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can you please help in in the following questions plz Please attach list of references at end of assignment. 1. Read through the following account of kidney function, then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account. In the kidney, the renal artery branches to form many smaller arterioles, each of which divides further to form a knot of capillaries called a ............................................... Here, small molecules such as..................................and ................................................are forced into the cavity of the Bowman’s (renal) capsule by process of....................................................Selective reabsorption takes place in the nephron. In the proximal convoluted tubule all the....................................................is reabsorbed. In the ascending limb of the loop of Henlé, ions are actively pumped out of the nephron. This causes..................................................to be drawn out of the collecting duct. (Total 6 marks) 2. The table below shows the average concentrations of four substances, urea, glucose, sodium ions and potassium ions, in different regions of the kidney tubule (nephron). The figures are expressed as g dm-³ Concentration of substance / g dm–3 Substance Bowman’s capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Urea 0.3 0.55 6 15 Glucose 0.1 0 0 0 Sodium ions 0.33 0.33 0.1 0.33 Potassium ions 0.17 0.02 0.06 0.85 (a) Large volumes of water are reabsorbed into the blood from the proximal convoluted tubule. Suggest why the concentration of sodium ions remains unchanged but the concentration of urea increases. (2) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (b) (i) Calculate the percentage change in the concentration of urea between the beginning and the end of the tubule. Show your working. (2) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (ii) Suggest a reason for the change in the concentration of urea in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct. (1) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... © Comment on the changes in the concentration of sodium ions and potassium ions in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. (2) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (d) The concentration of glucose falls to 0 in the proximal convoluted tubule. Explain how this is brought about. (2) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (e) The diagram below shows a section through a cell wall of the proximal convoluted tubule of a kidney nephron. (i) Name the features X and Y on the diagram of the cell from the proximal convoluted tubule and indicate their significance in the process you described in (d). X …………………………………………………………………………….. Significance …………………………………………………………………. (2) Y ………………………………………………………………………..……. Significance ………………………………………………………………….. (2) (Total 13 marks) 3 . The diagram below shows the loop of Henle from a nephron in the mammalian kidney. The numbers on the diagram show changes in the relative concentration of solutes in the filtrate as it passes through this part of the nephron. (a) (i) Explain how, in the ascending limb, the relative concentration of solutes in the filtrate changes from 700 to 100. ...……………………………………………………………………………… ...……………………………………………………………………………… ...……………………………………………………………………………… ...……………………………………………………………………………… ...……………………………………………………………………………… ...……………………………………………………………………………… (3) <BR style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always; mso-special-character: line-break" clear=all> (ii) Explain how, in the descending limb and the base of the loop, the relative concentration changes from 300 to 1200. ...……………………………………………………………………………… ...……………………………………………………………………………… ...……………………………………………………………………………… ...……………………………………………………………………………… ...……………………………………………………………………………… (3) (b) The ability of the nephron to reabsorb water from the filtrate is important in maintaining the water balance of the body. Describe how the concentration changes in the loop of Henlé assist in water reabsorption from the filtrate back into the body. ...………………………………………………………………………………….... ...………………………………………………………………………………….... ...………………………………………………………………………………….... ...………………………………………………………………………………….... ..……………………………………………………………………………………. (2) (Total 8 marks) 4. The diagram below shows the human respiratory system. Fig 1. The Human Respiratory System Complete the ten missing labels by filling in the correct names for the parts in the table below:- Number Name Number Name 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 (Total 5 marks) 5. The diagram below shows a spirometer, which can be used to measure lung volumes in humans. (a) State the purpose of the soda lime in the spirometer. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Describe how you would use a spirometer to measure a person’s vital capacity. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (4) <BR style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always; mso-special-character: line-break" clear=all> ©. Diagram A and diagram B below show recordings of the breathing patterns of a person. In diagram A the person is at rest. In diagram B the person has just finished a period of strenuous exercise. (i) Calculate the mean tidal volume between 10 and 30 seconds when the person is at rest. Show your working. Answer ................................. (2) (ii) The ventilation rate of a person can be calculated by multiplying the rate of breathing by the depth of breathing. Use diagram B to calculate the ventilation rate of the person during the first 10 seconds after exercise. Show your working. Answer ................................. (2) (iii) Using the data in the recordings, compare the breathing patterns of this person before and after exercise. ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….. (3) (Total 12 marks) Level TASK 1 Please attach list of references at end of assignment. 1. Read the following passage about hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels, then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the passage. When blood glucose levels rise above normal …………………………….. is released from the …………………………….. cells of the islets of Langerhans in the …………………………… . This lowers the blood glucose levels by increasing the uptake of glucose into cells and promotes the conversion of glucose into …………………………….. . Other cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete …………………………….. which raises the level of blood glucose. (Total 5 marks) 2. Read through the following passage about heat stress, then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the passage. The temperature of the blood is controlled by the ........................………… in the brain. As the environmental temperature rises, thermoregulatory mechanisms cause an increase in sweating and an increase in ........................………… to the skin. Heat is lost from the body when water in the sweat ………………………... from the surface of the skin. If excessive sweating occurs, the body may suffer from dehydration and from salt deprivation. This loss of sodium and chloride ions in sweat can cause painful heat........................…………In extreme situations, the core temperature of the body may rise. A life-threatening condition occurs when the core temperature reaches the…………………………. temperature. (Total 5 marks) 3. In an investigation, groups of cells from the islets of Langerhans were separated from some fresh pancreatic tissue. Each group of cells was kept in a bathing solution similar to blood plasma. Each solution contained a different concentration of glucose. The quantity of insulin released from the cells after 1 minute was measured. The results of this investigation are shown in the graph below. (a) Describe the effect on the release of insulin from the cells when the glucose concentration is increased above 2.5 mmol dm–3. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (2) (b) Suggest what these results indicate about the way in which changes in blood glucose levels are detected. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (2) © Suggest why there is no change in the release of insulin from the cells when the glucose concentration is below 2.5 mmol dm–3. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (1) (d) The normal concentration of glucose in the blood is about 5.0 mmol dm–3. With reference to the graph, and to your own knowledge of how insulin functions, explain how a blood glucose concentration of 7.5 mmol dm–3 would be brought down to normal in the body of a mammal. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (3) (e) Name two hormones, other than insulin, that affect blood glucose levels in mammals. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (2) (Total 10 marks) <BR style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always; mso-special-character: line-break" clear=all> 4. The diagram below shows the essential components of a homeostatic control system which regulates body temperature. (a) With reference to the diagram, explain what is meant by the term negative feedback. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. (3) (b) With reference to the diagram, suggest how the hypothalamus coordinates the regulation of body temperature. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. (2) <BR style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always; mso-special-character: line-break" clear=all> © Compare the mechanism by which blood glucose concentration is regulated with the control system shown in the diagram. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. (3) (Total 8 marks) 5. (a) With the use of an example (e.g. fever or childbirth) explain what is meant by positive feedback. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. (Total 6 marks)

can you help me with this homework plz any of the questions if you can answer would be great UNIT TITLE Human Tissues and Systems Level 3 Credit Value 3 Unit Code Learning Outcomes Assessment Criteria Q.No Marks available Marks On completion of this unit the learner will: 1. Understand the differences between cells, tissues, organs and systems. 2. Understand the structure and function of human tissues 3. Appreciate histological changes in tissues resulting from disease or other causes 4. Understand the functions and location of human systems The learner can: 1.1 Explain the differences between cells, tissues, organs and systems. 2.1 Explain and interpret the histological structures of a range of named tissues from drawings or photographs of microscopical specimens. 2.2. Relate the histological structure of a tissue to its biological functions in vivo (eg: muscle tissue, bone tissue) 3.1 Explain simple histological changes in a named tissue resulting from either disease or other causes. 4.1 Explain the essential functions of the named body systems. 4.2. Relate key structures in a body cavity (cranial, thoracic, abdominal or pelvic) to body systems. 1 2a 2b 3 4a 4b 10 Total = 10 9 10 Total = 19 5 Total = 5 10 5 Total = 15 Nb. References must be included Harvard system only Refs 1 Grand total 50 % Level Diagram 1: The Tissues Composing the Stomach 1. Use the diagram above to distinguish between the terms cells, tissues, organs and systems …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 2a. Make fully labelled biological drawings of the following tissues during the allocated practical sessions. Please attach these at the back of your work Ciliated epithelial tissue [T.S. of trachea or fallopian tube] Striated muscle [teased skeletal muscle, L.S.] Bone [T.S. of compact hard bone to show a single Haversian system] 9 2b. Answer the following questions about these tissues which specifically relate to how the tissues are specialised or adapted with respect to their microscopic/histological structure to carry out their function. Ciliated epithelial cells are usually either cuboidal or columnar in their appearance. Why is it important that they have this shape? Give 2 reasons. Reason 1………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Reason 2…………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 [ii] Muscle cells are extremely long cells when compared to other cells in the body. Give 2 reasons for their long length. Reason 1………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Reason 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 The contractile proteins in smooth muscle are distributed differently from those in striated muscle. State how their distribution differs in the 2 types of muscle cells mentioned. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 [iii] State 2 ways in which the histological structure and/or composition of compact hard bone is specialised or adapted to allow it to carry out its function. Each of your answers should include a statement about a particular function of bone and the structure/adaptation which allows that function to be carried out. Consider the Haversian system only. Function 1 …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Adaptation 1 …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Function 2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Adaptation 2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 3. Describe how the structure and function of the ciliated respiratory epithelium changes due to smoking. Use the bioviewers in class. (Your answer should include a description of normal ciliated respiratory epithelium and 4 changes that occur to it due to smoking) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………....................................... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………....................................... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………....................................... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 4a. Please complete the missing parts of the following table:- Table 1: The Body Systems SYSTEM MAJOR ORGANS FUNCTIONS Digestive a. Breaks down and absorbs foods for use by cells; eliminates waste b. Bones, cartilage, joints c. d. Cardiovascular Blood, heart, blood vessels e. f. Endocrine Glands and tissues which produce hormones g. Muscular h. i. j. k. Regulates body activities by nerve impulses l. Lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes m. n. o. p. Supplies oxygen to cells; eliminates carbon dioxide; regulates acid-base balance Reproductive q. r. s. Kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra. t. u. 10 4b. Match the following by writing the lower case letter e.g. [a] in the column to the left of the capital letter ( Please do not draw any crossing over lines on the table ):- Lower case letter Table 2: Body Cavities ê A. contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs a. dorsal cavity B. contains the brain b. cranial cavity . C. contains heart c. abdominal cavity D. region between lungs, from breast bone to backbone d. vertebral cavity E. separates thoracic and abdominal cavities e. pelvic cavity F. contains lungs f. pleural cavity G. contains the spinal cord g. mediastinum H. consists of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities h. diaphragm I. contains stomach, pancreas, liver i. ventral cavity J. consists of cranial cavity and vertebral canal j. pericardial cavity 5 References:-