Gonçalo Ferreira

I scraped the upper epidermis of a petal of Saintpaulia ionantha (African Violet) with a scalpel and placed the sample in a glass slide with water, put a glass coverslip on top. I used magnifications of 60x, 150x and 600x.

These are the results.

If you found this topic interesting, please just click on the ( + ) sign. Thank you for recougnising my work.

why does osmosis occur in dead potato cells.?

Osmosis envolves automatic physical reactions at a molecular level, and therefore, it does not cosume energy from the cell. If the cells are dead (not producing energy anymore) but if they are relatively fresh and if they are not dry (and 80% of a potatoe is water), I suppose osmosis continues to occur. The passage of water molecules though the cell membrane(osmosis) occurs directly due to channel proteins that cross that membrane. If a cell contains water, there is no obvious reason why it should not keep its structure. So, if the structure is intact, as long as there is not a isotonic balance, osmosis should continue happening, to achieve that same balance (in most plant cells, such as potato cells).

Isotonic balance is when the density (of solute) outside and inside the cell is the same. Plant cells tend to achieve this. To achieve this, the cells loses or gets water (osmosis), and loses or gets solute (difusion). The movements of matter occur by phsical priciples that require mixing intracellular and extracellulr solutions to achieve balance.

*I assume that you talking about an experiment with a microscope...

Thank you.

Why should not someone be allowed to keep a cannabis plant at home? Easy to grow and no risks associated with trafficking.

This species of evergreen vine gets its name (Passiflora) the resemblance of itsflowers with the passion of christ (jesus crussificação), it has a cross in the center. It originated in tropical America, but adapts well to the Mediterranean climate. Studies conducted in 1867 revealed the interest of this plant to the world of science and medicine.

This plant is not toxic and can be used for many purposes: to cure insomnia, to cuase body relaxation, healing alcoholic or morphine intoxiation.Thus it has the ability to give the user a kind of buzz which lasts about 15-20 minutes, and leaves the consumer "happy" for 1 hour or two. The most active part of the plant's flower, especially a few thin strips that surround the flower.

Its fruit is a sticky pulp inside which is rich in Vitamin C. This plant can be taken in aqueous dilutions(Like tea) or inhaled (such as cigarettes or Bongs with water to reduce the harm done to the respiratory system). It has over one hundred variations and hybrids and its flowers are elaborate and colorful.

Scientific source:

Segredos e virtudes das plantas medicinais(Secrets and virtues of medicinal plants) - 1983

Images Source:

www.gfmer.ch

en.wikipedia.org

so what's the point here, are you trying to tell us youre not a human since it was intentional? is that it?

Yes, also

Since uman is not a word I recognise the sentence has no meaning for me.

 

Since there is a phrase in which uman is replaced by human and since these two words are almost the same, one might suspect that uman has been typed in error. That is then mildly humourous, if it has been done deliberately.

I repeat: there are no typing errors.

"uman" is not a word, but, sometimes the meaning and freedom of writing overcomes the prision that rules are.

It's meant to be ironic, since there is a spelling error, even if it is intentional.

It is intentional.

 

The letters are too big. I don't like that.

Me neither.

"Don't judge by the shadow."

There are no typing errors:

"To err is uman."

Thank you all for your participation, continue the debate!

...And since the harm done is proportional to the consumption, which shows no correlation to the legal status, the harm done is irrelevant.

 

The damage is not irrelevant, I think that legalizing it reduces damage as countries that legalized it (such as the Nederlands ) have lower rates os heavy drugs consuption.(Image 1 and 2)

Also, making it legal prevents indirect damage, the damage related to traffic king.

In sum, I think that legalizing Cannabis reduces damage and related expenditures.

Image1 - guardian.co.uk

Iamge2 - ihra.net

It really looks like a Vitis plant. I makes remenber a vine yard. The black line across that photo could be a string or wire thats used to hold the growing plant. The green spots can easily be some remaining leafs or, most likely, a type of scarecrows made out of plastic bag strips and tied to the plant. The photo might not mean anything at all, it might be a strange picture just to get your attention; also, It can be a plant that illustrates solving problems, as Vitis plants were use to cure various diseases such as hemorroids, cancer, nausea, skin and eye infections as well as kidney and liver diseases, or it can illustrate the fact that Wine (made of fermentating vitis vinifera fruit - grapes) can solve problems, because alcohol makes you forget, and thats one way to solve problems, but real geniuses avoid them or they avoid the easy way out. In this case, this photograph would be metaphorical.

