wissen85

newest research confirms that fair skinned people have lowest vitamin d levels and thus suffer from lowest bone density, osteoporosis, rickets, multiple sclerosis and other health problems caused by lack of vitamin d. this scientific findings go against the mainstream theory of nina jablonski who says fair skin evolved for better vitamin d absorbtion in low uv environments. nature would have never selected a mutation which hinders you to absorb necessary levels of vitamin d by threatening you with skin cancer. the fact that fair skinned people need sunscreen and vitamin d pills to survive is evidence for suffering from geneic disorder rather than being adapted to cloudy north. without vitamin d pills and or fortified foods fair skinned people are at serious health risks, especially children and pregnant women. just common sense tells us fair skin cannot be an adaptation because if fair skinned people expose themselves to sunlight they are at risk of cancer and when they avoid sunlight they are at risks of serious health issues from lack of vitamin d. a double curse. adding to it the fact that fair skinned people even get sunbrun in low uv northern europe and snow burn in winter, it further denies the theory of nina jablonski(she says northern europeans got white to absorb vitamin d while eskimos remained dark through fish consumption which is absurd because northern europeans eat mainly fish, ever been to sweden or britain?, main dishes are salmon and fish & chips). fair skin cannot absorb vitamin d better because it reflects sunlight in contrast to dark sin(ever wondered why inuit are dark and frying pans are black because dark material absorbs heat and light better than shiny, the reasons why bedouins wear white robes?).

as far as vitamin d metabolization, white people have the lowest bone density of all people on the planet probably because of the climate inhabited. vitamin d is produced by sun exposure. the skin is supposed to convert sunlight to vitamin d because of 7-dehydrocholesterol. however, white people reflect the sunlight so that the body compensates by depleting calcium from their bones. it makes whites more susceptible to kidney stones than any other race of people. the depletion of bone mass is responsible for their low bone density.

 

Contrary to previous studies across different ethnic backgrounds, this study within Caucasian UK females shows that fair skin types have lower levels of 25(OH)D compared to darker skin types with potential detrimental health effects. Public health campaigns advocating sun avoidance in fair skinned individuals may need to be revised in view of their risk of vitamin D deficiency. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006477

 

http://io9.gizmodo.com/5846704/pale-skinned-people-need-more-vitamin-d-than-their-bodies-can-actually-make

If you're one of those northern European types who burns when they so much as look at the sky, then bad news — you may need to get more vitamin D then you can safely gather from the sun. Alternatively: good news! You don't need to go in the sun to get vitamin D anymore!

Scientists found that in order to get a level of vitamin D in our bodies that's healthy, people generally need to hit 12 hours per weekend in the sun — and even that isn't enough for pale people who are very sun sensitive. Unfortunately, most pale folk can't go out in the sun for any amount of time without sunscreen, which prevents you from absorbing vitamin D.

So what do you do to get your vitamin D? Supplements — by which I mean chewy vitamins for grownups.

 

 

Fair-skinned individuals are at an increased risk for vitamin D deficiency. They are often unable to spend enough time in the sun to obtain the necessary amount of vitamin D without getting sunburned. Vitamin D deficiency is a problem for patients with melanoma for the same reason. Now, researchers from the University of Leeds (UK) report that this deficit is significant enough that fair-skinned individuals and others at risk for vitamin D deficiency may want to consider taking a vitamin D supplement to correct the problem.

In a sample of 1,200 people, about 730 had sub-optimal levels of vitamin D, lead researcher Julia Newton-Bishop, a professor of Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the University of Leeds, and colleagues found. Individuals with fair skin were much more likely to be vitamin D deficient, which was measured as 60nmol/l. Sun exposure correlated to an increased vitamin D level, but the researchers report in Cancer Causes and Control that this increase occurred only in participants who reported lengthy sun exposure (12 hours or more of sun exposure on the weekends). Individuals who were given vitamin D supplements had average levels of 11.0nmol/L or higher and achieved optimal vitamin D levels regardless of sun exposure. http://www.the-dermatologist.com/content/vitamin-d-supplements-may-be-necessary-fair-skinned-individuals-melanoma-patients-and-others

just another set of irrational justifications and from psychological state of denial.. congratulations

you provided nothing to discredit the fact that white people are OCA2 tyrosinase defective (of course those real blondes and red heads with no admixture)

if fair skin and blue eyes is adaptation to low uv, then spaghetti monster rules the universe..

child sunburned in wales.. rickets in england.. scandinavia leading skin cancer ranking..

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2014277/Schoolgirl-left-burned-teachers-ban-suncream-sports-day-practice.html

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-200848/The-return-rickets.html

solar insolation map, check briatain and scandinavia..

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Europe-en.png

and you call yourself scientific and claim to think rational??....

 

It's not logical, its nonsensical.

now you deny that mutations in the TYR gene are responsible for light hair, skin and eyes?

Your own sources state that albinism is a rare disorder in white people. Therefore your claim that all white people are albinos is trivially falsified.

 

Posting irrelevant pictures of puppies and cherry picking quotations won't change that

you think i am still taking you for serious? you privided not single counterevidence from beginning of thread. you just troll around and always accuse me of something instead of being able to provide a single evidence which gives you status of a troll..

