neo007

Hi all, came across this question in prep for my GAMSAT exam. I've been trying to work it out, but my answers do not match up with the given answers in the book. 5.5 x 10^-7 is the given answer. I've attached the problem with this post. Can anyone verify that 5.5 x 10^-7 is correct or a mistake? Any help appreciated. edit: Ignore the graph part

They originate from proliferating spermatogonial stem cells

Antibodies themselves will not break down cells, but they can cause the activation of complement proteins and/or effector cells (namely phagocytes). It is the activation of the complement proteins and effector cells that would cause apoptosis. I think the answer you are trying to get at is: The anti-epithelial auto antibodies bind to the epithelial cells which activate complement and effector cells, leading to apoptosis. Perhaps this would help also Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity, by definition, leads to apoptosis. Unless there is reason to believe that another cause exists then yes the antibodies can be associated with the apoptosis. However, it is also possible that apoptosis or necrosis itself can lead to autoimmunity so without knowing the exact pathology of the disease you've got a sort of "chicken or egg" debate. Hope that helps

What purpose do the carpal bones serve? Do they have any support, protection and/or force distribution? I would have thought that it protects the nerves that run through the carpal tunnel (hence damage to the carpal bones could lead to carpal tunnel syndrom), but i'm not too sure whether it has any support roles. I skeptical whether it distibutes any force.

Taking too much aspirin can be bad for you. IMO it should be avoided whenever possible. As YT2095 said, seek medical attention.

Actually...i've also wondered the answer to this question too.... and now i know ...But has this been scientifically proven?

i've come across the wikipedia one before, and yeah is rather basic, but the second link seems more useful and more to what i'm looking for thanks!

Are there any sites with info about A and Z form DNA in detail? I've tried searching on google, but can't seem to find anything

Clinically its not practical, and as far as i know it isn't used for weight loss. Dialysis would only temporarily have an effect, and i doubt it will result in significant weight loss. I would think that the body's homeostatic mechanism would kick in to counter-act the dialysis in some way. However combined with some other treatment, possibly liposuction or stomach stapling then mayb dialysis would perhaps be slightly useful. But even still, i think the effects would vary from person to person. Also i don't think dialysis would be economically feasible to treat patients with weight problems, surely dialysis should be carried out on patients that actually need it, such as those with kidney problems.

Not directly...but surely less food intake means that the body needs more energy to be burned to maintain metabolism?

It could be that global warming is a natural phenomena, but is being speeded up by human influences

My advice would be to try talk to as many people as you can on the first day...sounds really stupid...but it makes the whole year easier. Its important to get used to the people and places that you will be around for the next 3 years(at least) ...and don't worry..everyone is in the same boat

Exercise is not the only way to burn fat. In morbidly obese patients a radical procedure called gastroplasty, or "stomach stapling", is used as treatment.

so, the B form could potentially "denature" into the A form under high salt concentrations or with dehydration?