Javier Silvestre

On 6/12/2019 at 1:52 PM, swansont said:

Quote

Data that will be used to calculate LAN (2) are those provided by reference data in order to check whether, according to the reference data, linearity between energy of excited state and  LAN factor is fulfilled (1). Therefore, LAN_R is LAN with reference data.

What "reference data"? This sounds an awful lot like a fudge factor, to make your theory align with experiment.

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is not on the list of organizations created to do fudge factor  Reference data included in these posts is consulted in NIST.

On 6/12/2019 at 1:52 PM, swansont said:

z₀ and z_s are the same. Charge is a constant. Unless you are somehow claiming otherwise.

z₀ and z_s is nuclear charge of this theory and is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in atom. For this reason (positive charge) is with positive sign in this introduction. A complicated value of this nuclear charge (such as that of effective nuclear charge) could be associated with a trick to make this theory seem correct. This fact does not happen since the nuclear charge of this theory is very simple to know for calculations of LAN_R factor. In first post there is an example:

On 6/6/2019 at 12:27 PM, Javier Silvestre said:

very simply by subtracting directly one charge for each electron that reaches atom (Boron example: 1s electron z_o=5, 1s² z_s=4, 2s z_s=3, 2s² z_s=2 and 2p z_s=1). 

And in the last post there are 4 examples. In these 4 examples are charge values (z₀ and z_s), ionization energies of the electron 1s and excited electron. For example:

On 6/12/2019 at 11:22 AM, Javier Silvestre said:

xample 4: Aluminum         Al I: 3p → 3s²ns (²S 1/2) (n=[4,7])

Table 4. Reference data for Al I: 3p → 3s2ns (2S 1/2) (n=[4,7]) LANR = a + b/E/
E (eV)	zs Al I	Eo (1s) (eV)	zo (1s)
-5,985769	1	-2304,14005	13

 

On 6/12/2019 at 1:52 PM, swansont said:

Let's do this for hydrogen. The ionization energy of the 1s state is 13.6 eV The energy of the first excited state is 10.2 eV above the ground state.

What is n? We're in the 2P state. Is it 2? -LAN = 1.15 - 2 so LAN is 0.85?

What does that mean, and how does the let you calculate the energy?

n is the main quantum number where excited electron is and whose associated energy (Es) is included in LAN_R factor formula. LAN_R factor is also interesting to calculate for ground state in jumps ns → n's because is the only case where ground state meets linearity of LAN_R vs. Energy of the excited electron (this is one of LAN_R properties) and can be checked in Figures 2 and 3 of the previous post.

Yes, correct, as you are calculating LAN factor for 2P state, n is 2.

I have seen that LAN_R factor you have calculated (0.85) is very high for Hydrogen and it is because there is an error. Energy that must be included to calculate LAN_R factor is energy of excited electron and not  energy required to pass from 1s (ground state) to 2p.

LAN_R vs. Enery is a linear relationship of high sensitivity to energy variations and for this reason energy data to be entered to calculate LAN_R must be more precise, with more decimal places. For that lack of decimals, result is 0 with energies that you have indicated and it is not exactly 0. For this high sensitivity is a tool that provides energy data of excited states with precision.

On 6/12/2019 at 1:52 PM, swansont said:

Work through the calculation for hydrogen before you go hopping off to more complex atoms.

Hydrogen is as simple as the rest. Hydrogen is included in following steps that I will explain, but I want LAN_R calculation and linearity of LAN_R vs. Energy of excited electron are well understood previously. These are important points to be able to continue with this explanation.

Whoever wants to can calculate LAN_R and check linearity of LAN_R vs. Electron energy excited for any of the 5 examples of the previous post with NIST data (data are online on NIST website). For example, I fully develop one of them:

Example Beryllium   Be II: 2s → 1s²ns (²S 1/2) (n=[2,4])

Positive charge experienced by electrons in Beryllium:

 

z_s = 2 because is going to be studied Be II

z_o Beryllium is 4 (z_o is always equal to its atomic number)

Charges that I have just commented together with ionization energies of electron 1s and electron 2s contributed by NIST data:

 

 

Energies compiled in NIST data are energies necessary to reach excited state. With ionization energy, energy that electron has in each excited state is easily obtained. Electron energies in absolute value /E/ in eV for each n are:

 

 

 

Any questions, please consult. If everything goes well explained, I will continue. Thank you.

Have a good day.

Thank you for your answers 

What is main conclusion of this introduction?

Energy of excited electron (E) as increases n fulfills linear equation with LAN factor. That is, there is a relation type y = a + bx between energy of excited electron (E) and LAN factor (1):

(1)   LAN = a + b /E/

Note: Energy of excited electron has been indicated in absolute value in (1) (/E/) to be represented in first quadrant of  representations LAN vs. Electron energy.

How important can this lineal representation LAN vs. Electron energy?

