Max70

The following figure shows the absolute accelerations: The following figure shows the accelerations relative to the Earth, obtained subtracting aE from the absolute accelerations: S1 is moving towards the CBH but it is accelerating away from the Earth, that has a greater centripetal acceleration.

Suppose you have a black box containing 10000 balls and you can't mix them. You extract from the box 100 balls that are on the surface and they are all red. Is it scientific to conclude that all the balls in the box are red ? No, because the balls deeper into the box may have a different color.

How can we measure the redshift of the objects that are out of the range of our most powerful telescopes ?

Some astronomical objects that we observe are accelerating away, but I doubt that the whole universe is expanding.

I would like to distinguish the observable universe from the part of the universe that we can observe with our most powerful telescopes. I think that the observable universe is much larger than most people think. If there is an object distant 10100 light years, we could see it if we had a telescope enough powerful.

The following figure shows the 2D case: The objects in the internal turns of the spiral have greater acceleration than the objects in the external turns. S1 and S2 are two Type Ia supernovae, ra1 and ra2 are their accelerations relative to Earth. I think that is unlikely to have these supernovae at the same distance from the CBH.

Are you sure ? Can we have certainties on the universe ? There are other possibilities: maybe the universe is much larger and much older than most peple think; maybe the universe is infinite: infinite mass in infinite space; maybe the universe has always existed; maybe the Big Bang was only a local event.

But these calculations are also based on the misterious dark energy

The objects are far from the colossal black hole, but the the mass of the colossal black hole is billion times the sum of the masses of all the astronomical objects that we have observed until now, including all the galaxies, supermassive black holes and supernovae. All the objects in a sphere centred in the colossal black hole have a spiral motion towards the colossal black hole, from any direction in the three-dimensional space.

Do you think it's right that someone could publish a model without ever admitting that it is based on my ideas ? I've found an explanation as to why the objects have a spiral motions towards a black hole instead of orbiting around it at this address: https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/32753/why-does-matter-spiral-into-blackholes

I'm very sorry for my stupid mistake. In a uniform circular motion the acceleration is directed to the center of rotation. But this is a spiral motion, therefore the calculation of the acceleration is more complicated.

The objects near the black hole have a spiral motion. I think that the accelerations are more or less like the ones shown in the following figure: Therefore S1 is accelerating away from S2. Another hypothesis is that, as I've written in my previous post and in my blog, the acceleration of the objects is influenced by the presence of other CBHs, as shown in the following figure:

As I've written in my blog and in my posts, I don't think that galaxies and other astronomical objects are orbiting the CBH, but rather that they have a spiral motion towards the CBH. As I've written in one of my posts, I'm not an astrophysicist, physicist, mathematician or scientist. Someone else could estimate the mass of the CBH, its distance from the Earth and other data but, if he wants to publish the results, he must refer me (and my blog) as the original author of the idea. I've added two other ideas at the end of my blog (https://max70blog.blogspot.com/) that I report here below: Note also that, if in the universe there is more than one CBH, the motion and the acceleration of the astronomical objects that we observe, including galaxies and supernovae, may be influenced by the gravity of the other CBHs. Another idea, that could solve the cosmological constant problem, is that the discrepancy between the observed value of the vacuum energy and the much larger theoretical value of zero-point energy may be due to the gravity of the CBHs: part of the acceleration caused by zero-point energy could be deleted by the acceleration caused the gravity of the CBHs.

The accelerating expansion has been discovered observing the Type Ia supernovae. I think that is unlikely to have these supernovae at the same distance from the CBH. I don't exclude the existence of the dark energy, but also this idea has problems, in particular the cosmological constant problem.

I'm not an astrophysicist, physicist, mathematician or scientist. I've invested in this idea only a part of my free time. Someone else could make these estimates but, if he wants to publish the results, he must refer me (and my blog) as the original author of the idea. I don't deal with the expansion of the whole universe but only with the accelerating expansion of the part of the universe that we have observed until now. Maybe billions of years from now, the part of the universe that we have observed will be sucked into the colossal black hole. Now the part of the universe that we observe is expanding because the astronomical objects closest to the colossal black hole have accelerations greater than the more distant objects.

