Tearfeather

Gut is an external sphere of our body, so there is no need to recognize everything that's in it as self and non-self.

As already was told PUBMED is one of preferable sources of scientific information.

I want only to give some useful tips using pubmed

If you want to enrich your knowledge start with searching "reviews" in pubmed and not "articles", they will give you a wide information on everything known / discovered untill today on selected topic.

For finding only reviews you have to specify on search window your topic of interest and you will have to add "review" word.

For example: you want to find some information on Ecoli, you write in search window "Ecoli and reviews" or even without "and". Moreover, if you want to see only a free/open for public articles or reviews go to extended search and mark "only full articles" there.

Good luck

I will try to help you if you will give me more details.

from where you trying to extract them?!

if you inject thioglycolate to mice peritoneum you enrich macrophages population.

Originally Posted by Phil

I might be wrong, but I read a couple of immunology articles, and while many mathematical/theoretical models have been developed in the last 20 years (mostly for cancer dynamics, virus dynamics, virulence, antigenic variation...), I never saw a single one of them in a standard article of immunology.

and probably you won't see..

IMO there is two major reasons for that:

1# Biologists as most of us agree are very poor in math. They don't get needed background in math in their undergrad. So when I (for example) have to decide what to teach, I prefer to give my students minimum math formulas and models, which they will find hard to understand, will loss me, and will miss the point in trying to grasp the meaning of the given math formula.

2# Most of immunologists, virologists and bacteriologists are practical and not theoretical, so they prefer to do a test instead of trying some known math model which will not replace practical examination anyway.

For example: when I have to determine virus replication time, I prefer to do very simple test instead of using suit model for that, which will not as I said will ''free'' me from experiment, and for just seeing if this particular model works in my virus and my system as well as in HIV for example I don't see as necessary..

virology like immunology theories changes all the time, so for a middle researcher who wasn't ''grown'' on math, very hard to relay on known math models which for today don't replace practical examinations that you need when you try to publish an article.

Are biologists poorly trained?

IMO absolutely!

I have been in three different (German) universities and institutes so far. In two of them we (the teachers) created our own courses from scratch and wrote our own scripts.

I Israel its the same system, I give immunology course for undergraduate students and what I decide to teach I will teach. There are some lecturers that for last 20 years teach the same course without changing/editing any contents... and no one tells them nothing..

#2; Biologists are notoriously inept with numbers. I don't like statistics, it's boring, still, it's very important for biologists. In fact, statistics was in great part built for biology. Yet, most universities have only one (very easy) mandatory course in statistics.

agree with every word!

I have to admit.. that till now (finishing my PhD this year) when I have to do complicated (for me) and important statistical calculations, like for in-vivo results, I'm going to statistician, and ask him to check me ..(can you imagine we, ''dumb'' biologists, have a special man in our faculty who do statistical calculations for us..what a shame..).

But how can I blame the students when we had only one basic statistical course in our first year study, when more than a half of the students didn't knew for what they even need this..?!

In most universities (in Germany) you specialize after two years of studying general biology (bachelor's equivalent) then you basically choose an area (e.g. ethology, genetics, microbiology, etc.) where more practical courses are performed (and finally you do the diploma/master thesis).

we have pretty much the same system, so I don't think that in professional side we have problems. and even if we feel we have gap in some subject we always can use a PubMed;)

I think our problem is with math and statictics. we must increase the count and the level of this courses that are given to biologists.

I am still not quite clear what the objective of the experiment is supposed to be.

Do you think that radiation might cause mutations that in turn increase resistance to UV radiations?

that's exactly what pine_smile wants to do, (he explained it to me in private message), like you said ''improbable, but not impossible'', very interesting hypothesis.

I agree this project require a big budget, I don't know if it worth it, especially if you want to do it as you graduate project. In molecular biology work you need a lot of patience, and luck:), it may take time till you will get your first observations, which could tell you if your theory was correct, and time is very

limited and important in graduate work.

But if you need to do it to a company or like undergraduate work, maybe its worth to try:).

I'm going to graduate soon from college, and I'm indecisive about something. I'm not sure whether I should simply grab some loans, go to a university, and get a bachelor's degree OR if I should simply work for a year (probably earning up to $20,000 USD for the year and keeping it), get some loans, pay off the interest, while going for my bachelor's degree.

 

I'm low on money, and I'm not too sure what to do. I don't think I truly qualify for scholarships, though. I know I do not want to be a teacher. If I did that, I'd probably be locked up in some hicktown for five years without the ability to get my master's degree.

 

What would some of you do?

What did some of you do?

Any of you have any stories?

I don't think it worth to take some loans for your bachelor's study, especially if (as yousay) you have a chance to find a job (and not as a teacher). I think you should go to work, try to find a work which will be close to your future study interests, get experience its very important in research and will help you in your bachelor study.

Dear Dr. DNA,

Do you mean the mutations will make the bacteria more sensitive to UVC irradiation? If it is this case, what might be the reason for indcuing the resistance? Please advise. Thanks so much!

Why you think UVC might induce mutations. the survived bacteria as far as I know was mutated that's right, but that doesn't mean mutations were induced in them?!

or maybe I don't understand something.

I would like to help you ,Tearfeather but the nomenclature is a foreign language to me. I can visualize chemicals structures much easier.

 

The best approach for making transitional cells, from stable cells, is to think in terms of hydrogen bonding. Any DNA differentiation, in terms of its active packed and unpacked shape and content, implies a different hydrogen potential configuration. The protein grid creates a H-potential capacitance, which parallels this, which causes the DNA configuration to maintain a steady state default, with some tweak, flexibility. That is how daughter cells reset the DNA. The protein grid makes the chromosomes default toward the equilibrium shape.

 

One simple technique for making transition cells, is to add the nucleus of one cell differentiation, into the protein grid of another cell differentiation. The result will be a configurational H-potential between the nucleus and the odd protein grid, with the system trying to reach a steady state. The trick is to use the two extreme H-potential states (differentiations). This gives us the widest bandwidth and the most time for manipulation.

 

If you look at stems cells advancing toward differentiated cells, the stem cells use the same principle of the nucleus and the protein grid being out of synch. The protein grid is seeing the input affect of neighboring cells, and is always one step ahead of the DNA. Eventually steady state forms, with both the DNA and the protein grid finally on the same page. At that point, we need to change partners to reset the nonequilibrium.

Thank you very much for your answer ,

I think I didn't described my problem correct.

I want to know the difference between this two types of the macrophages having the same source.

Peritoneal macrophages went throw the similar maturation pathway like Bone Marrow (BM) derived ones, the difference is that BM derived cells were

maturated in vitro and Peritoneal cells were extracted from mice,

so, BM macrophages are like ''virgin'' cells that never met pathogen before, and the peritoneal cells already may have some ''life'' experience.

My question refered to people who had some experience with this two kinds of macrophages and may tell me if there is some difference in biochemical level between this two types of cells.

As I read this topic I remembered the issue that bothered me not long ago, maybe somebody here has an answer for me, I will apriciate it very much.

what is the difference between primery macrophages extracted from mice peritoneum, and monocytes extracted from BM of the same mice and stimulated for one week with M-CSF?!

But "race" is a poor proxy for those genetics. Look at the genes and the traits, not at the "race".

For a long time already, scientists and MD doctors are trying to find the ''formula'' that would help them to decide exact drug dosage for each patients.

I agree with what you said that the best way is to look at patients genes, BUT as you know we live in capitalistic world and genes tests costs a lot of money, moreover they take a lot of time wich usually patient doesn't have...so, genes examination is good in CSI movies, but unfortunately in real life we have to find cheeper and faster ways.

np

Yes I know... but prescribed antibiotics specifically target bacteria and not viruses...

that's not what I said?!

''In bacterial infections we have antibiotics that kill the pathogen ...In viral infection the antibodies neutralize the virus and prevent its spread to new cells.''

The anti-body responce via production of antibodies from b lymphocytes is important for protection against bacteria but not viruses...

Truth is that antibodies are very important in both kinds of infections (bacterial and viral) especially in viral infection!

In bacterial infections we have antibiotics that kill the pathogen and antibodies only helps by opsonizing the bacteria.

In viral infection the antibodies neutralize the virus and prevent its spread to new cells. So the ''only'' thing that is left to immun system (NK cells, Tc cells etc.) is to eliminate already infected cells.

In emerging infectious diseases, like WN - fever, we use immunoglobulins to treat hard patients

The ''good'' thing in Ebola virus is that it has very short incubation time, and killes its host very fast.

This facts help to prevent the epidemic.

hello i want to about how to isolate HIV variants from blood

different variants????????/

You can't isolate HIV particles from the blood! HIV infects lymphocytes and stays in latents phase there.

The virus drops lyphocytes blood count and makes patients be sensitive to various pathogen infections.