 

 

You just quoted two gwas studies that identified diagnostic SNP associations, That which is identified in Eiberg et al is in an intron upstream of OCA2 - so I'm not sure what you mean by "in vito and in vivo"... care to elaborate, given these are gwas rather than mechanistic studies? This is very different to identification of a causative polymorphism. Linkage disequilibrium and drift are plausible and possibly better explanations for fixed differences in non-coding gene regions.

 

 

Are you discussing OCA2 the gene, or OCA2 the diagnosis? Everyone has the OCA2 gene, certain mutation thereof cause alibinism. Which mutation are you suggesting is fixed across the Caucasian/Hispanic/Turkish population, and causative of the phenotype? A SNP in an intron upstream of OCA2?

 

oca2 is responsible for fair skin and blue eyes; oca2 is a type of albinism, logically oca2 = albinism = white people are albinos because oca2 is the cause of being white.

http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask424

thus the need for sunglasses both in cold and sunny climate! sunglasses are not natural adaptation, common sense tells me that only oca2 albinos would have need to wear sunglases in cold and sunny climate and get snowburn, beause they are not born from natural selection but carry defective genes who are not able to produce tyrosinase.

http://unofficialnetworks.com/2012/07/goggle-tan-raddest-fken-tan-line-time

Again, leaving aside what the factual basis of the claim is or isn't, you keep speaking as if being derived from an albinism-related mutation and being an environmental adaptation were mutually exclusive.

 

Not only is that not accurate, the two things have nothing to do with each other.

still waiting for your explanation of what evolutional survival advantage white skin and blue eyes provide, so nature selected for it..

 

OCA1 is a disease associated with mutations in the GPR143 gene, OCA 2 is a distinct form of albinism associated with mutations in the OCA2 gene.

 

There are no "stages" of Oculocutaneous albinism, there are multiple types with distinct, independent genetic causes.

i posted this picture because some of you are repeatedly asking the same quesions over agains thus i got the impression they do not understand the differences between type 1 albinism and type 2. by the way the girl with oca2 looks exactly like average german or english woman..

hans eiberg proved to you in vitro and in vivo, that oca2 is the root of european fair hair end blue eyes. what else do you need as proof? do you think nature would be so irrational as to select for tyrosinase defective genes which give you no advantage at all? even in cold climate whites get snowburn and cancer(scandinavia leads european statistic in skin cancer despite low uv). if you think white skin and blue eyes emegred as an adaptation with survival advantage, please explain to me what kind of evolutional advantage we whites have! if not then the only logical explanation is being derived from albinos.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5676687_Eiberg_H_Troelsen_J_Nielsen_M_Mikkelsen_A_Mengel-From_J_Kjaer_KW_et_alBlue_eye_color_in_humans_may_be_caused_by_a_perfectly_associated_founder_mutation_in_a_regulatory_element_located_within_the_HERC2

http://genetics.thetech.org/original_news/news66

If white skin was an adaption to cold climate then the natural sun light of Northern Europe would not be a death sentence to white people living there. We know that skin cancer among whites is highest in Northern Europe, because of the sun's magnified reflection from the ice hitting/burning your depigmented skin. If the natural climate of Northern Europe kills depigmented people then this means that white skin is not an "adaption" to any environment on Earth ...it's common sense.

the only cold adapted people on earth are inuit, eskimos and nenets..

That completely contradicts your claims.

 

1. "Overall, an estimated 1 in 20,000 people worldwide are born with oculocutaneous albinism"

 

Last time I looked 1/20,000 is a lot less than 4%

 

2. "People with OCA2 ... cannot tan"

 

All the white people I know can tan.

not true. people with oca2 have some pheomelanin present thus are able to tan. whereas people with oca1 do not.

here is a picture of a girl who has OCA2 with her sister who has OCA1..

http://i.imgur.com/iks6R.jpg?1

 

The most common type of albinism, is caused by mutation of the P gene. People with OCA2 generally have more pigment and better vision than those with OCA1, but cannot tan like some with OCA1b. A little pigment can develop in freckles or moles.[6] People with OCA2 usually have fair skin but often not as pale as OCA1, and pale blonde to golden, strawberry blonde, or even brown hair, and most commonly blue eyes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculocutaneous_albinism

 

 

Even if this is true, the percentage dropping this low is a recent development, from the trend of developed nations having low birthrates and extending medical advances to lesser-developed countries, reducing their mortality rates. In 1950, whites comprised 28% of the population. Your statistic is meaningless in the context of the discussion.

 

http://www.vdare.com/articles/whites-down-to-10-of-world-population-by-2060-does-it-matter

in my opinion the calssification of whites is extended to latinos, turks and other mixed population which artificially pushes the number of whites as a whole. when you consider the number of unmixed whites(real blondes and red haired) then the numbers are very low. blondes and red haired make hardly 4% of world population.. i am realistic

And you get people who are white with OCA2 defects.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelman_syndrome

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader%E2%80%93Willi_syndrome

But according to your idea that's impossible.

What you are saying that that these people have symptoms due to a defect in a gene they don't have.

 

Incidentally, please don't waste time on wall of text replies citing ancient Romans or a shed full of pictures of dogs.

 

You need to address the actual point.