Anyway CMB can't be used to disprove my hypothesis.

This situation is shown in in my Figure 2. CBH, that is the black circle in the center of the figure, is a Colossal Black Hole. CGC, that is the circle filled with orange dots, is a Colossal Galaxy Cluster. E, that is the cyan dot, is the Earth. OP, that is the area filled with yellow dots around the Earth, is the Observed Part of the universe, that is the part of the universe that we have observed until now. OP is only a little part of the CGC and of the observable universe. I mean "very far" from the Earth and from OP, that contains all the galaxies and other astronomical objects that we have seen until now. As you can see in the video in the Wikipedia page of the galaxy rotation curve, the objects near a black hole have a spiral motion towards the black hole. In a similar way, the galaxies in the Colossal Galaxy Cluster in Figure 2 have a spiral motion towards the Colossal Black Hole. We see the galaxies getting away from each other because, as you can see in my Figure 3, the galaxies closest to the CBH have accelerations greater than the more distant objects. My Figure 4 shows the accelerations relative to the Earth, that are obtained subtracting the Earth acceleration from the absolute accelerations of the galaxies. Therefore we see the galaxies accelerating away from the Earth. Actually, we don't seen with the telescopes the accelerating expansion of the universe, but rather the accelerating expansion of the OP, that is the part of the universe that we have observed until now. In effect, all the evidences of the accelerating expansion proof only the accelerating expansion of the OP and not of the entire universe.

My idea is that there is a colossal black hole that is very far (out of the range of all the most powerful telescopes) but has a huge mass that is billion times the sum of the masses of all the astronomical objects that we have seen until now, including all the galaxies, supermassive black holes and supernovae. It is so massive that also dividing its mass by r2 (where r is the distance) its gravity influences all the astronomical objects that we have seen until now. All these astronomical objects are punctiform with respect to the colossal black hole and they have a spiral motion towards the colossal black hole.

I quote the Wikipedia page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background: "With the increasingly precise data provided by WMAP, there have been a number of claims that the CMB exhibits anomalies, such as very large scale anisotropies, anomalous alignments, and non-Gaussian distributions."