Compare the photos to yours, I hope I helped.

OK, thanks for clarifying.

 

 

Prohibition failed in the US. It just created criminal empires based on liquor, much the same way drug cartels flourish now.

 

There are more success stories in legalization. Portugal doesn't jail people who have less than a 10 day supply of ANY drug. They use the savings to target users with therapy and education. Crime is down overall, adolescent drug use is down and HIV diagnoses among drug users is down. Even the street prices went down, which probably affected the need for criminal activity.

 

We know prohibition creates more problems than it solves. I'm still not convinced that legalization of all drugs is right for the US, but I think legalizing marijuana is a test we could pass. At the very least, as I said before, marijuana should NOT be a Schedule I controlled substance.

I Know prohibition can easily fail, but, in your post, it lookes like you meant that there should be prohibition.

There is no data to support the belief that regulation significantly effects the percentage of the population that use recreational drugs.

There is not either data to support that the lack of regulation would be benneficiall. We must not try to change something if we don't know if our solution will be better.

It means Legalizing the use; if should it be legal to use freely.

I don't understand what you mean by "Free Cannabis sativa recreational use legalization". What's the free part? Free legalization? Free Cannabis?

 

Personally, I think it's wrong to treat pot differently than alcohol as far as legality. Having used both in the past, alcohol was far more addicting and its effects were more dangerous to others around me. I'd rather no one operate a vehicle while impaired, but I'd rather pass the slower-driving, paranoid stoner than be anywhere near the reckless, belligerent, speeding drunks.

 

Politically, rather than legalization, I'd just like to see Cannabis sativa taken off the Schedule I drug list. It relieves nausea in chemotherapy patients, so it has medicinal purposes, and the number of people who have used it and NOT become addicted far outweighs those who claim addiction. The number of people in US prisons just for marijuana possession sickens me. I suspect that if you were to do a study on all the privately-run, for-profit prisons, you'll find a preponderance of pot prisoners. Those types of prisons are allowed to kick violent and hard-to-deal-with prisoners back to state-run facilities, so having docile inmates who just want to serve their time and not make trouble means profit for these prisons.

 

As far as an impact on society, CaptainPanic points out that usage doesn't necessarily increase with legalization. We already have all the laws in place for public intoxication, driving under the influence, littering (in case anyone is pitching those roaches on the street), you name it. There would be far greater impact in that the US would be able to grow hemp again. Hemp fields would also curb unauthorized outdoor growing of Cannabis sativa, in addition to providing a myriad of new products, industries and tax revenue.

Personally, I think it's wrong to treat pot differently than alcohol as far as legality. Having used both in the past, alcohol was far more addicting and its effects were more dangerous to others around me.

Can't that mean that alcohol should be prohibited as well?

I would like you to express your opinion on the following:

• Free Cannabis sativa recreational use legalization;
• Medical marijuana use authorization;
• Pros and cons of Cannabis sativa for our health;
• Pros and cons of its use to society.

Please leave only comments and responses that are legitimate, justified and serious. We want a serious discussion and we will despise any incentive to its illegal use. Make use of intelligent argumentation.

This is my first post here. Please read it and comment with some feedback. Thank You. This is a review on the documentary The 11th Hour.

The documentary The 11th Hour offers ideas, facts andarguments concerning the need for man to live in harmony with the planet Earthas well as solutions to solve an ecological and social crisis. Presented by Leonardo DiCaprio and dozens of guests such as M. Gorbachev and S. Hawking.

Followingthe perspectives presented by several speakers from the movie 11th Hour, theman is living in an unsustainable way, given that we are part of a much largersystem, Nature, or Earth. This means that man isrecklessly expanding the company to unbearable limits and that our species willsuffer directly from this attitude. Nature,one way or the other, will persist; while Homosapiens may be unable to persist over time and therefore having a shortexistence on Earth compared with other species.

