treva

If its 'male only' that means its got to be on the Y chromosome, right? Not alot genes are typically found on the Y chromosome, those that are are mostly involved in the development of male genitalia in the fetus.

I think this hole 'genetic basis of intelligence' is the biggest scham ever. Obviously theres alot of enviromental factors that contribute to the development of ones intelligence, and its bad science to try and narrow it down to simply a genetic element.

To be specific, my favorite micro-organism is probably Plasmodium sp. My least favorite is any herpesviridae because they are a PITA to study

Well it starts off in your mouth' date=' then travels down the oesophagous, then you accidentally suck it into your lungs, cough so hard it shoots up your nose, then spend the rest of the day pulling weird faces trying to get it out. It pops out of its own volition as soon as you walk past a hot chick.

 

This sounds like a homework question, by the way, if it is then don't use the above answer.[/quote']

 

I hate when that happens

I trust your knowledge' date=' but all the same, sources make me trust it just that much more .

 

The highest temperature ever achieved in a lab is 510 million degrees celsius (that's thirty times hotter than the center of the sun) at the TFTR in Princeton, NJ.

Source

Thats insane. How do you contain 510 million degrees celsius!

Sex drive is innate. Its built into our biology via specific areas of our brains and hormones.

Well, that just put my foot in my mouth haha....

Proteins called cyclins are involved with cell cycle timing. It'd be easiest just to quote wikipedia:

 

 

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin

But it all starts with a growth factor binding a cellular receptor. This initates a cascade that eventually leads to the synthesis of proteins involved in DNA replication and mitosis.

Dear all' date='

 

I have a civil engineer degree in biotechnology. What kind of jobs can i do or have? Is that easy for a civil engineer seeking jobs? I am looking for a job around the world, but it seems like the field is only interested in phD students or scientists. Am really frustrated now.

 

 

 

Thanks for any ideas![/quote']

 

Most often then not the best jobs go to the best educated. I'd suggest you get at least your masters or phd.

 

And yeah? Civ Eng with Biotech? Dubya tee eff mate

Speciation in prokaryotes is based more off then just DNA sequences. Even though yeah you have lots of DNA polymorphism within bacterial species, that one species will exhibit all the same physiology, for example they will all prefer to grow in the same microenviroment, produce a majority of the same enymes, have almost identical morphology, etc etc. Besides even if you get a point mutation in an enzyme (that would ultimatly lead to a decrease in DNA homology) that enzyme is still going to be conserved in function among the species, if it wasn't theres a good chance that bacteria might die.

I believe bacterial DNA polyermase also has a lower fidelity then Eukaryotic DNA polymerase, so more mistakes = more mutations = less homology.

....

 

This leads me to wonder how long until we see computer simulations of the complete biochemical behavior of multicellular lifeforms. How long until we can model sponge colonies? Insects? Simple vertebrates? Fish? Reptiles? Mammals? Man?

 

....

 

Armed with a protein folding lookup table' date=' how much computational power would it take to reasonably model the molecular operation of a single cell?[/quote']

 

Because basic cellular processes are highly conserved between eukaroytic cells, as soon as we had 1 eukaryotic cell mapped it would be very easy to adapt that to humans or other animals. Of course it would require some tuning considering human cells are highly differentiated compared to yeast cells, but the basic groundwork would already be there to transfer over.

 

Also, even if we have computer models to predict protein folding with high fidelity we would still not be able to map out a 'reasonable' model for the operations of a cell. Why? Simply because probably what we know about cellular biology is just the 'tip of the iceberg'. Regardless, a computer model that can predict protein folding would be an invaluable research tool.

Hence, 'better yet drink water'

Personally, I'd take my chances with apartame then massive ammounts of sugar. I know, it probably can't be good for me but at the same time there has yet any significant evidence linking it to cancer. A high sugar intake on the otherhand, can lead to diabetes and other health problems related with high cal intake. The lesser of two evils, I suppose

Oh' date=' and that makes it alright to kill then? So if I think the guy accross the road is commiting treason I just go over there witha rrifle and shoot him? Lets see NO.

 

He killed many peopel - what ever excuse you use its not acceptable!

 

War crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide are the charges he is going down for and he deserves them all and much much more

 

Cheers,

 

Ryan Jones[/quote']

 

What about the American government? What do they deserve?

Just an FYI, blood cells are about 6 microns in size, if I recall correctly.

Drink diet. Better yet, drink water.

Yeah but fire isn't a chemical, rather a release of energy

Immunology, with a liking in the feilds of parasitology and virology.

Why? Because everyone gets sick!

Considering viruses complete their life cycle by hijacking your own cellular machinery and using it for their own benefit, and considering the fact that if a cell recognizes it is infected with a virus it will sucide (assuming the infected cell isn't killed by your immune system first), and also considering that infected cells can have up to 1 million viral particles inside them, oh yeah and also considering the fact that for some virsues the only way they can get out of the cell after assmbly is by blowing it up, what exactly is a 'harmless' virus?

Also viri isn't a word pertaining to multiple virus particles - its viruses.

A few cool facts-

One of the microbes used to make yogourt is also present as part of the normal flora of the human vagina.

Bacteria and other intestinal microbes may consititue up to 50% of the mass of fecal material.