 

How can white people have problems caused by a defect in a gene that you say they don't possess in the first place?

you would not ask the same question over again if you have had read the post above explaining the various stages of albinism.

blonde/red hair and blue eyes = OCA2 = scientific evidence

type 2 Albinism, or (OCA2 or P type Albinism) results in a defect in the P protein, which helps tyrosinase function. As a result, tyrosinase cannot produce sufficient amounts of melanin resulting in the characteristics of albinism. OCA2 is not as severe as OCA1. People with OCA2 usually have from very light blonde to brown hair and blue eyes

albinism can result in various stages and symptoms. therefore you see white people with red hair, blonde hair, blue eyes, green eyes, freckles, heterochromia, waardenburg syndrome etc.

Vampires?

OCA2

 

Which brings us back to the possibility that it provided some kind of selective advantage that allowed the mutation to spread throughout the population.

which according to you would be?

if we leave out the absurd "white skin is adapted to cold" theory what else is left?

regarding the numbers you must consider that hardly 3% of those classified as white are blonde or red haired, majority of them are dark haired who mixed with moors, turks, arabs and asians during history. also you underestimate the fact that isolation provides a breeding ground for albinism especially the dark cold north where they can survive by hiding from the sun which makes it easy to breed in higher numbers. a life form whether healthy or albino needs only enough resources and absence of natural predators to be able to multiply, if they are provided they can easily spread in large numbers in isolation(see example of various bacteria). whites especially northerners and islanders in britain, ireland and iceland had enough isolation and resources to be able to multiply regardless of being albino. still majority of humans are melanated and not white. whites always have been minority.

It's not an issue of genetics at this point, it's one of logic.

It doesn't matter how many flavours of albinism there are- as long as they are all found in whites.

As far as I can tell, they are.

white people per se are OCA2 albinos. but of course you will also find OCA1, OCA3 and OCA4 types among whites..

Albinism affects the color of the skin, the color of the hair and the color of the eyes and it can affect the texture of the hair.

What this means is that there are people/Whites who are still albino WITH pigmentation. This is OCA2.

ANY LOSS OF PIGMENTATION IS ALBINISM. Albinism can also cause straightening of the hair

Good, now we've got that out of the way.

There are 4 types of Albinism. Each type affects the pigmentation of the hair, skin and eye color.

This information is NOT hard to find. I got this from the NATIONAL INSTITUTE of HEALTH: AKA NIH

Here is the link, it was done in 2004, it has NOW been found that the mutation of the alanine allele (SCL24A5-) accounts for the THR111 gene found in Whites and THIS IS WHY they are more genetically related to Asians.

Oculocutaneous albinism - Genetics Home Reference

THR111 Alleles

http://paspcr.med.umn.edu/Commentary...commentary.pdf

Allelic Variations of SLC24A5

There are many genes that affect skin pigmentation, what it doesn't take away is the fact that ANY LOSS IN PIGMENTATION IN THE HAIR, EYES AND SKIN, no matter how minute is in fact ALBINISM.

It's not meant to be mean, it's just a fact. I always though there was just one type!

Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 1

Disease characteristics. Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is characterized by reduced synthesis of melanin in the skin, hair, and eyes, associated with ocular findings of nystagmus, reduced iris pigment with iris translucency, reduced retinal pigment, foveal hypoplasia with significantly reduced visual acuity usually in the range of 20/100 to 20/400, and misrouting of the optic nerves resulting in alternating strabismus and reduced stereoscopic vision. Individuals with OCA1A have white hair, white skin that does not tan, and fully translucent irises that do not darken with age. At birth, individuals with OCA1B have white or very light yellow hair that darkens with age, white skin that over time develops some generalized pigment and may tan with sun exposure, and blue irises that change to green/hazel or brown/tan with age. Visual acuity may be 20/60 or better in some individuals.

Oculocutaneous albinism, type 2

Tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism (OCA, type II) is an autosomal recessive disorder in which the biosynthesis of melanin pigment is reduced in skin, hair, and eyes. Although affected infants may appear at birth to have OCA type I, or complete absence of melanin pigment, most patients with OCA type II acquire small amounts of pigment with age. Individuals with OCA type II have the characteristic visual anomalies associated with albinism, including decreased acuity and nystagmus, which are usually less severe than in OCA type I. OCA type II is the most common type of oculocutaneous albinism in the world.

The gene OCA2, when in a variant form, the gene causes the pink eye color and hypopigmentation common in human albinism. Different SNPs within OCA2 are strongly associated with blue and green eyes. Hair color is the pigmentation of hair follicles due to two types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. Generally, if more melanin is present, the color of the hair is darker; if less melanin is present, the hair is lighter. Blond hair can have almost any proportion of phaeomelanin and eumelanin, but both only in small amounts. More phaeomelanin creates a more golden blond color, and more eumelanin creates an ash blond. Blond hair is common in many European peoples, but rare among peoples of non-European origin. Many children born with blond hair develop darker hair as they age. Red hair ranges from vivid strawberry shades to deep auburn and burgundy, and is the rarest fully distinct hair color on earth. It is caused by a variation in the Mc1r gene and believed to be recessive. Red hair has the highest amounts of phaeomelanin and usually low levels of eumelanin, and is the rarest natural human hair color.

