Revenged

it has been well known for decades that cough syrups are uselesss... pholcoedeine (+ other coedine based syrups) are the only ones that has any effect as a cough suppressant - everything else is a con... and i'm prety sure taking sugar cough sweets + sugary cough syrups makes things worse... as bacteria thrive on glucose... so i don't really know why they exsit in pharmacies...

i've looked at wikipaedia but it doesn't say what happens in the brain of someone who is having an absense seizure... all i know is that it's a generalised seizure... so is absense epilepsy overactivity in the thalamus? ... or is it just overactivity in the cortex? ... anyone?

4. yes, it's e a is false - lactic acid is formed by anaerobic respiration (not glycolysis) c is false - gluconeogenesis is forming glucose (not forming lactate) 12. e (all can cause build up of lactic acid)

Does anyone know the neurological reason for absense epilepsy? All I can find out on the net is that it's classified as generalised 3Hz waves on an EEG - but what exactly happens in the brain to cause this?

thanks glider... re. alzheimers... i'm don't think nicotine has a major effect on alzheimers... as for nicotine as a treatment.... we already have acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (inhibition of the enzyme that breaks down ACh increases ACh levels in synapses)... they do have some effect but i don't think that NICE fund these drugs in the UK...

paralysis occurs in REM sleep... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep

ok... i'll rephrase the question... does anyone one know why nicotine causes reduced incidence of parkinson's? cuz i don't get it... all i know is that atropine (muscarinic antagonist) is used to treat the resting tremor... but parkinson's caused by the death of dopaminergic neurones... so how could intake of nicotine prevent that??

I was told it during a uni lecture... but I'm not sure why nicotine (or carbon monoxide?) will have this effect... edit: i've found a study... ' Initial Award Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of a few conditions in which cigarette smoking appears to decrease the risk of developing the disease, with a reduced risk of 50% among ever smokers compared to never smokers. ' http://www.trdrp.org/research/PageGrant.asp?grant_id=1613

Does anyone know why smokers have a lower incidence of Parkinson's disease than non-smokers? I can't find any definitive answers online, Thanks

iNow, i assume you are type I diabetic then?... hypoglycaemia is rarely a problem with type II diabetics - hyperglycaemia is the main problem and it would be crazy for type II diabetics to take it... (incidentally i used to work in a pharmacy... we used to sell 'diabetic' chocolate... but i personally would not recommend 'diabetic chocolate' for type II diabetics... the name is very deceptive... quite a few people eat buckets full of the stuff because they interpret it as meaning sugar free or as it having a special type of sugar that diabetics can have... this is nonsense... it mainly uses 'sucrose', which is a dimer of glucose + fructose...)

Jez... IBS isn't even a medical condition!... It's like TATT (tired all the time)... it's meaningless... And I'm glad you can use your 'instinct' to diagnose online... hehe... ok, i didn't realise... american dates are just so wrong and confusing ...

The sciatic nerve doesn't come out of the L4-L5 space... It is made up from nerves from all the spaces between L4 and S3 ('sacral plexus')... http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/images/sacral_plexus.gif The sciatic nerve then splits into the tibial nerve and common peroneal nerves... The tibial supplies the muslces within the posterior compartment of the lower leg... The common peronal supplies muslces within the lateral and anterior compartments of the lower leg...

It really depends on what type of arthritis you are talking about... gout is caused by uric acid crystals in the joints... septic arthritis is bacterial infection of a joint... osteomyelitis infection of bone... these few are mainly environomental factors (e.g. gout - binge drinking, infection - bacteria) osteoarthritis is due to old age/trauma and rheumatoid arthritis is mainly genetic (i think)... so neither are really environmentally caused... btw, i'm not sure about allergens causing arthritis... i haven't heard of that before... is it similar to rheumatoid arthritis?

