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granpa

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  1. Earth reaches 300000 bar at 1000 km depth (1000km) * (3g/cm^3) * (10m/s^2) in bar
  2. Adding mass to a jupiter size planet has no effect on its radius so all additional mass (up to 60 jupiter masses) goes into a superdense central core of density D+1 and radius R: 1 = jupiter mass 1 = density of metallic hydrogen 1 = surface gravity of jupiter 1 = radius of jupiter 0.5 = pressure at exact center of jupiter gravity G(x) = x + R^3*D/x^2 integral of G(x) from 1 to R gives pressure at top of superdense core integral G(x) = x^2/2 - D*R^3/x integral from 1 to R = -0.5*(R-1)*(2*D*R^2+R+1) this pressure should not change as R changes. Unfortunately it changes greatly for large values of D. Only solution is to make D small. D can even equal one. D = 1 corresponds to a superdense core twice as dense as metallic hydrogen R is the bottom axis Inside the superdense core would then be another slightly denser core and another inside that. For D = 1 a minimum of 7 levels are needed If this process continues then eventually the hydrogen will be compressed into neutrons. That would be about 36 levels If D = 1 and R = 0.5 the pressure at the exact center = about 2 Where the hell did the second half go? Saturn reaches 287 696 bar at 0.6 from center (1-0.6) * (54300km-357km) * (0.08g/cm^3) * (10m/s^2) * (1/0.6) in bar 287 696 bar 54,300 km - 357 km = Saturn polar radius - 6 scale heights 1 * (10 m/s^2) = surface gravity of Saturn Density of Saturn = 0.687 g/cm^3 Mass of Saturn = 95.16 earth masses mass of Saturns liquid hydrogen atmosphere = (0.08/0.687)*(1-0.6^3)*95.16 earth masses = 8.7 earth masses mass of Saturns metallic hydrogen core = (2.2/0.687)*(0.6^3)*95.16 = 65.8 earth masses mass of Saturns inner ice core = 95.16 - 65.8 - 8.7 = 20.66 earth masses This makes sense because Neptune is 17 earth masses and is mostly ice  And Uranus is 14.5 earth masses and is mostly ice if the shells are evenly spaced then 13 shells gives 95 jupiter masses. (each shell being twice as dense as the previous) sum (r/s)^3*2^(s-r), r=1 to s, s=13 for D=1 pressure=0.5 at R=0.75 for D=1.83 pressure=0.5 at R=0.726 D=1.83 means 2.83 times denser hence size=0.7071
  3. sun radiates 3.9 x 10^33 ergs per sec Jupiter receives (3.9 * 10^33 ergs)/(0.5 * 10^9) = 7.8 × 10^24 ergs from the sun per sec (4*(5.202 au)^2 * 3.14 in miles^2)/( 3.14*(71492km*69911km) in miles^2)= 0.5 * 10^9 Jupiter is radiating 0.9 times the energy it receives = 7 x 10^24 ergs per second of its own energy. 285000 bar *2*10^13cm^3 in ergs = 5.7 × 10^24 ergs growth of metallic hydrogen core = 2*10^13 cm^3 per sec (2*10^13 cm^3)/(4*pi*(0.845*(76,850 km-160 km))^2) = 3.8 angstroms 3.8angstroms*32000000*10^9 in km = 12160 km per billion years unfortunately 12000 km per billion years is too large One explanation would be that hydrogen releases energy when it becomes metallic and therefore the core wouldnt need to grow as fast to explain the excess energy
  4. 0.8 g/cm^3? Lets see how that works. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter#Internal_structure The core region is surrounded by dense metallic hydrogen, which extends outward to about 78% of the radius of the planet.%5B32%5D mass of Jupiters metallic hydrogen core = (0.8/1.326)*(1-0.78^3)*317.8 earth masses = 100.75 earth masses mass of Jupiters liquid hydrogen atmosphere = (0.08/1.326)*(1-0.78^3)*317.8 earth masses = 10.075 earth masses wheres the other 207 earth masses?
  5. Saturn has a hot interior, reaching 11,700 °C at its core, and it radiates 2.5 times more energy into space than it receives from the Sun. I think hydrogen is dissolving in the metallic hydrogen and getting subducted down so deep it becomes metallic hydrogen. I think that explains the present-day luminosity of the planet
  6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatiles In planetary science, volatiles are the group of chemical elements and chemical compounds with low boiling points that are associated with a planet's or moon's crust and/or atmosphere. Examples include nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, methane and sulfur dioxide. In astrogeology, these compounds, in their solid state, often comprise large proportions of the crusts of moons and dwarf planets. In contrast with volatiles, elements and compounds with high boiling points are known as refractory substances.[1] Planetary scientists often classify volatiles with exceptionally low melting points, such as hydrogen and helium, as gases (as in gas giant), while those volatiles with melting points above about 100 K are referred to as ices. The terms "gas" and "ice" in this context can apply to compounds that may be solids, liquids or gases. Thus, Jupiter and Saturn are referred to as "gas giants", and Uranus and Neptune are referred to as "ice giants", even though the vast majority of the "gas" and "ice" in their interiors is a hot, highly dense fluid that gets denser as the center of the planet is approached your link is describing the atmosphere not the core the core is similar to Neptune my point was "20.66 earth masses of ice inside Saturn if density of metallic hydrogen = 2.2 g/cm^3"
