bangstrom
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Posts posted by bangstrom
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19 hours ago, Eise said:
So if you think classically, where such entanglement does not exist, we must conclude that there is a FTL signal. So your way of thinking is already more than 90 years outdated.
No one is thinking classically and no one is saying entanglement does not exist so your presumptions are 90 degrees off
base.
19 hours ago, Eise said:Exactly the opposite: the singlet state is the fully entangled state. Exactly as Markus described.
The singlet state is: In quantum mechanics, a singlet state usually refers to a system in which all electrons are paired. The term 'singlet' originally meant a linked set of particles whose net angular momentum is zero, that is, whose overall spin quantum number s = 0 {\displaystyle s=0} . From wiki.
This is not the same as entanglement where the particle states are indeterminate and the particles frequently far apart.
I don't recall that Markus ever equated the two.
19 hours ago, Eise said:Please give an exact citation where Markus said that. You even agree:
"Quantum entanglement is also a series of local events, starting from the instant when the entanglement was first created - joigus was quite right in bringing up this (classical) analogy. The difference between them is simply counterfactual definiteness." Markus from p. 22
My objection was to the, "Quantum entanglement is also a series of local events, starting from the instant when the entanglement was first created."
This sounded a lot like a 'hidden variable' theory where the entangled particles are anti-coordinated and unchanging in their properties from the beginning especially since this applies to the analogies "joigus" presented which involved EPR style hidden variables.
Upon review, I see Markus later explained that his remarks were about the duration of the entanglement and not spin states, in which case, I stand corrected. And we are in agreement about quantum properties not being in fixed positions from start to finish in an entanglement.
20 hours ago, Eise said:Now what is this 'hidden variable ruled out by the Bell test'? That the particles are entangled? Or is a hidden variable an attribute of the particles from the beginning, that determine which particle will show which spin?
The particles being entangled is not a hidden variable.
The latter involves a hidden variable where the particle spins are established from the beginning and remain unchanged until entanglement is lost.
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18 hours ago, Eise said:
Seems you did not understand my remark. Your citation is from the original article by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen. (That you claim is 'invalidated', whatever that means). It is not mentioned in Bell's 'Bertlmann's Socks'. And I fully agree that hidden local variables are ruled out.
Apparently, Bell was quoting from the EPR article when he listed what he considered to be 'hidden variables.
I agree that local hidden variables have been ruled out by the Bell test. The ruling out of hidden variables by the Bell test is what 'invalidated' the EPR article.
18 hours ago, Eise said:But the absence of local hidden variables does not mean that the only alternative is an FTL signal.
No hidden variables means there no hidden variables therefore hidden variables have no speed because they don't exist.
I don't see the connection with FTL.
18 hours ago, Eise said:An FTL signal:
- does not appear in the QM that explains the correlation between the measurements, so you cannot build your argument for an FTL signal on QM.
The FTL signal is a measured value not necessarily a predicted value from QM.
18 hours ago, Eise said:An FTL signal: is forbidden by SR in principle
The cosmos doesn't care.
18 hours ago, Eise said:An FTL signal: cannot physically exist because for observers in different inertial frames the direction of the signal can differ. That means they differ about the direction of the causal relationship between the measurements. But in SR all inertial observers agree in the direction of causal relationships.
All speeds and directions are relative but somehow they manage to exist.
Also, the cosmos doesn't care about SR.
18 hours ago, Eise said:So the timing of the classical signal and the measurement are essential. Ask Zeilinger to do his 'teleportation' without classical signal. If you say it is not essential, then you can do without. (But why should the timing be so important...?)
The classical channel is for measuring the predicted polarity of the teleported signal. It has nothing to do with the preparation and sending of the signal for teleportation. It is for measurement purposes only.
The polarity of the teleported signal can not be predicted until the polarity of the particle from the second entanglement has been measured. When the polarity has been observed, then the receiving end can be informed by radio of what polarity needs to be measured and the receiver is set to record the predicted polarity of the incoming signal to verify that the teleportation was successful.