Oculocutaneous albinism, type 3

Oculocutaneous albinism, type 3: A rare inherited disorder characterized by slightly reduced pigmentation in the skin, eyes and hair (due to a genetic mutation of the TYRP1 gene). Type 3 is characterized by some pigmentation of the iris despite the complete absence of tyrosinase which is needed for the production of melanin which gives the skin, hair and eyes their color. Those with OCA3 may have, Reddish-brown skin, Ginger hair, Red hair, Hazel iris, Brown iris. Type 3 also has the milder eye problems than the other types.

Light-skinned Whites with tyrosinase-negative albinism have pale skin and hair color ranging from white to yellow; their pupils appear red because of translucent irides. Blacks with the same disorder have hair that may be white, faintly tinged with yellow, or yellow-brown. Both Whites and Blacks with tyrosinase-positive albinism grow darker as they age. For instance, their hair may become straw-colored or light brown and their skin cream-colored or pink. People with tyrosinase-positive albinism may also have freckles and pigmented nevi that may require excision.

This form of albinism was referred to as 'rufous oculocutaneous albinism (ROCA)' when it was found in southern African blacks. In blacks the disorder is characterized by bright copper-red coloration of the skin and hair and dilution of the color of the iris. Manga et al. (1997) suggested that albinism caused by mutation in the TYRP1 gene should be referred to as OCA3

In New York City rather numerous cases are seen in Puerto Rican families from the Aguadilla-Arecibo area of northwestern Puerto Rico. Albinism in dark-skinned persons such as Puerto Ricans is not always obvious because freckled skin and reddish hair may be present. Red reflex on transillumination of the iris and nystagmus are important clues to the diagnosis.

In tyrosinase-variable albinism, at birth the child's hair is white, his skin is pink, and his eyes are gray. As he grows older, though, his hair becomes yellow, his irides may become darker, and his skin may even tan slightly. The skin of a person with albinism is easily damaged by the sun. It may look weather-beaten and is highly susceptible to precancerous and cancerous growths. The patient may also have photophobia, myopia, strabismus, and congenital horizontal nystagmus.

Oculocutaneous Albinism, Type 4

Disease characteristics. Oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) is characterized by hypopigmentation of the skin and hair plus the characteristic ocular changes found in all other types of albinism, including nystagmus; reduced iris pigment with iris translucency; reduced retinal pigment with visualization of the choroidal blood vessels on ophthalmoscopic examination; foveal hypoplasia associated with reduction in visual acuity; and misrouting of the optic nerves at the chiasm associated with alternating strabismus, reduced stereoscopic vision, and an altered visual evoked potential (VEP). Individuals with OCA4 are usually recognized within the first year of life because of hypopigmentation of the hair and skin and the ocular features of nystagmus and strabismus. Vision is likely to be stable after early childhood. The amount of cutaneous pigmentation in OCA4 ranges from minimal to near normal. Newborns with OCA4 usually have some pigment in their hair, with color ranging from silvery white to light yellow. Hair color may darken with time, but does not vary significantly from childhood to adulthood. This form of albinism is rarer than OCA2, except in the Japanese population.

22. Squamous-cell carcinoma in situ in a patient with oculocutaneous albinism

Now, of course Whites are more genetically related to asians. But they they share a common ancestor. the Indian Dravidians that became you guessed it, ALBINO and that is a genetic mutation causing a difference in the allele genes. Over time they became a sub-species of the originals, all of whom were of African origin.

Back to topic:

Here is Whites' theory:

The original Black settlers of Europe TURNED WHITE because they became FARMERS, who ate only farm produce devoid of Vitamin D. And, the lessened solar duration and intensity in the Northern regions REQUIRED a Whitening of the skin for faster absorption of UV radiation and production of Vitamin D. So then, White skin absorbs Sunlight FASTER? Let's see.

1) Modern Whites in Europe are Germanics, Slavs, and Celts. They have nothing to do with ancient ANYBODY in Europe. They are migrants from Central Asia in the CURRENT era. Any encyclopedia will document their entry into Europe.

2) These Whites in Central Asia were Nomads - NOT FARMERS! Their diet was rich in Meats and FISH! Plus they had plenty of Sunshine - in Kazakhstan-south, for eight months of the year, the average UV intensity is level 8 out of a maximum 11. Thus there was no reason to turn White there!

3) Whites did NOT bring agriculture to Europe, Blacks and Arabs from the South did, and they did NOT turn White.

4) European Whites in the early current era were NOT farmers - Farming is very RECENT to European Whites!.

5) The Whitest of the Whites in Europe - the Anglosaxons and Irish, inhabited Costal WESTERN Europe and Scotland - regions rich in fish and game animals - ancient Germany and modern Germany are different areas.

The Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus (56-118 A.D.) said this about them: For my own part, I agree with those who think that the tribes of Germany are free from all taint of intermarriages with foreign nations, and that they appear as a distinct, unmixed race, like none but themselves. Hence, too, the same physical peculiarities throughout so vast a population. All have fierce blue eyes, red hair, huge frames, fit only for a sudden exertion. They are less able to bear laborious work. Heat and thirst they cannot in the least endure; to cold and hunger their climate and their soil inure them. Does THAT sound like FARMERS?

Moving along, let's examine some other things huh?

6) A Human being requires ONLY 15 minutes of Sunshine, on face or hands, TWICE a week, for good health! Thus no reason for Black people to turn White.