  7. 20.66 earth masses of ice inside Saturn if density of metallic hydrogen = 2.2 g/cm^3 The surface of the gas giant is defined as the point where the pressure of the atmosphere is 1 bar, Scale height = the vertical distance over which the density and pressure fall by a factor of 1/e. saturn Scale height: 59.5 km jupiter Scale height: 27 km https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkel_line Below the Frenkel line the fluids are "rigid" and "solid-like", whereas above it fluids are "soft" and "gas-like". (1-((1.326/2.2)^0.333)) * (76850km-160km) * (0.08g/cm^3) * 2.53 * (10m/s^2) * (1/((1.326/2.2)^0.333)) in bar = 285 047 bar (according to google) = pressure at which hydrogen becomes metallic inside Jupiter 1.326 = density of Jupiter 2.2 g/cm^3 = Metallic hydrogen density (1.326/2.2)^0.333) = radius of metallic hydrogen core = rmhc = 0.845*radius of Jupiter 76,850km-160 km = polar radius of Jupiter - 6 scale heights = Frenkel line (1-((1.326/2.2)^0.333)) * (76,850km - 160km) = depth of liquid hydrogen = 11 898 km 0.08 g/cm^2 = estimated density of 0.75 liquid hydrogen (0.071) + 0.25 liquid helium (0.125) 2.53 * (10 m/s^2) = surface gravity of Jupiter 1/((1.326/2.2)^0.333) accounts for increase of gravity with depth = (integral of 1/x^2 from surface to rmhc)/(integral of 1 from surface to rmhc) = 1/rmhc Mass of Jupiter = 317.8 earth masses mass of Jupiters liquid hydrogen atmosphere = (0.08/1.326)*(1-0.845^3)*317.8 earth masses = 7.6 earth masses
  8. I don't know what the question is. What specifically do you not understand?
  9. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/curloo.html
  10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_hypercharge
  11. A current of electric charges creates a magnetic field not a gravitational field. But a current of Gravito-magnetic monopoles would create a gravitaional field. Maybe particles with Weak hypercharge are Gravito-magnetic monopoles Neutrinos possess Weak hypercharge. So maybe a current of neutrinos would create a gravitational field
  12. It means that you got a plus one for saying exactly the same thing that I got a minus 1 for. And it means they moved my post from psychology to philosophy.
  13. There are many definitions of qualia, which have changed over time. One of the simpler, broader definitions is: "The 'what it is like' character of mental states. The way it feels to have mental states such as pain, seeing red, smelling a rose, etc." Examples of qualia include the pain of a headache, the taste of wine, or the perceived redness of an evening sky. I believe that there are two types of qualia. The first type only conveys information. For example a black and white image or the sensation of touch or a pure tone (without harmonics) The second type conveys a pleasant or unpleasant sensation. For example a beautiful color image of a rainbow or the taste of something sweet. The first type gives us information that we can use to make decisions toward achieving our goals (for example to satisfy our curiosity) The second type becomes a goal unto itself. Imagine a computer capable of recognizing shapes and objects and of recognizing actions performed by thoses objects and capable of creating and analyzing complex simulations. Clearly it is aware of and perceiving some sort of sensation which conveys Information to it. But it is just information. Until we figure out how the second type of qualia works our computers will only be able to experience the first type of qualia Yellow = pleasant white Red = pleasant grey Blue = pleasant black Orange = red + yellow Purple = red + blue Green = blue + yellow Salty = information MSG = information Sweet = pleasant Bitter = unpleasant Sour = ? Hot = ? Fat = ? Touch = infinitesimal pressure Pressure = information Pain = unpleasant pressure Pleasure = pleasant pressure Temperature = information (obsolete) Hot = unpleasant temp Warm = pleasant temp Cold = unpleasant temp Tone = information Harmonics = pleasant tone Your brain is divided into 3 main parts each of which is capable of thinking and acting autonomously: Midbrain (input) decides why to do anything Forebrain (CEO) decides what to do Cerebellum (output) decides how to do it The cerebral cortex (forebrain) is CEO. You are the forebrain. The midbrain and cerebellum are your helpers that take care of routine tasks so you can concentrate on more important things. Most information goes straight from input to output bypassing the forebrain. Much, if not all, of the processing done by the forebrain is inductive in nature. The forebrain is the source of imagination The midbrain is input. The midbrain has thousands of eyes and can raise the alarm when something needs your attention These alarms exert an irresistible all-powerful force upon you. Fortunately for us the midbrain only wants what is best for us and never asks anything for itself. These alarms are capable of supplying us with infinite MentalEnergy and power. Alarm = fear. Anti-alarm = excitement. The cerebellum (hindbrain) is output. The cerebellum has thousands of hands and can juggle thousands of things at once but has no clue "what" it is doing. The cerebellum takes care of simple procedures so the forebrain can concentrate on more