Zeilinger can successfully teleport without the classical signal but he needs a measurement at the other end to verify that his teleportations were successful. Otherwise, he is like a target shooter shooting blind and without a target.
The classical signal must be sent AFTER the teleportation has taken place to make a prediction and the receiver must be prepared to receive the signal BEFORE the teleported signal arrives. This is an extremely short window of opportunity but it can be done by high speed electronics.
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12 hours ago, joigus said:
Here's a riddle for you. If they've sent FTL information, how come it can't be used to send an FTL signal?
I have answered this several times despite your numerous claims that I never answer a question.
It is impossible to send more than one qubit of information at a time via quantum entanglement and this is too little information to be intelligible at the macro level. The signal sent is necessarily random on both ends so a sender can not know what they sent and a receiver can not interpret the results.
Also, the sender and receiver of a FTL signal are beyond reach of a light speed signal so neither can know if the other has sent or received the signal until a later consultation.
Just because sending instant signaling at a distance is impossible at the Alice and Bob macro level doesn’t mean it is impossible at the quantum particle level.
12 hours ago, joigus said:You haven't described any protocol that does that, and you haven't described the physics. And I'm certain that it can't be done for reasons abundantly explained.
FTL communication is impossible at the macro level. I have repeated that many times.
FTL signaling is experimentally demonstrable at the particle level. Quantum particles appear to be able to exchange information instantly and at any distance as if they are side-by-side and they don’t require our explanations or Einstein’s permission to do so.
12 hours ago, joigus said:The principles they've used in the Danube experiments have been known for nearly a hundred years. Quantum mechanics is a local theory and has no FTL transmission of anything, or of any kind, as proved and explained repeatedly. It wasn't only by myself, but also by many others, some of whom are more in touch than you or I will ever be with "the experimental side of things."
This is why I find so many of the views expressed here as impossible to accept. You and others may claim the EPR article has never been invalidated therefore hidden variables are still in effect.
You claim Bell doubted that his inequalities ruled out hidden variables so we can ignore Bell and there is no instant action at a distance since quantum experiments of the last fifty years have never demonstrated any kind of FTL transmission because that violates relativity.
Your views appear to be fifty years out of date.
12 hours ago, joigus said:Quantum systems have this feature of keeping "indefinition in classical data" for long distances. That's everything at play here.
This has been demonstrated as false by experiments involving Bell’s inequalities. The idea of quantum systems having definite and unchanging quantum properties while entangled is one of the 'hidden variables' ruled out by the Bell test. Zeilinger among others have demonstrated that a quantum property can be teleported in an instant to a series of entangled particles. Quantum properties are not definite from start to finish and can even be altered by later outside events.
13 hours ago, joigus said:No new physical principles have been discovered in the Vienna experiments. It's all good-old-reliable QM, known since the '20s-'30s. It was Schrödinger who first pointed those out. It's only that the experiments have been possible to conduct only very recently. And hats off to that.
As I say, yours is old time physics.
13 hours ago, joigus said:You seem to be only interested in wearing down other members by mumbling over and over the same misconceptions. That they are misconceptions has been shown very clearly. You haven't answered to Swansont's arguments about the signal; you haven't answered to MigL's and mine on the formalism, you haven't answered to Eise's review of the literature, and finally, you haven't answered to Markus Hanke's laconic --but mathematically precise-- account of what entanglement is all about, pretty much clarifying or insisting on points raised by MigL, Eise, Ghideon, Swansont, and myself.
I have answered the questions, just not to your satisfaction and perhaps not to theirs, and my "misconceptions' have have been "shown very clearly" out of line with the 1935 EPR article so I'm not buying.
I did agree with Markus with the exception of his comment about quantum properties remaining unchanged from the start. That is one of those hidden variables ruled out by the Bell test.
13 hours ago, joigus said:In order to keep living in this imaginary world of yours, you appeal to whatever fringe interpretation there is, embracing one theory --no matter how speculative-- and dropping another --no matter how fundamental-- as you see fit, only as long as it seems to support your claims. Sometimes it is the TIQM we have to believe, other times it's the WF of radiation with absorbers at spatial infinity, which is a theory of classical electrons and classical radiation... Other times it's Copenhagen's interpretation --the last one without you even realising you're implying it. And still other times you declare SR is not relevant to this discussion, or Zurek's discussion of the measurement is not relevant to these measurements --for some mysterious reason.