A registered herbalist... ... Firstly, you have no evidence that this is gout... absolutely none... it isn't the most cause of arthritis... but if it was gout - why the hell would you recomend drinking gin!... you seriously have no idea what you are talking about... and you are severely deluded for recommending marijuana over anti-inflammatories...

true, but theophylline isn't one of them

my bad... well spotted... i meant halothane and not haloperidol... and i meant thiopentone before - not phenobarbitone... But the tablets are just in link were just arginine tablets... just like a protein suppliment really... they aren't nitric vasodilators like i was thinking about like glyceryl trinitrate given for heart failure...

tbh i don't think theophylline is used for asthma all that much... it is given orally (in a tablet form or liquid) and the only time i think where it may be used is when children refuse to take inhallers... but they aren't very good drugs for causing brochodilation... as they are a lot less selective in their action compared to salbutamol (which is b2 agonist inhaller)... but i think it may be given intravenously in emergency situations... i'm not totally sure on that... 100-3000 ppm (parts per million) doesn't sound paticulary high to me...

neither am i ... but wikipaedia is very good... i use it for everything ... and tbh no body fully understands how anasthetics work... it's still a bit of a mystery precisely how they work... they either stimulate inhibitory receptors (e.g. GABA) or they inhibit stimulatory receptors (e.g. glutamate receptors) or both... but afaik there aren't any real mechanisms of action that can fully explain their effects...

Theophylline is a medication for asthma btw...

ok, i wasn't thinking about recreational use... i guess it depends the dose and what you are taking it with... it is bound to be particularly nasty when taken with central nervous system depressants such as opioids, alcohol, benzos...etc. but trust me N2O isn't potent enough to induce general anasthesia... this is why it isn't used... not because of the dangers - none of the anasthetics used are all that safe... but it has a MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration) of 105%... this means that in order to get 50% of people anasthesia you need to 105% N2O, but you can't get more than 100% and so it would be impossible... the most you can give is 80% with 20% oxygen and so for most people it won't ever maintain general anasthesia... that is the reason it isn't used to maintain general anasthesia... we would always use a more potent inhallation anasthetics... also, inhallation anasthetics are used only to maintain anasthesia... they are never used to initiate it... other substances are given intravenously e.g. phenobarbitone (barbituates) to initiate anasthesia as they act within seconds... but N20 is very good for pain relief...

Laughing gas into dangerous... What on earth are you talking about... I did a practicle at uni where we either took a 20 or 40% concentration of N20 and noticed it's effects on how we write, memory, hand-to-eye coordination...etc. And nitrous oxide isn't even used as an anasthetic - it is far far far too weak... it is only used as an analgesic (e.g. pain relief during pregnancy)... Perhaps you are thinking of inhallation anasthetics such as haloperidol, which are more much more potent than N20... But what good would taking N0 be for bodybuilding... vasodilation?...

You don't need websites... Just make sure that you have hospital work experience (won't get an interview here without it!) and that you have good grades at school... And check if you need to sit extra entrance exams to get in... Good luck...

Most water reuptake occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule before the loop of henle... Yeah, it's hormonally controlled by the endocrine system... Aldosterone - Increase activity of Na+/K+ pump in distal convoluted tubule (increases Na+ uptake, increasing water reuptake) ADH - Anterior pituitary hormone, increases permability of collecting duct, increasing water reabsorption... I think the kidney is also involved in pH control... Can't remember how tbh...

More interesting is that some humans are resistant to HIV infection... I have have heard stories of Narobi prostitutes having very high levels of killer T cells that can stop the virus in it's very early tracks... I have also heard about a some Sweeds who have DNA mutation that makes them resistant to the virus... They have a mutated form of glycoproteins within their CD4 T cell membranes, which means that the HIV virus cannot adhere to the glycoproteins and so cannot infect CD4 T cells... There have been a lot of hypothetical ideas... Particularly vaccination, which has got nowhere... The only way we can combat it is by HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy)... It works by preventing the replication of HIV virus and it is very effective since it is no longer the death sentence it once was...

No, it isn't like that... Vasodilators are used to treat everyone of all race for heart failure... It's just that the combination of vasodilators used in BiDil isn't...