important issues. (It also helps the midbrain accomplish its tasks) You point at the target and the cerebellum shoots. (But sometimes it "misses the mark" that you set for it) Each of these 3 parts is likewise divided into an input, output, and CEO each of which is likewise divided into an input, output, and CEO. This continues right down to the level of neurons. As a result your brain is a city full of independent units, organized into a fractal pyramid, that are constantly talking back and forth, buying and selling, living and dying. (See HOW THE MIND WORKS by Steven #Pinker) How the Mind Works The computational theory of mind also rehabilitates once and for all the infamous #homunculus. A standard objection to the idea that thoughts are internal representations (an objection popular among scientists trying to show how tough-minded they are) is that a representation would require a little man in the head to look at it, and the little man would require an even littler man to look at the representations inside him, and so on, ad infinitum. But once more we have the spectacle of the theoretician insisting to the electrical engineer that if the engineer is correct his workstation must contain hordes of little elves. Talk of homunculi is indispensable in computer science. Data structures are read and interpreted and examined and recognized and revised all the time, and the subroutines that do so are unashamedly called “agents,” “demons,” “supervisors,” “monitors,” “interpreters,” and “executives.” Why doesn't all this homunculus talk lead to an infinite regress? Because an internal representation is not a lifelike photograph of the world, and the homunculus that “looks at it” is not a miniaturized copy of the entire system, requiring its entire intelligence. That indeed would have explained nothing. Instead, a representation is a set of symbols corresponding to aspects of the world, and each homunculus is required only to react in a few circumscribed ways to some of the symbols, a feat far simpler than what the system as a whole does. The intelligence of the system emerges from the activities of the not-so-intelligent mechanical demons inside it. The point, first made by Jerry Fodor in 1968, has been succinctly put by Daniel Dennett: Homunculi are bogeymen only if they duplicate entire the talents they are rung in to explain. ... If one can get a team or committee of relatively ignorant, narrow-minded, blind homunculi to produce the intelligent behavior of the whole, this is progress. A flow chart is typically the organizational chart of a committee of homunculi (investigators, librarians, accountants, executives); each box specifies a homunculus by prescribing a function without saying how it is accomplished (one says, in effect: put a little man in there to do the job). If we then look closer at the individual boxes we see that the function of each is accomplished by subdividing it via another flow chart into still smaller, more stupid homunculi. Eventually this nesting of boxes within boxes lands you with homunculi so stupid (all they have to do is remember whether to say yes or no when asked) that they can be, as one says, “replaced by a machine.” One discharges fancy homunculi from one's scheme by organizing armies of idiots to do the work. Modern computers know "how" to do things but don't yet know "what" they are doing. LogicProgramming will eventually change that.
  14. http://www.geosci.usyd.edu.au/users/prey/ACSGT/EReports/eR.2003/GroupB/Report1/styles.html A: Doming by a mantle plume B: A triple rift junction is initiated C: Two of the rifts develop into an ocean and the third becomes a failed arm (aulacogen) D: Less likely is that all three arms develop into oceans.
  15. A p-n_junction consists of an n-type semiconductor in contact with a p-type semiconductor. To a first approximation an n-type semiconductor only conducts electrons and a p-type semiconductor only conducts holes. When forward biased above a certain voltage, current flows easily and electrons and holes move toward and combine at the junction. In an LED the combining of electrons and holes produces photons of light. When reverse biased, current does not flow even at relatively high voltages. However when light falls on the junction of a reverse biased photodiode, electrons and holes are created and move in opposite directions away from the junction. A photon-coupled transistor consists of an LED and a photodiode placed very close together and sharing a region of either n-type or p-type semiconductor. Current injected into the LED creates photons which are absorbed by the photodiode which in turn creates more current through the LED which creates still more photons. If 90 percent of the photons created by the LED are absorbed by the photodiode then the resulting transistor is capable of 10 fold amplification of the original current. A normal transistor operates on the same principle but does not use or create photons of light.
