that is the reason it isn't used to maintain general anasthesia... we would always use a more potent inhallation anasthetics... also, inhallation anasthetics are used only to maintain anasthesia... they are never used to initiate it... other substances are given intravenously e.g. phenobarbitone (barbituates) to initiate anasthesia as they act within seconds... but N20 is very good for pain relief...

NO₂ is highly toxic and NO isn't much better outside its biological functions and it won't las long.

 

N₂O is laughing gas.

 

It is not recommended that you inhale ANY of these gases as all have the potential to cause death especially with NO2 as it will anaethsetise the nose at low concentrations and at a not much higher dose is fatal. the sysmptoms won't appear for a few hours either but you'll drown from fluid buildup in your lungs. not a nice way to go.

Laughing gas into dangerous... What on earth are you talking about... I did a practicle at uni where we either took a 20 or 40% concentration of N20 and noticed it's effects on how we write, memory, hand-to-eye coordination...etc.

And nitrous oxide isn't even used as an anasthetic - it is far far far too weak... it is only used as an analgesic (e.g. pain relief during pregnancy)...

Perhaps you are thinking of inhallation anasthetics such as haloperidol, which are more much more potent than N20...

This is perfectly safe, whatever it is. You don't inhale it, you ingest it orally. I don't know anything about the other NOs.

 

Of course you're actually consuming the precursors to NO2, not actual NO2. Your body turns the arginine and everything into NO2 once it's been digested.

But what good would taking N0 be for bodybuilding... vasodilation?...

You don't need websites...

Just make sure that you have hospital work experience (won't get an interview here without it!) and that you have good grades at school...

And check if you need to sit extra entrance exams to get in...

Good luck...

To remove waste products from the blood by filtration (takes place in the renal glomeruli in Bowman's capsules found in the renal cortex), and to control body fluid levels/reclaim water through osmosis using a sodium gradient (takes place in the loops of Henle which form the renal medulla).

Most water reuptake occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule before the loop of henle...

As renal function is dependent upon blood pressure, the kidneys are also involved in controlling that.

Yeah, it's hormonally controlled by the endocrine system...

Aldosterone - Increase activity of Na+/K+ pump in distal convoluted tubule (increases Na+ uptake, increasing water reuptake)

ADH - Anterior pituitary hormone, increases permability of collecting duct, increasing water reabsorption...

I think the kidney is also involved in pH control... Can't remember how tbh...

Actually, HIV originated with monkeys. I don't want to think about how it spread to humans. Regardless, we can study HIV in monkeys, either to experiment or because they have had it for longer. Apparently some monkeys have a protein called TRIM5-alpha that can fight HIV. Humans have a similar but less effective (against HIV) version of the protein as monkeys.

More interesting is that some humans are resistant to HIV infection...

I have have heard stories of Narobi prostitutes having very high levels of killer T cells that can stop the virus in it's very early tracks...

I have also heard about a some Sweeds who have DNA mutation that makes them resistant to the virus... They have a mutated form of glycoproteins within their CD4 T cell membranes, which means that the HIV virus cannot adhere to the glycoproteins and so cannot infect CD4 T cells...

I'm not a biology expert but i've been thinking about the best way to combat the HIV virus for a while. Why does HIV attack specifically T cells? What if a prokaryotic cell (bacteria) was engineered to attract the HIV virus. The immune system should recognise the invader and attack. The immune system should then be able to adapt to the Imbedded HIV virus too (in theory). Is this a good idea?

There have been a lot of hypothetical ideas... Particularly vaccination, which has got nowhere...

The only way we can combat it is by HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy)... It works by preventing the replication of HIV virus and it is very effective since it is no longer the death sentence it once was...

why approve a drug with inherent risks for a group that has no need for it?

 

It'd be like approving the contraseptive pill for use in males... they don't need it, ergo it's not worth any risks, so I wouldn't be surprised if you're not allowed to prescribe it to males.

No, it isn't like that... Vasodilators are used to treat everyone of all race for heart failure... It's just that the combination of vasodilators used in BiDil isn't...