But for the sake of argument, lets accept this bit of White myth, that Blacks TURNED White because of Vitamin D deficiency - Lets test it. Think of the absurdity of this: Black humans survived in Europe for about 35,000 years, then all of a sudden, their bodies were not getting enough vitamin "D": forcing them to lighten their skin. The problem is: logically, BEFORE there could be any evolutionary movement toward lighter skin - the population would have DIED OUT from Rickets! This supports Albinism, but there were Blacks

Rickets

Rickets is a softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, phosphorus or calcium, potentially leading to fractures and deformity. The Roman physician Soranus reported deformation of the bones in infants as early as the first and second centuries AD. He attributed these deformities as resulting from the failure of Roman mothers to properly nurture and clean their children, but didn't directly implicate poor diet in the condition. Rickets wasn't defined as a specific medical condition until 1645, when an Englishman named Daniel Whistler gave the earliest known description of the disease while still studying medicine.

Rickets was very common in industrialized cities around the turn of the twentieth century, both in the United States and in Europe. It was most common among the poorer, less privileged people and often affected infants. Still, there was not a complete understanding that the condition was caused by poor nutrition, although it was considered a potential cause, along with lack of fresh air and sunshine. In the late nineteenth century, strides had been made toward finding a cure for rickets. At the London Zoo in 1889, lion cubs were fed a diet of boneless lean meat. When some cubs developed florid rickets, they were treated by the addition of cod liver oil and crushed bones to their meals, and made a full recovery.

What causes rickets? Regardless of the type of rickets, the cause is always either due to a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. Three common causes of rickets include nutritional rickets, hypophosphatemic rickets, and renal rickets.

So to carry the absurdity to its logical conclusion: supposing that these Black people turning White, survived thousands of years of Rickets - in a non-deformed state, and then appeared as modern Whites. Then why would MODERN Whites STILL get Rickets? Wasn't the whole point of evolution to develop White skin, just for the "SUPPOSED" reason that Sunlight could be quickly and efficiently absorbed by the White skin, just to AVOID such things? You would have built up the resistance to sustain Rickets. Albinism is the stabilized norm for White skin, but there are variations of Albinism and not all lost total pigmentation.

Additionally, Whites don't do well in either climate hot or cold.

Snowburned and Sunburned Whites disprove the myth that we are adapted to either cold or hot environment, as i said all arctic animals have melanin be it polar bear, seal or arctic fox! also inuit and eskimos who live in coldest climate one earth have brown skin..

Lets have a quick look at the first line of the OP

"we white people are thus not a race but mutated oculocutaneous albinos type 2. "

If all white skinned people were albinos then there wouldn't be any albinos among the whites.

How could the melanin be more missing in a group where it's already missing?

But there are white albinos- so we know that the starting premise of this thread is wrong.

(the situation is analogous to the demise of the "mongolism"explanation of Down's syndrome when it was discovered that you could find black skinned people with Downs)

Might as well close the thread- it's not going to achieve much.

with this post you just proved you have zero knowledge about genetics and biochemistry.

albinism has four stages, you better read about the basics of albinism before discrediting yourself by hillarious statements.

scientist prove that oca2 is the root of being white. second stage albinism.

Why would nature select for the genes that lead to malformed red blood cells in people from tropical/equatorial regions when it leads to higher rates genetic disease like sickle cell anemia?

 

The answer is that it also confirms a resistance to malaria, which is a major concern in those regions and ultimately winds up being a far deadlier killer than the genetic disease that comes along as a side effect of the resistance, at least if you live in a malaria-prone area. Move away and that advantage suddenly becomes a bigger problem than the one it is solving.

 

You keep saying that the pale skin is the result of an albinism-associated mutation "rather than" an adaptation, and that it comes with lots of health problems instead of some environmental advantage.

 

But that latter bit actually seems to imply that it does, or at least did, hold some adaptational advantage that offsets the associated problems. Traits generally don't spread and become fixed in a population if they are deleterious, especially not very large populations. Either they confirm some advantage (which may also come with some disadvantages that the advantage simply offsets, as in the case with sickle cell) or they are basically neutral and just random walked their way into the wider population without being good or bad in terms of survival.

 

Either way, nothing is ever a mutation "rather than" an adaptation, and something that is an adaptation in one environment or population may also be considered a disease in another environment or population, but the fact that something is a mutation doesn't "prove" that it's one or the other. All genetic diseases are the result of mutations and all environmental adaptations are the result of mutations.

oh dear, you just have to understand that deterious traits survived in europe due to isolation of albinos in northern europe. if two albinos procreate they cannot produce anything else than another albino, if they do it in isolation then of course you can get a large population when isolated in northern darkness, where the sun is not able to harm you so much as in other places on earth(but still scandinavia is number one in skin cancer statistics despite low uv).. of course after several tribes such as arabs, turks, mongols invaded whites got admixture of melanin hence come the different eye, hair colors..

by the way whites are not "very large population" we are merely 8% of all humanity, over 90% are melanated..

ps. albinos have same traits in every race namely blonde/red hair and blue eyes. but in other races albinos were segregated and outbred by melanin dominant individuals whereas in icy north they bred between themselves exclusively therefore it was possible for them to breed in large numbers, tacticus wrote that germanic folks never bread with foreign tribes and kept racial segregation. here you have the explanation why they could breed in such large numbers despite of their oca2.