It is possible to discuss SR without mentioning entanglement or entanglement without mentioning SR as Markus did. They are two different topics and the discussion about SR was getting circular far off topic in this thread about entanglement.
In this "imaginary world" of mine, it appears that one quantum particle can ‘know’ the states of other quantum particles even at great distances and two or more particles can instantly coordinate their behaviors. And lab experiments demonstrating quantum entanglement support this view.
John Clauser and Alain Aspect, in the seventies and eighties, demonstrated in separate experiments that quantum entanglement was real, that it acted instantly and that no local effect could be responsible for the coordination between the particles so the entanglement was non-local.
Their experiments and those of others have shown that entanglement is characterized by non-locality with the two particles sharing a common wave function such that, when you measure a quantum property of one entangled particle, you instantly know something about the other particle, even if they are a great distance apart- theoretically even galaxies apart.
If you look outside your bubble, you should find that this is not just my view but it has become the mainstream common consensus.
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On 12/8/2022 at 5:40 AM, joigus said:
Nothing in what you've quoted implies FTL transmission.
The part of the experiment you are ignoring is the part where a photon from the first entanglement enters the fiber optic cable with an unknown polarization only predictable as random and emerges with a predictable polarization that was decided by the later observation of another photon from a second entanglement.
The information gathered from the observed photon was ‘teleported’ to the earlier photon while in flight which is only possible if the transmission was far faster than light.
The photon in the cable was delayed by its transmission through fiber glass just long enough for the predicted polarization of its newly teleported condition to be transmitted by radio to the receiving station across the river. This enabled the receiving station to verify that the teleported condition of the incoming photon had been successfully completed.
The radio transmission to the receiving station was automatically transmitted after the teleportation but before the reception across the river. This is the timing of events that makes the experiment so remarkable in that it demonstrates the successful transmission of a quantum property from the identity of a photon left behind to a photon ‘in flight’ away from the source.
This is not possible in classical physics and it supports Bell’s conclusion that the quantum properties of entangled particles observed at the end of an entanglement are not fixed or unchangeable from those at the start and that they can be altered instantly and ‘at a distance’. This rules out the main points of EPR article.
Entanglement has long been known to be superluminal so there no need to mention this with along with every description.
You appear to be saying there is nothing superluminal taking place with quantum entanglement or with quantum teleportation but the Danube experiment and similar experiments by Zeilinger and others around the world do not support that view.
On 12/8/2022 at 5:40 AM, joigus said:You, of course, misunderstand all of this, as you've been doing for 25-odd pages so far, and keep doing it, either because you don't care, you a vested interest in keeping up the hype about FTL, or some other reason.
The reason is that I have an unbiased interest following advances in quantum experiments for the past forty years. So far, you have demonstrated almost no understanding of the experimental side of things and your unsupported personal opinions are fifty years out of touch with the revolution in thinking has taken place with and around this years three Nobel prize winners.
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9 hours ago, joigus said:
Again: It is for you to explain, if there is such a signal, how come it doesn't contradict special relativity, which clearly forbids such signals?
Experimenters with entanglement and quantum computing have explained how their FTL transmissions are not in violation of relativity and I have repeated their explanations several times already.
Personally, I find their explanations a bit contrived and in violation of Einstein’s second postulate. If that is correct, I will paraphrase Einstein and say, “If there is a FTL signal, I feel sorry for Einstein because the dear Lord has a better way.”
9 hours ago, joigus said:If there is, but it is completely inconsequencial, how do you know there is such a signal?
Such a signal is consequential and the signal itself can’t be observed but we see what appears to be evidence of a signal sent and signal received.
With quantum teleportation, some property of an entangled particle can be observed and instantly teleported to a remote entangled particle even if the other particle was generated by a previous entanglement. This demonstrates that the expected quantum property of an entangled particle can be changed in an instant.