So that man can prolong itskind during the next coming years, we must change our attitude and point ofview relating Earth, which comes as a subject without rights (land is treatedas an object: can be mined, burned ...), that is, man willhave to change from a society where the economy is in the center and above all,to a society that seeks the protection of our planet. Our society has built up abarrier so that these ideas can be eradicated: capitalism prevents mostawareness campaigns and protest about the ecology and makes false advertisingso that they can explore the planet's resources that guarantees their extraordinaryincome (eg, environment minister of the United States during the term ofPresident Bush, was a lawyer and member of the lobby of oil). The economy is booming but theplanet is to following this expansion.

Amore direct and therefore faster, but perhaps less obvious, problem affectinghumans, is the increasing amount and intensity of natural disasters in recentyears. Their number has increasedover the years, but they do not receive wide media disclosure, except when theyare of great intensity. The extraction of resources ismaking the Earth increasingly defenseless against natural disasters (eg,excessive consumption of wood increases the intensity of floods: a tree, onaverage, can hold 260.000L of water in aflood, tha will be replaced to the aquifer afterwards; if we multiply this number by the thousands of cuttrees, we have a giant flood / the speed and duration of hurricanes hasincreased by 50% in recent years). We also have an increase ofdiseases due to excessive release of chemicals by industry (either to thehydrosphere or the atmosphere); cases of asthma, headache, lethargy, diabetesand even cancer have increased. As consequence of the risinggreenhouse effect, 20% of the original ice from the polar caps, which act likea mirror, melted, which contributed drastically to a decrease of solar raysreflected back to the atmosphere, which increased even more the greenhouseeffect; a temperature even higher can lead to a release of large quantities ofCO₂ retained at the oceanic bottom, elevating the temperature evenfurther, entering a vicious cycle where Earth may become similar to Venus, toohot.

The solution to these problems remains in each one ofus, but mainly in the governments that have yet to understand this crisis assomething serious and imminent. According to O.N.U., by the end of the century XXI, the total of refugees dueto environmental impact will be of 150,000,000 worldwide.

Whilemankind lived with energy and heat from the sun, which cannot be stored, livedin harmony with the planet: there was no pollution or overpopulation (being oneconnected to the other: more people - more consumption - more production - morepollution - less harmony). From the moment that Manlearns to accumulate and store energy, by extracting natural resources in aunsustainably (petroleum and coal), which gives an explosive increase oftechnology, quality of life (at least as regards the luxuries, in a shortterm), the world population increases in huge amounts (Baby Boom: since 1960the world population has tripled, and increased by about 1000% since thebeginning of the industrial revolution).There is an emerging consumer society and economy ruled by productoffering and capitalist system. It is this society that has to be changed. This consumerist behavioraffects the entire planet: 5000 to 10,000 living species become extinct everyday, but fauna and flora also disappear in quantity; Man as the culprit.

Feedingso many people has caused major problems and impacts on the environment:over-fishing, breeding in captivity and the pollution that comes with it, thedestruction of virgin soil to produce vegetables and cereals... All thesefactors show that the planet as we know it today isabout to change, and that Man will not be granted if this happens.

Millionsof gallons of chemical pollutants are dumped every day into the sea. These chemicals affect thehumankind in a perverse way, the fish we eat are infected with these chemicalsthat are liberated into their midst and we will eventually be contaminated, forexample, by eating those contaminated fish.

Toovercome this crisis, we must understand the planet and man as a whole. We must make the most out of Earth’s functionsin a sustainable way and invest in renewable energy, an industry free of litterand pollution, ecological design, but mainly on innovation.

Everyyear millions of dollars are spent to restore the levels of O₂ andCO₂ in the atmosphere, something that would be naturally done by ourplanet, if treated with the necessary respect.

Theclean and renewable energy can be accumulated and stored, there is no need togo back to the ancient culture of energy used discontinuously, but we have lotsof options to avoid exhaustible resources the use of pollutants such as oil, wehave solar, wind, hydraulic and, more importantly, atomic energy.

Theeco-design is not something you can draw directly, but an idea, a concept thatgives functions to something, maintaining ecological, functional and lines andprincipals.

Thesame weapon that brought us the imbalance, the power of our minds, must now beused to find a balance between modern society and a planet that is oldest andlargest.

Thank you for your time.

Factual claims Source: The 11th Hour