Yet another citation needed.

you guys are experts in demanding citations while none of you came up with a single valid counterargument or evidence till now..

but anyway

 

Carbon forms the key component for all known life on Earth. Complex molecules are made up of carbon bonded with other elements, especially oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, and carbon is able to bond with all of these because of its four valence electrons. Carbon is abundant on earth. It is also lightweight and relatively small in size, making it easier for enzymes to manipulate carbon molecules.[citation needed] It is often[how often?] assumed in astrobiology that if life exists somewhere else in the universe, it will also be carbon based. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-based_life

 

This study used the C. neoformans requirement of exogenous obligatory catecholamine precursors for melanization to produce isotopically enriched pigment “ghosts” and applied 2D 13C-13C correlation solid-state NMR to reveal the carbon-based architecture of intact natural eumelanin assemblies in fungal cells. http://www.jbc.org/content/290/22/13779.abstract

of course standing up can increase the blood flow and moving increases life expectancy even further. centenarians are known for being very active as opposed to inactive people who are short lived. life is motion as is our circulatory system.

 

 

You can do the same thing with a potato or a lemon. It's about having an electrolyte and dissimilar metals. The battery action is from the metals, not the medium.

 

 

Um, what's "normal"?

"normal" means carbon rich as in all healthy life forms opposed to carbon recessive as in albinos.

the disadvantages of being white(SLC24A5) are backed up by evidence in vitro and in vivo.

 

An ideal electrode for a sodium ion battery, the type of energy storage device pioneered by Jay Whitacre, coauthor of the study, would have an anode with a surface area that can attract and support as many sodium ions as possible, and it would be redox active, capable of shuttling electrons from anode to cathode in a circuit. The spongy microstructure of natural melanin offers both.

 

The authors compared the efficiency of natural melanin taken from the ink sack of a cuttlefish with commercially available synthetic melanins. Their findings show that natural melanin, as an electrode material, has a specific capacity fifty percent larger than synthetic melanins.

 

Differences in their microstructures noted as variations in surface area could be to blame.

 

“Melanin is basically a disordered molecule, it’s very enigmatic as a structural pigment, and not all melanins are made alike,” Bettinger says. “If I get a protein from a bacteria, I can make the same protein synthetically, and it will look the same. Melanins are different. We can’t replicate the structure of natural melanin.”

 

The electronic properties of melanin are the discovery here, Bettinger adds. “We’re still unraveling how it works.” http://blog.pnas.org/2013/12/naturally-occurring-melanin-could-be-the-future-of-edible-electronics/

 

 

 

The research shows that there is less pigment in blue eyes, and green eyes for that matter, than there is in brown eyes, so more light is able to penetrate blue eyes. This makes lighter eyes more sensitive to light and is what makes people with blue eyes more likely to have age-related macular degeneration. Macular degeneration is caused when the light sensitive cells in the eyes start to die, which can eventually result in blindness. https://www.enhancedvision.com/low-vision-info/eye-conditions/causes-of-macular-degeneration.html

i posted so much evidence of white people being oca2 albinos rather than "cold adapted". why would nature select such recessive traits for humans to be at risk of melanomas, infertility and macular degeneration by having light skin and light eyes? seem illogical, because uv rays are not only strong in tropical or equatorial locations but also in arctic and mountaneous regions of the world, in other words white people are nowhere safe from the sun, not even in northern europe or america/canada. only conclusion is albinism and it also is supported by the fact that white people and albino animals share the same genetic flaw namely SLC24A5 and the fact that all oca2 albinos regardless of race have similar symptoms, namely blue eyes, blonde or red hair and photosensitivity.

the fact that arctic foxes, polar bears and seals who are living in coldest environments and also nenets and inuits have brown skin and eyes is enough evidence to debunk the "cold adapted whites" theory.

now after posting lots of evidence, it would be appropriate from those who deny that white people are derived from albinos, to post some counterevidence! till now you did not provide anything to discredit those facts i posted. you are only accusing me of being a "crank" while having zero arguments. such is the nature of your "scientificness"..

ps. having 8,252 posts does not raise your credibility

Thanks. Some of those links are very interesting. Please remember to provide supporting references in future.

 

However, some of your claims are not supported by any of them (e.g. melanin being a superconductor). And some of your sources are extremely poor quality. I would recommend you stick to peer-reviewed science in future. (For example, I would assume that any story on pesn.com is a lie or a scam, without some good evidence otherwise.) And try to avoid yootoob videos. They are, in general, worthless as a source of reliable information.

 

Similarly, the fact that surrogacy services exist in India is hardly surprising. I imagine poverty in the country is a bigger factor than melanin. You haven't shown any such causal relationship. Neither have you shown that India is a larger source of surrogate mothers than America or Europe.

i do not understand why you think that youtube is worthless source, there are millions of scientific videos from renown scientists on YT, to assume youtube is worthless is a logical flaw. you simply are wrong by saying that stuedies or experiments written on paper are superior to those demonstrated on video. after all youtube is just a platform to host the videos, it is illogical to take youtube as a source, rather youtube should only be viewed as a hosting platform for videos. you cannot say that if i post a study on facebook that it automatically becomes worthless just because it is not published on www.harvard.edu

melanin is a big factor in pregnancy and the lack of melanin in white woman is the main reason for infertility. thus the lack of melanin in white women (oca2) is causally connected to the need for melanated surrogate mothers.

see here:

 

The dark pigmentation protects from DNA damage and absorbs the right amounts of UV radiation needed by the body, as well as protects against folate depletion. Folate is water soluble vitamin B complex which naturally occurs in green, leafy vegetables, whole grains, and citrus fruits. Women need folate to maintain healthy eggs, for proper implantation of eggs, and for the normal development of placenta after fertilization. Folate is needed for normal sperm production in men. Furthermore, folate is essential for fetal growth, organ development, and neural tube development. Folate breaks down in high intense UVR. Dark-skinned women suffer the lowest level of neural tube defects.

 

Magnetization in fields of 2,000 to 9,000 gauss at room temperature generates low frequency noise in the microwave electrical conductivity of hydrated nucleic acids or dry melanin. The pattern of behavior observed for this noise suggests that it is analogous to Barkhausen noise observed during the penetration of bits of magnetic flux into type 2 superconductive metals. This implies that hydrated nucleic acids and dry melanin contain superconducting regions at room temperature. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/733937

 

 

Folate is essential for human health in the prevention of megaloblastic anemia and neural tube birth defects and plays important roles in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Therefore, research into environmental factors that may impact folate status, such as solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is of great health significance. In vitro studies have shown that UV radiation can degrade folate and folic acid in human blood and this has been confirmed in several human studies. Despite these findings, there is a dearth of epidemiological research into investigating the relationship between folate status and the links to solar UV exposure.

 

© 2012 International Life Sciences Institute. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747844

now we know why there is a need to wear RAY BANS to ban the sun and where the legends of vampires come from, namely the ancient european photophobia caused by albinism.. still wonder why vampire legends derive from europe and vampires are shown as pale and blue eyed in movies? no coincidence.. blue eyes are shown by science of optometrics to cause macular degeneration and white skin encourages skin cancer(legends of vampires burned by sun) and folic acid breakdown = infertility..

anemia caused the drive to drink human or animal blood, blood sausage anybody?

 

Citation needed.

 

 

Citation needed.

 

 

Citation needed.

 

 

Citation needed.

http://www.saudicaves.com/mx/batgen/

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/radiation-helps-fungi-grow/

http://phys.org/news/2012-06-melanin-bio-friendly-electronics.html

http://pesn.com/2011/05/03/9501825_could_Human_Photosynthesis_power_the_future/

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/dietary-chlorophyll-helps-us-captureuse-sunlight-energy-groundbreaking-study-1

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6321645

and finally proof we europeans are indian albinos and carry the same haplogroup with the exception that indians do not carry tyrosinase defect(oca2)

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA).PNG

also watch documentary called "Commercial Surrogacy Exploiting Women Of The Developing World?" on YT

ever wondered why white people are leading in reproductive sciences and stem cell research? because the birth rates are so low and birth defects are so high that we need to find a cure for it. thousands of white women travel to india to find a surrogate mother because as i said indians have same haplogroup R and they need a helathy melanated womb so they hire an indian woman to carry their child because they are not capable.it is caused by low folate through uv damage because white skin is translucent(albinism) which results in uv light damaging organs, folic acid and uterus..

 

Folate is essential for human health in the prevention of megaloblastic anemia and neural tube birth defects and plays important roles in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Therefore, research into environmental factors that may impact folate status, such as solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is of great health significance. In vitro studies have shown that UV radiation can degrade folate and folic acid in human blood and this has been confirmed in several human studies. Despite these findings, there is a dearth of epidemiological research into investigating the relationship between folate status and the links to solar UV exposure. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228099556_Folate_degradation_due_to_ultraviolet_radiation_Possible_implications_for_human_health_and_nutrition

now if after all the evidence you still doubt that us whites are albinos in differnt stages oca1, 2, 3, 4, then you are not scientific and are in denial of reality. this is all proved in vitro and in vivo.

i am an expert on the issues, my research began years ago when my aunt died of skin cancer and i started to ask myself why white people have overall photophobia and weak immune system.

we can nodays as scientist for sure say hitler has been proved wrong, there is nothing superior in being pale.

now some facts about melanin. melanin has nearly same structure as chlorophyll except for its central atom. one could say that melanin in humans is what chlorophyll is to plants. and thus in oca2 albinos who lack melanin or have only traces of pheomelanin the health problems start to appear. melanin is not only necessary for uv proctection but for brain(neuromelanin), eyes, hair, organs and various other processes of life. therefore every healthy being whether human or animal has melanin. wonder why house pig were selected for unnatural blue eyes and pink skin, while natural boars are dark as hell? same goes for albino rats used in vitro cause they mimick our white oca2 mutation..

 

 

Melanin is important for proper human physiology. On the molecular level the electrons in melanin molecules orbit and rearrange themselves. They undergo what is called resonance. This rearrangement of electrons causes certain energy shifts in the body. This energy is then used in metabolism and cellular organization. Melanin depends on nitrilosides to keep itself clean. When we eat synthetic or overcooked foods, we don’t get enough B vitamins and a lot of toxins are not removed. When melanin becomes toxic, it adversely affects the biochemistry such that the individual becomes susceptible to a host of diseases. As melanin becomes toxic, it is blocked from making the energy changes that are needed and this can result in dysfunction and disease.

In the past, melanin was considered by western scientists to be a waste product of body metabolism and served no useful function within the body. Within the past ten years however, scientists have discovered that melanin is a refined, complex, multifunctional chemical that has a wide variety of important functions within the human body and in the environment. All aspects of our lives are centrally involved and controlled by melanin.

One property exhibited by melanin, which is critically important to well being is its ability to combine or chemically react with various drugs and chemicals. Melanin is a storehouse of neurotransmitters (brain signals) and releases them into the body when other sources are depleted. Toxic drugs and chemicals such as pesticides, food additives, recreational drugs and pharmaceuticals can alter and change melanin’s chemical structure, its electrical charge and electronic configuration thus altering many life-supporting activities. Therefore, it is important that we keep all melanin centres and organs functioning properly for good mental and physical health.

Melanin is a brown or black substance which is naturally found in the skin of Africans and people of color. This is the chemical that makes a person appear black. Although all humans regardless of race contain some levels of melanin in their bodies, it is highly concentrated in blacks. Melanin is not only found in the skin, but on other parts of the body as well, such as the hair and eyes. Melanin is also found in the (12) brain centers which energizes the body. Melanin is also contained in the nervous system, the genes, the intestines, the muscles, heart, kidneys, the liver, and in every major organ of the body.

Internal melanin plays an important part in the early stages of human development, or embryology. The outer layer of an embryo called the ectoderm is composed of three regions: The prospective neural tube, the prospective neural crest and the prospective epidermis. It is an organizing molecule which is present in the early stages of growth, ensuring that these systems are properly formed and maintained. Melanin also provides many functions, one of which is protecting cells from toxic substances.

MELANIN
A Super Conductor which can conduct electricity, it can adapt to anything on this planet. It is Original, it is Organic.

Melanin, Absorbs Light, Sound, Magnetism, as well as convert light energy to sound energy (Music); and back to light energy.

recently a black mushroom rich in melanin was discovered to convert radioctivity into useful energy.

researchers found out that lack of melanin in the brain and nervous system results in autism, schizophrenia, alzheimers and parkinsons and also prader willi, angelman syndrome and other diseases.

 

 

So here is my hypothesis. It includes both anecdotal evidence and published studies. If it is possible that redheads are more vulnerable to an autism diagnosis and therefore more prevalent on the autism spectrum, I believe that looking for the reasons for that could open doors on causation and possible treatments, not only for that population but for many others.

My first thoughts about the possible mechanism that makes redheads unique had to do with obviously hair color but also skin. Redheads are usually very fair-skinned, blue-eyed and tend to burn in the sun. There are, though, a "spectrum" of redheads who have some of these factors, but differ IN OTHER WAYS. Some can have brown eyes OR green eyes and some can tan, but the majority share the common thread of LOW MELANIN. That then became my research road - melanin - and my hypothesis IS that those with insufficient or dysfunctional melanin were more at risk of succumbing to the medical and behavioral symptoms that currently are called "autism". My initial look into this brought me to many studies which sure looked to strengthen my hypothesis. Note that these studies tend to deal with other, yet SIMILAR, neuro-degenerative diagnoses. Here are Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease:

"Neuronal pigments of melanic type were identified in the putamen, cortex, cerebellum, and other major regions of human brain. These neuronal pigments have some structural similarities to the melanin found in skin. Furthermore, the resulting melanic component serves an additional protective role through its ability to chelate and accumulate metals, including environmentally toxic metals such as mercury and lead...... the neuromelanin concentration normally increases linearly with age. In Parkinson's disease, the tissue concentration of neuromelanin decreases dramatically because DA pigmented neurons are preferentially lost compared with nonpigmented ones. Reduced neuronal content of neuromelanin in substantia nigra has been reported in patients with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Rett syndrome." http://www.ageofautism.com/2010/06/autism-and-redheads-the-canaries-in-the-epidemic-part-1.html

 

You seem to have survived pretty well for the millennia before those things were invented.

no one really knows when the first oca2 mutations emerged. newest anthropological studies even say that europeans have been medium brown with dark hair and eyes and oca2 emerged recently.. rickets were common in northern europe despite the fact that they ate lot of ocean fish and white skin which is supposedly adapted to low uv (which of course is a lie) must have given them advantage, which has not. only 100 years ago when vitamin d was added to food, ricket epidemics suddenly stopped in northerners. but skin cancer is still number one ranked in europe, despite lowest uv.

of course parents ar worried of skin cancer(in low uv britain) and so their kids get rickets... perfect scientific logic from mrs. "doctor" oh and of course english children get rickets cause they play computer games as if 100 years ago durigng the worst ricket epidemics in britain, there have existed any pc´s.. omg

it seems people invent absurd theories, just to deny their oca2 albinism..

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/10400273/Every-child-should-get-free-vitamins-to-stave-off-rickets-chief-doctor-says.html

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2323506/Struck-rickets-sports-mad-boy-played-garden-smothered-sun-block.html

To cold or something else, I'm just confused about why you think the fact that it is the result of a specific mutation proves that it isn't an adaptation of some sort.

because from evolutional biology it makes zero sense.