9 hours ago, joigus said:What experiment do you propose to measure such a signal?
The FTL nature of experiments with entanglement has been observed since the late sixties and serious attempts to measure the speed of entanglement have been performed over the past twenty years from Switzerland to China and places in between. So far all of the attempts have found the speed too fast to measure.
Quantum "spooky action at a distance" travels at least 10,000 times faster than light
https://newatlas.com/quantum-entanglement-speed-10000-faster-light/26587/
8 hours ago, swansont said:If this is the Danube experiment, there was a classical channel. Your “radio signal” was not FTL.
There was a radio signal sent to prepare the receiver to receive the incoming signal from the teleportation. It had nothing to do with the generation or transmission of the teleported information.
The radio signal was plane old Hertzian all the way.
8 hours ago, swansont said:https://www.nature.com/articles/430849a
The classical signal was free-space, and the teleported photon went via an optical fiber.
The photon sent through the optical fiber was one of four entangled photons and it was a photon from the first entanglement. The identity of the other free photon remaining behind from the second entanglement was observed which instantly broke the entanglement and established the identity of all four entangled photons including the one in the optical fiber.
The revealed identity of the photon in the fiber optic was teleported instantly to to the photon in the cable en route to the receiver. This is the part of the transmission that is instant and non-classical.
8 hours ago, swansont said:“Because of the reduced velocity of light within the fibre-based quantum channel (two-thirds of that in vacuo), the classical signal arrives about 1.5 microseconds before the photon.”
https://www.nature.com/articles/430849a
The radio signal was sent to an electro-optical modulator EOM on the receiver end. An EOM is a bi-refringent crystal between two plates of a capacitor. An EOM can can be used as a variable polarizor. It has no moving parts and the polarization can be rotated electronically by applying the proper DC voltage. The polarization can be oriented to the proper position in nano seconds before the photon arrives in 1.5 microseconds.
https://www.nature.com/articles/430849a
Also, note the smaller square on the lower left side of the diagram. This is where the two entanglements are generated for the experiment.
A strong 150 femto second pulse of UV light from a laser is sent through a BBO crystal to hopefully generate a pair of entangled photons. The UV light that passes through unchanged is reflected back by a mirror to pass through the BBO crystal again to generate the second pair of entangled photons.
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On 12/5/2022 at 6:09 AM, Eise said:
Which statement you mean? Please give this 'rest of the statement' and a link to the article where it comes from.
The “rest of the statement” was my few words before and after the quote from Bell that you lifted out of text. I think the quote came from Bell’s “Bertlmann’s Socks”.
The quote wasn’t the one I was looking for and my reply wasn’t explicit enough. Anyhow, the quote was Bell’s comment about what he considered to be ‘hidden variables’ and ‘hidden variables’ were the things from the EPR article ruled out by Bell’s inequalities.
John Bell was not a supporter of hidden variables and his ‘inequalities’ ruled out their presence contrary to Einstein’s EPR article. Aspect and Clauser were the first to demonstrate experimentally that Bell's Inequalities violated the EPR effect. I explained this before
On 12/5/2022 at 6:09 AM, Eise said:Does teleportation work when you omit this preparation? If not, then the classical signal is essential.
Teleportation works without the classical channel. The teleportation in the Danube experiment was accomplished within the time it took three entangled photons to traverse the optical bench and send one teleportation signal to a fourth photon on the way to the distant receiving station and also a radio signal to the same station to set the polarizer.
The teleportation signal had to be FTL to reach the photon on route through a fiber optic cable to the receiving station.
On 12/5/2022 at 6:09 AM, Eise said:There is no FTL signal in the quantum mechanical explanation.
Can you explain how there is no FTL signal?
Here are two videos that explain different aspects of entanglement including the instantaneous transfer of information, hidden variables, and the violation of Bell's Inequalities.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RiAxvb_qI4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=US7fEkBsy4A
On 12/5/2022 at 6:09 AM, Eise said:And you evaded my first point. Here it is again for you:
On 12/4/2022 at 4:20 AM, Eise said:On 12/3/2022 at 3:15 AM, bangstrom said:"From the beginning"implies one of the 'hidden variables' ruled out by the Bell test.