Hello! I'm new to this forum. I have an idea that could be the simplest explanation of the accelerating expansion of the universe. I've described my idea in my blog and I report it here below. I would like to know your opinions on this idea. The simplest cause of the accelerating expansion of the universe I have an idea that could be the simplest explanation of the accelerating expansion of the universe. I'm surprised that I've never found such a simple explanation anywhere on the Internet. My idea is born from the fact that in the center of almost all the galaxies there is a super massive black hole. The objects near the black hole have a spiral motion towards the center of the black hole. This may be seen for example in the video in the Wikipedia page of the galaxy rotation curve. Then in the universe we have: satellites that rotate around a planet planets that rotate around a star stars that rotate around a super massive black hole in the center of a galaxy Therefore in the universe we have a scheme: masses that rotate around larger masses. My idea is to generalize this scheme and to apply this scheme on a larger scale, and then on a even larger scale and so on. The first step of my idea is that the Milky Way and all the astronomical objects that we have observed until now are part of a Colossal Galaxy Cluster around a Colossal Black Hole. The following Figure 1 shows the first step of my idea: Figure 1 MW, that is the yellow dot, is the Milky Way. CBH, that is the black circle in the center of the figure, is a Colossal Black Hole. CGC, that is the circle filled with orange dots, is a Colossal Galaxy Cluster. The galaxies and the other objects in the CGC have a spiral motion towards the CBH. Until now, we have observed only a little part of the CGC, because the range of all the telescopes is limited. This is shown in the following Figure 2: Figure 2 CBH, that is the black circle in the center of the figure, is a Colossal Black Hole. CGC, that is the circle filled with orange dots, is a Colossal Galaxy Cluster. E, that is the cyan dot, is the Earth. OP, that is the area filled with yellow dots around the Earth, is the Observed Part of the universe, that is the part of the universe that we have observed until now. OP is only a little part of the CGC and of the observable universe. Note that the CBH has a mass that is many billion times the mass of the OP. Someone could say that it's absurd to think to a black hole having such a large mass. Actually, the black hole cosmology, that argues that all the observable universe is inside a black hole, has been studied for many years. My idea is simpler: the portion of the universe that we have observed until now (OP) is part of a colossal galaxy cluster (CGC) that rotate outside of a colossal black hole (CBH). This idea could explain the accelerating expansion of the universe, that was discovered calculating, from the redshift, the acceleration of some supernovae. This has been then confirmed by the baryon acoustic oscillations. All the objects in the CGC, and therefore in the OP, have a spiral motion towards the CBH. The objects closest to the CBH have accelerations greater than the more distant objects. This is shown in the following Figure 3: Figure 3 E is the Earth, while S1 and S2 are two supernovae. aE, a1 and a2 are their respective accelerations. Now consider the following Figure 4, that shows the accelerations relative to the Earth, that are obtained subtracting aE from the absolute accelerations: Figure 4 ra1 and ra2 are the accelerations relative to the Earth. Therefore we see the supernovae accelerating away from the Earth. Actually, we haven't seen with the telescopes the accelerating expansion of the universe, but rather the accelerating expansion of the OP, that is the part of the universe that we have observed until now. In effect, all the evidences of the accelerating expansion proof only the accelerating expansion of the OP and not of the entire universe. Usually, the cause of the accelerating expansion of the universe is considered the dark energy, that is related to a posive cosmological constant and to the vacuum energy. However, the cosmological constant problem is still unresolved: the observed value of the vacuum energy is many orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical value of zero-point energy. Other alternative causes of the accelerating expansion of the universe have been proposed, such as the quintessence, the massive gravity and the multiverse. In my theory, the accelerating expansion of the OP is simply caused by the gravity of the CBH. My theory is simpler than other theories and therefore, for the Occam's razor, preferable. Note also that some observations that are currently considered to be caused by the dark matter could be explained by the gravity of the CBH. A less known theory that tries to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe is the VACIS, that argues that the universe is contracting in a spiral. My idea is simpler: the objects in the CGC and in the OP have a spiral motion towards the CBH. In addition, how I will explain later, the CGC is probably only a little part of the universe. However, the considerations of the VACIS on the motion of the galaxies could help to confirm my theory. I remark that until now I've exposed only the first step of my idea. Now we could apply the same scheme on a larger scale. We could think that there are billions of Colossal Galaxy Clusters, that form a Super Colossal Galaxy Cluster around a Super Colossal Black Hole. The objects in the Super Colossal Galaxy Cluster have a spiral motion towards the Super Colossal Black Hole. This is shown in the following Figure 5: Figure 5 SCGC, that is the circle filled with orange dots, is the Super Colossal Galaxy Cluster. SCBH, that is the black circle in the center of the figure, is the Super Colossal Black Hole. SCGC is a cluster of CGCs (Colossal Galaxy Clusters) that have a spiral motion towards the SCBH. The yellow dot in the figure is the CGC that contains the Milky Way and the Earth. Then we could apply the same scheme on a even larger scale and so on. We could define by induction: Super0 Colossal = Colossal Super1 Colossal = Super Colossal Super2 Colossal = Super Super Colossal ... SuperN Colossal = Super SuperN-1 Colossal SuperN+1 Colossal = Super SuperN Colossal The following Figure 6 shows the generic case for N positive integer (greater than 0): Figure 6 SNCGC, that is the circle filled with orange dots, is the SuperN Colossal Galaxy Cluster. SNCBH, that is the black circle in the center of the figure, is the SuperN Colossal Black Hole. SNCGC is a cluster of SN-1CGCs (SuperN-1 Colossal Galaxy Clusters) that have a spiral motion towards the SNCBH. The yellow dot in the figure is the SN-1CGC that contains the Milky Way and the Earth. Note that the case N = 0 is shown in the previous Figure 1 while the case N = 1 is shown in the previous Figure 5. An open problem is whether N is illimited or limited and which is the superior limit of N. Maybe N is illimited and the universe is infinite and in the universe there are black holes as big as we want.