  16. Water is referred to as the universal solvent because it can dissolve more substances and in greater quantity than any other solvent. Yet, paradoxically, 99.9% of the earth is insoluble in water. Silicate rocks dont dissolve in water for the same reason that they are amorphous. They are a polymers. Chain silicates. Geopolymers. (cf. silicone). If they are allowed to cool slowly, these chain silicates can fold up into regular crystal structures but they are still long chains of covalently bonded atoms. On the other hand, if it cools too quickly then the result is an amorphous glass, like obsidian. Solid organic compounds consisting of ordinary small molecules tend to be crystalline, that is, the molecules pack themselves in regular three-dimensional arrays. Polymers are different; they can be amorphous (totally lacking positional order on the molecular scale) or semicrystalline (containing both crystalline and amorphous regions in the same sample). Semicrystalline polymers have true melting temperatures at which the ordered regions break up and become disordered. In contrast, the amorphous regions soften over a relatively wide temperature range (always lower than Tm) known as the glass transition (Tg). Fully amorphous polymers do not exhibit Tm, of course, but all polymers exhibit Tg. Carbonates are similar to silicates but do not form polymers. This is why caves tend to form in carbonate rock. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate#Structure_and_bonding
  17. A reconstruction of Rodinia. Note how Alaska tucks into the Ross sea and Mexico curls up along Peru. The light colored area surrounding the land is the continental shelf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Sea South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia together form Gondwana. North America and Russia together form Laurasia. Gondwana and Laurasia together form Rodinia. One billion years ago Rodinia split into Laurasia and Gondwana which then moved so far apart that they actually collided on the other side of the world forming Pangea. As they came together the Tethys ocean was trapped between them. The Tethys Ocean continued to shrink until today all that is left is the Mediterranean ocean. Only 130 million years ago Pangea began to split apart and the Atlantic Ocean began to form. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_junction In plate tectonics theory during the breakup of a continent, three divergent boundaries form, radiating out from a central point (the triple junction). One of these divergent plate boundaries fails (see aulacogen) and the other two continue spreading to form an ocean. The opening of the south Atlantic Ocean started at the south of the South American and African continents, reaching a triple junction in the present Gulf of Guinea, from where it continued to the west. The NE-trending Benue Trough is the failed arm of this junction. In the years since, the term triple-junction has come to refer to any point where three tectonic plates meet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulacogen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinent_cycle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archean There are two schools of thought concerning the amount of continental crust that was present in the Archean. One school maintains that no large continents existed until late in the Archean: small protocontinents were common, prevented from coalescing into larger units by the high rate of geologic activity. The other school follows the teaching of Richard Armstrong, who argued that the continents grew to their present volume in the first 500 million years of Earth history and have maintained a near-constant ever since. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mars Observers of Martian topography will notice a dichotomy between the northern and southern hemispheres. Most of the northern hemisphere is flat, with few impact craters, and lies below the conventional zero elevation level (in other words one giant ocean) . In contrast, the southern hemisphere is mountains and highlands, mostly well above zero elevation (in other words one giant continent) . The two hemispheres differ in elevation by 1 to 3 km.
  18. granpa

    Neutrino

    the fact that you are willing to resort to such dishonesty is exactly why I refuse to be dragged into an argument with you
  19. granpa

    Neutrino

    saying that my theory must be wrong because it conflicts with the conservation laws is like saying relativity must be wrong because it conflicts with Newtonian physics
  20. granpa

    Neutrino

    I've said all I have to say. People can either listen or they can not listen. It doesn't concern me one way or the other
  21. granpa

    Neutrino

    conservation laws are not written in stone by the finger of God. Thou shalt conserve momentum. Thou shalt conserve energy. Thou shalt conserve lepton number. Thou shalt conserve baryon number.
  22. granpa

    Neutrino

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus The neutron has a positively charged core of radius ≈ 0.3 fm surrounded by a compensating negative charge of radius between 0.3 fm and 2 fm.
  23. granpa

    Neutrino

    whether it predates it or not, it still incorporates it.I would have been happy to answer some of your questions but if you're just going to be flat out dishonest like this then I see no point in even trying to discuss it with you.
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