In addition to the importance of having and studying a linear relationship (such as V = IR), this linear relationship is fulfilled by every atom and excited state. Two facts can be highlighted:

1) This linear relation allows to calculate energy of excited electron

2) LAN factor of different atoms and different excited states are related to each other. This fact allows having another tool for assigning energy lines of excited states.

What is LAN?

LAN is an easily calculable factor for each excited state and depends mainly on quantum numbers l and n (hence its name, l and n, LAN).

How can I calculate LAN factor for any excited state?

LAN depends on energy and charge of excited electron and first electron in every atom that is electron 1s (2). Data that will be used to calculate LAN (2) are those provided by reference data in order to check whether, according to the reference data, linearity between energy of excited state and  LAN factor is fulfilled (1). Therefore, LAN_R is LAN with reference data.

 

E_o Ionization energy of electron 1s

z_o 1s electron charge (equal to atomic number)

z_s Start charge of excited electron

E Energy of excited electron

 

Examples to check linearity between energy of excited electron and LAN

Linearity between energy of excited electron and LAN is going to be proven with several examples where different atoms and excited states are used. Initial notes:

* Although LAN vs. Energy of excited electron is not the best representation to detect errors, deviations of 0.1% from reference data of energy of excited electron are also included to check sensitivity of this representation.

* Reference values with lower n are used for these representation. Highest n values can also be represented by linearity, but point 4) of initial post must be considered, especially when atomic number is not low.

Example 1: Sodium              Na I: 3s → 2s²2p⁶np

 

17 hours ago, Strange said:

I don't care about your "theory"(*). I am just trying to help you understand why it is incomprehensible and no one will spend their time trying to decipher it.

Good Morning

It may be that information is missing and is somewhat complex to understand also because of its novelty. I have tried to summarize to meet their rules: 2. Huge "walls of text" are usually difficult to get through and discourage participation. Present an abstract - a distillation of your idea first. Get into the details afterwards. I apologize if it was my fault.

17 hours ago, Strange said:

That doesn't tell me what "LAN" is.

Can we assume it is a constant? (Again, given a meaningless name.) 

If so, why not say that.

Anyway, there are questioned aspects that have been explained. LAN is not a constant since the beginning of point 3) indicates:

20 hours ago, Javier Silvestre said:

LAN has a linearity relationship with destiny energy. Figure 4 represents LAN_R for two excited states and initial state not excited in the jump from Li I 1s²2s to 1s²ns. Linearity is perfect for these first 3 points

Where LAN_R is:

20 hours ago, Javier Silvestre said:

LAN can be estimated from reference data as LAN_R (4)

That is, LAN is a factor that varies linearly with energy of excited electron. Figure 4 and 5 are contributed in initial post to be able to corroborate this linearity.

It is also noted that sensitivity to variations in energy is high (Figure 5.B.)

18 hours ago, Strange said:

(*) It is, I assume, just arbitrary curve fitting.

Many examples of atoms and atomic electron transition can be indicated where this relation of linearity between LAN and energy of  excited electron can be corroborated with reference data (considering point 4) when atomic number increases) so is "just arbitrary curve fitting", rather a linearity, which all meet.
An advantage is that also allows predicting energy values of excited electron for high n. If you want I can develop calculations made.

Regards

7 minutes ago, Strange said:

1. What is the "Relation of Riquelme de Gozy"? (Who or what is a "Riquelme de Gozy"?)

2. What is "LAN Theory"? (what does LAN stand for?)

3. What is a "central line"?

4. What is the "electronic origin system"?

Good morning, Strange:

1. "Relation of Riquelme de Gozy" is relation fulfilled by excited states of electron and that is described in point 3). "Who is Riquelme? Well, a name had to have, I did not think it was important, I thought that the important fact is that electrons fulfill it 

2. Theory is based on LAN factor that is described in point 2) that is a consequence of point 1)

3. Central line is explained in point 1)

4. Electronic origin system is 1s electron (In this topic I have only used its charge and energy as can be seen in equation (1))

If you make up terms and don't define them, your description becomes incomprehensible.

Concepts are explained during this summary of introduction to LAN theory 

 

 

ABSTRACT

Topic is centred in Relation of Riquelme de Gozy that is part of relations fulfilled by electrons excited (LAN Theory). Article exposes a new concept of excitation lines based on orbital quantum number and, after relativistic effect inclusion, progressively increases sensitivity in energetic values of electronic jumps to be able to predict said values and discern possible errors included in the references.

KEYWORDS: Excited electron, Energy level, Relativistic effect, LAN, Relation of Riquelme de Gozy.

SUMMARY

1) Central or Main Line

Excited states of electron are born referenced to central line, always originating in Electronic Origin System (OES) of every atom: electron 1s (1)

E_j (Jump energy in Central Line) Jumping energy to reach excited state in Central Line

E_d (Excited state destiny energy) Destiny energy of excited state.

IE (Ionization Energy) Ionization energy of excited electron

z_s (Start charge according to P46) Output charge of excited electron according to P46

E_o (1s OES Ionization energy) Electron ionization energy 1s

z_o (1s Origin charge according to P46) 1s electron charge according to P46

"P46 non-excited electronic extreme charge" provides charge for (1) very simply by subtracting directly one charge for each electron that reaches atom (Boron example: 1s electron z_o=5, 1s² z_s=4, 2s z_s=3, 2s² z_s=2 and 2p z_s=1). 

Be III example is studied with jump from 1s² (Term ¹S; J=0) to 1snx and where x is s, p, d and f. First impression (Figure 1) is that there is, at first glance, overlap between excited states with reference data (Lines Es, Ep, Ed and Ef) and Central Line (Ej)

Overlap is not such and there is a differential between lines of excited states with reference data and Central or Man Line and this differential is reduced as quantum numbers n and l are increased.

2) Serelles Secondary Line - LAN Factor

LAN factor arises to create secondary lines through which electrons flow, increasing the destination n as a function of the excited state, and is solution to what is seen in point 1. LAN is included in (1) to create Serelles secondary lines where inclusion of the suffix s in E_J and E_d refers to Serelles Secondary Line (3). LAN can be estimated from reference data as LAN_R (4):

3) Riquelme de Gozy Relation

 LAN has a linearity relationship with destiny energy. Figure 4 represents LAN_R for two excited states and initial state not excited in the jump from Li I 1s²2s to 1s²ns. Linearity is perfect for these first 3 points (P50 establishes that non-excited state is linear with  excited ones for jumps ns → ns. In the rest of jumps, linearity is demonstrated exclusively with excited jumps since the LAN_R calculated with ionization energy is not linear with them).

 

LAN sensitivity is high with small variations in energy and allows jump energy to be provided with high accuracy. This energies predictive fact can be realized through LAN equation (4) and Riquelme de Gozy relation (5). Development leads to grade three equation (6) where destiny n for which energy wants to be estimated is selected since the only unknown is ideal destiny energy or E_dI (following linearity of Riquelme de Gozy Relation)

E_dI data already show a high concordance with the experimental ones and in most of the cases with those calculated or estimated in the references.

 

4) Relativistic excess of the electron 1s

 LAN equation must consider relativistic excess of 1s OES (origin electronic system).1s relativistic excess (1s ER) (7) is energy that there is of difference between theoretical value (-13.6056899 eV * Z²) and experimental value (E_o).

 

(7) 1s ER = ER_o(E_dR→0)= E_oT - E_o = -13.6056899 eV * Z² - E_o

 Relativistic excess, as indicated in (7), tends to be eliminated when destiny energy tends to zero and therefore the electron is located outside nucleus influence. Therefore, when electron is far from the nucleus, electron sees 1s electron with theoretical energy (-13.6056899 eV * Z²) and as approaches, excited electron feels 1s electron with a higher energy (in absolute value) until becomes E_o (experimental ionization energy for 1s electron) when Riquelme de Gozy Relation is calculated.This relativistic effect can be ignored when relativistic Excess value is comparatively low to E_o. This fact occurs when atomic number (Z) is low as in lithium case previously seen or in helium example where linearity of Riquelme de Gozy relation is very good using (4) (Figure 5)

Small deviations of experimental energy imply visible alterations with respect to linearity of Riquelme de Gozy relation. Energy jump to 1s9s is increased by 0.00001% and implies linearity modification observable by the naked eye (Figure 5.B.).This linearity situation is no longer as optimal when Z increases and curvature of Riquelme de Gozy relation is observed for Na I (Figure 6). Differences are low between reference energies and those calculated by linearity of Riquelme de Gozy without considering variation of relativistic excess because LAN variation is not high (consequence of fact that sodium atomic number is still relatively low) and LAN is high sensitivity parameter. Curvature is increased when atomic number is greater as can be appreciated in this same jump made for following alkaline metals (K, Rb and Cs)

 

Relativistic Excess (ER) necessary to adjust the curvature is given by (8), where E_dR and E_dI are reference and ideal destiny energies respectively and where E_DI is provided by extrapolation to n higher realized with Riquelme de Gozy relation (6):

ER calculation (8) is represented as function of (-E_dI)^1/2 and approximate curvature with polynomial of degree 3 or 4 is obtained (Figure 7). Regression coefficients tend to 1 and ordinate at origin agrees with relativistic excess of origin electron 1s (7). This tendency can be corroborated with any atom and electronic jump.

Further representations (as Figure 8, 9...) are used to adjust energy values and find reference data that can be considered as susceptible to error when committing discontinuities in said representations. Note Figure 8.A. n = 9 is approximately correct, but n = 10 show a deviation of ≈ 10^-6 eV and consequently n=10 is reference data with possible error

Note Figure 9.A. Cs 6s → np (²P J=3/2) where can be checked as most of reference data are correctly located in curve except for three points (n = 20 n = 22 and n = 24). These 3 n of the reference are those that have the least significant figures.