Oh man, trying not to loose your face, you now even have lost sight of what entanglement is. We know that the particles are entangled from the beginning, because they are produced entangled. Do you suggest to show entanglement is real by using particles that are not entangled from the beginning?
I didn't answer the question because I thought a "good reader' like yourself would realize that their question made no sense so they must have read some nonsense into something I wrote and check to see what I really did say. If not the first time they asked, then before they asked the same question again.
Obviously, entangled particles are entangled from the beginning of entanglement to the end. They don't take a break in the middle and then resume.
I said HIDDEN VARIABLES are not there at the beginning or at the end. Hidden variables are not the same as entanglement and the presence of hidden variables was ruled out by Bell et al..
To say that entangled particles are anti-coordinated at the end because they have been anti-coordinated since the beginning, that is one of the hidden variables that was ruled out by the Bell test.
On 12/4/2022 at 4:20 AM, Eise said:That is the crux of the 'singlet state': we know the wave function of both particles together, but not of the individual particles. That means we know the outcomes of the measurements must be (anti-)correlated.
The particles are not in a singlet state when entangled. Not my favorite explanation, but the conventional explanation is that the particles are in a state of superposition while entangled. Anything that acts on one particle also acts on the other no matter how far apart they may be. The singlet states do not appear until entanglement is lost.
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On 12/4/2022 at 4:20 AM, Eise said:On 12/3/2022 at 3:15 AM, bangstrom said:
Hidden variables are, “either (1) the description of reality given by the wave function in quantum` mechanics is not complete or (2) two quantum operators cannot have simultaneous reality.”- John Bell
John Bell? Less so: that is from the EPR-article. And you said somewhere 'EPR is invalidated' (whatever that means...) But now it supports your viewpoint? Wow.
If you read the rest of the statement John Bell was listing in the quote the sort of things he considered “hidden variables’ in the EPR article and the hidden variables were what Aspect and Clauser ruled out as invalid fifty years ago.
I never claimed to concur with the EPR's hidden variables.
On 12/4/2022 at 4:20 AM, Eise said:The 'only purpose'? That 'purpose' is central for quantum teleportation to succeed. The classical signal is necessary for teleportation.
What role does the classical channel play in the success of quantum teleportation? As I said, the classical channel only serves to prepare the receiving apparatus to receive the signal when it arrives.
On 12/4/2022 at 4:20 AM, Eise said:If you think classically, yes. But that is exactly what the Bell theorem says: the only way one could simulate entanglement with classical means would need an immediate interaction between the entangled particles. As you think classically, you think it needs an FTL signal.
I understand the statement to say a classical signal lacks an “immediate interaction”, but if it had a FTL signal, it would no longer be a classical signal.
Is that your interpretation or something else?
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21 hours ago, Eise said:22 hours ago, bangstrom said:
He said the anti-correlation was fixed from the start.
Yep, that is what characterises entanglement. The directions of the spins are anti-correlated, meaning that we know from the beginning that if we 'add the spins' (when measured in the same direction), we will get zero.
"From the beginning"implies one of the 'hidden variables' ruled out by the Bell test.
22 hours ago, Eise said:22 hours ago, bangstrom said:This was one of the 'hidden variables' ruled out by the Bell test.
Nope. The 'hidden variables' ruled out by the Bell test are properties of the particles that determine in advance what spins will be measured.
The ‘hidden variables’ are not about what spins will be measured. And "from the beginning" implies that the entangled particles carry some prior set of instructions with them about how to respond when measured.
Hidden variables are, “either (1) the description of reality given by the wave function in quantum` mechanics is not complete or (2) two quantum operators cannot have simultaneous reality.”- John Bell
Neither one of these possibilities explains entanglement where two particles can be observed to be correlated when measured- even if they are beyond reach of a light speed signal. That would give them a simultaneous reality and require some kind of ‘action at a distance’ not permitted by the conventional interpretations of relativity.
22 hours ago, Eise said:On the other side, no: besides the entangle particles needed in quantum teleportation, there is also a classical signal needed. You know that very well.
The only purpose for the classical signal is to set the polarizer to the correct position to receive the incoming signal. The incoming signal is already prepared and on the way by then.
The classical channel plays no role in the completed entanglement.
20 hours ago, Markus Hanke said:Of course there is - it requires both a quantum channel and a classical channel.
In the original Danube experiment and those that followed, the classical channel was for the purpose of preparing to measure the incoming signal from the entanglement experiment which was delayed in transit by being sent through a fiber optic cable. It had nothing to do with the preparation of the signal and was therefore not a requirement.
20 hours ago, Markus Hanke said:Yes, I said the statistical correlation is fixed from the start (which is what ‘entanglement’ means) - I did not say that the direction of the spin is fixed.
The prospect that entanglement is “fixed from the start” is one of the hidden variables ruled out by the Bell test. This was my objection and I know you never mentioned the direction of spin. That was part of a question from Eise.
My question is, what is the material explanation for the correlation? That is, how does local environment of the second observation determine that the second particle be anti-coordinated with the first observation?
Their correlation upon observation suggests some kind of a signal from the first observed to the second.
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On 11/30/2022 at 4:33 AM, Eise said:
As said, 'my light cone' was also of Joigus. AFAIU Joigus' intention with the latest, was to show that your remarks about light cones were much too vague (as usual): they also fit these funny space-time diagrams.
All I saw was incorrectly drawn light cones.
On 11/30/2022 at 4:33 AM, Eise said:So you are just reinterpreting a piece of science history. I am sure Ole Rømer hypothesized that the anomaly in the orbital times of Jupiter moons was caused by a signal delay, i.e. that the light signals do have some measurable speed. So this is no argument at all.
Rømer's 'speed' could also be correctly called a dimensional constant. The usage of c as the 'speed of light' in relativity works best when considered as a dimensional constant rather than as a speed.
On 11/30/2022 at 4:33 AM, Eise said:The units, yes. But light has a fixed speed in vacuum, independent on which units we use, be it inches, cm, meters, seconds, minutes, hours.
The speed of light in a vacuum is a cliche but how can a speed be relative to a vacuum which is nothing at all and also the same for all observers? This is more like a dimensional constant than a speed.
On 11/30/2022 at 4:33 AM, Eise said:Yep, this anti-correlation is given, as we are talking about entangled particles. What would entangled particles be without correlation? So the correlation 'an sich' is not a hidden variable at all. The Bell experiments prove that the correlation is stronger than can understood classically. And you are arguing classically all the time, so no wonder you keep hammering on the idea that there should be a signal, interaction or whatever.
There is nothing classical about quantum teleportation and your claim that correlation is not a hidden variable is your view- not Bell's. The shoes in boxes thought experiment was shown to be invalid by the Bell test.
What is this anti-correlation "given" that is maintained throughout periods of superposition and changes of quantum properties.
On 11/30/2022 at 4:33 AM, Eise said:Where did Markus say that the direction of the spins are fixed?
He said the anti-correlation was fixed from the start. This was one of the 'hidden variables' ruled out by the Bell test.
On 11/30/2022 at 4:33 AM, Eise said:Nope. They even had to delay the entangled photon, so that the classical signal would be at the other side first. The correlation between the entangled photons is instantly, yes, but
- that is just an attribute of any form of correlation, like the left and right shoe example.
- quantum teleportation as a whole is not instantly.
The classical signal was sent to set the angle of the polarizer on the receiving end in preparation to measure the incoming photon upon its arrival. It had no effect on the condition of the photon arriving on the other channel. The photon receiving the teleportation signal was sent through a fiber optic cable which gave the receiving end enough time to set the angle of the polarizer. The polarizer was electronic with no moving parts so it could be changed almost instantly.
The teleportation was achieved while the entangled photon was in transit. The 'signal' that decided the quantum state of the receding photon had to be far faster than light to catch up with a photon in flight.
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4 hours ago, Eise said:
Eh? Joigus did it:
Your light cone makes sense. Joigus's didn't.
4 hours ago, Eise said:And now you say that c is not so much light speed????? