BabcockHall

Chemical shifts can be estimated on the basis of which phosphorus-containing functional group is present. The term "predict" may also imply that one provide the multiplicity. Can you show us your work so far?

Do you know which amino acid residues absorb UV light? That would be how I would start my research into this topic.

It is higher than I have measured under similar conditions.

Some filtration units are optimized for speed, as opposed to recovery. Microdialysis might be possible.

DNA can be transferred, and this can be forensically useful.

DNA will also melt, meaning become single stranded, at sufficiently high temperature.

What sources have you consulted and what have you learned about this topic, so far?

Try PubMed if you haven't done so already.

As far as I am aware, what you have written is true. The liver has a central role in both carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The mitochondrial enzyme HMG-CoA synthase is a key player.

I hesitate to jump in without knowing more. On occasion a sticky mass can be made more tractable through trituration. Perhaps a different purification technique would be more suitable.

Magnesium ions would need two electrons each to become magnesium metal. Wouldn't it be easier just to buy magnesium metal?

There is a difference between a magnesium ion, which is what is present in a magnesium salt, and metallic magnesium. Do you know what it is?

Nelson and Cox, Figure 15-38 also talk about liver glycogen phosphorylase as a sensor of glucose. I suspect that it is only in liver, but I am not certain. Any luck with a PubMed search?

That should read hemiketal, not hemiacetal.

Use the hydroxyl group at carbon-5 to form the hemiacetal. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:D-Ribulose_Haworth.svg

There are many minor bases (for example pseudo-uracil), although I doubt that one wold be expected to know their exact number.

That is hydrolysis of a protein into amino acids, and it is a pretty sluggish reaction. Typically it is performed at 110 °C in constant boiling HCl for 24 hours on a protein to effect complete hydrolysis. I would assume that "dilute" hydrochloric means 1 M, but I am not sure.

I don't see why the HCl will destroy the amino acids, but I am doubtful about how appetizing the fish would be after this treatment.

When I see the word stimulate, I would not necessarily associate it with either method of regulation that you outline; in other words, I would in general be open to the possibility that either or both might be occurring. In this specific we would need to identify which protein phosphatase this was, in order to answer the question. I believe that protein phosphatase 2A is the enzyme in this case and that xylulose 5-phosphate plays a role in its regulation. I would also like to mention GL protein, which is known to be able to complex to protein phosphatase-1.

I would define a fermentation as any anaerobic catabolism of a carbohydrate, but my definition may not be universal. A pathway that included glycolysis plus something to regenerate the NAD and bring pyruvate back to the same oxidation level as glucose would qualify as a fermentation in my mind. I can think of two commonly encountered examples.

I might be tempted to quibble a bit with the answer, because even the one substance that is clearly unlike the others is sometimes used as a solvent in one reaction.

People more experienced in IR should probably guide you, but (going on memory here) the peaks in the range 1450-1600 are suggestive of an aromatic ring, and it might be possible to tease out some information regarding the substitution pattern. I am not sure about the nitro group.

There is more going on in the IR besides the OH stretch. Can you identify any other functional groups?

See Table 14-2 in Nelson and Cox's Principles of Biochemistry for the values for the individual reactions.

Biochemistry often use a different standard state than other branches of chemistry, one in which the concentration of protons is taken to be 1 x 10-7 M. The standard free energy of glycolysis can be found in many biochemistry textbooks. However, as a learning exercise, I don't see anything wrong with your working it out for yourself.