1) Media sensationalizes stories, because if stories were boring no one would read them. However as long as Humans are in existance there is the possibility that there can be a massive outbreak of disease killing a large # of us. Personally I think 150 million is a very small number of people to die from a 'deadly' infectious agent. Some pathogens (like small pox) easily kill 20+% of the people they infect. Assuming the worlds population is still at 6 billion (probably an underestimate) and assuming 25% of the worlds population gets exposed to this pathogen (also probably an underestimate) thats 450 million people who will probably die.

2) Ali you are a very shallow person.

Experimentaly they are thought he mutations of both the good and the bas strains are proving hard to keep tracks with and this they both end up becomming quite ineffective soon... thats one problem that needs to be ficed!

 

Cheers' date='

 

Ryan Jones[/quote']

 

:confused:

 

How do you use one virus to fight off another? Viruses can't infect eachother (although one viruses RNA has been found to 'hitch hike' with a pox virus). Bacteriophages can theoretically be used as a theraputic for bacterial infections though...

 

What I mean is this: A virus can mutate but so too can a cancer' date=' could you engineer a virus that mutates "in sync" with the cancer cells it was designed to destroy? That way the effect would make the cancer mutations useless because the virus would simple mutate in a way that makes the mutation useless.

 

 

Anyone have any comments on that or if it would be possible?

 

Cheers,

 

Ryan Jones[/quote']

 

Ok first, you have to understand that mutation rates are directly related to generation times. Viruses have a much faster replication cycle then any eurkaryotic cell ever could hope (yes, even much significantly faster then cancer cells) so therefore it is very unlikeley that a cancer cell could 'out mutate a virus'.

 

Second, cancer cells always arise from normal human cells. Virsues used for oncolytic purposes (ie to target and kill cancer cells) target receptors that are present on normal cells, however they are manipulated by scienctists to have specific qualities that only allows them to grow in the altered cellular enviroment that occurs in cancer cells. In order for a cancer cell to mutate its cellular receptor to prevent viral entry that would require at least some sort of DNA or RNA synthesis. However, oncolytic viruses kill cancer cells. So even if a cancer cell managed to completley delete its viral receptor (or change it enough so a virus couldn't recognize it) this would have to happen probably over multiple generations, assuming it could even happen at all. But viruses that target cancer cells are oncolytic, meaning that the cancer cell would die before it could even respond to this selective pressure.

YT how old is your daughter? Women who are pregnant and breastfeeding are thought to be more susceptible to diseases (they enter a state of immunosupression) then men and women who are not pregnant or not breast feeding. Also, children usually have weaker immunity then adults simply because they haven't been exposed to the wide variety of potential pathogens then a person of an older age (obviously, because they have been living longer) so they have less memory. When you've been exposed to a pathogen before you have pretty good antibodies to neutralize it that were a result from the first infection, and upon secondary exposure your body makes even better antibodies to the pathogen then were initially present, and this continues each time thereafter you are exposed to the immune system.

Biting your nails could have something to do with it, but it also comes down to hygenic practices as well. Washing your hands on a regular basis is probably the best preventitive measure in avoiding disease.

Also you could be genetically predisposed by your genes to fight off infection better then your wife or child. Not all immune systems are created equally, some are much better then others at fighting off disease without causing autoimmunity. Any drugs your wife or daughter are taking could also affect their immune response.

So basically, theres alot of factors lol.

Do you mean why are muscular contractions mediated by calcium?

1 is more active then the other, you really only need 1 to produce your sperm so you really only use 1, which is why it is larger. The other one is an evolutionary backup plan.

No' date=' probably not. The greatest consideration in virion formation is getting all the components to the right place at the right time. Additionally, the virus has a vested reason not to reinfect the same cell. Just as trees try to spread their seeds to prevent a bunch of trees competing for the same resources, viruses have a reason to try to spread preferentially to other cells and not reinfect the same cell. I'm not sure which virus it was (virology was a long time ago for me), but I know that some viruses cause cells to internalize the proteins that they use as their receptors.

 

As far as antigens go, anything can be an antigen. A very simple chemical (like a single uridine molecule) or a very complicated protein.[/quote']

 

Just to clarify, I don't think viruses 'intend' to have their receptors endocytosed by their target cells. Virsues in the simplest sense just hijack cellular processes and use them to their own benefit. Many cells will internalize plasma membrane receptors in response to certian ligands (like growth factors) via receptor mediated endocytosis. Some virsues use receptor mediated endocytosis to enter their target cell. So its really not the 'virus' causing its receptors to be removed from the cell surface but rather a byproduct of it using a cellular pathway.

 

Also, it is possible for multiple strains of a single virus to infect one eukaryotic cell. Sometimes this is in the viruses benefit, as it could lead to a genomic recombination event that increases the fitness of the virus (for example by increasing transmission efficiency by acquiring a better receptor from a different strain). This is actually where all the bird flu anxiety comes from, everyone is afraid that if a human strain and a bird strain of the flu virus coinfect a cell that has the receptors for both (ie inside a pig) you could generate a virus with the pathogenicity of a bird strain but with human receptors.

Wood is basically a differently assembled form of cellulose. I can't remember the exact chemical linkage details but if you added the word cellulose to your search I'm sure you'd have more luck.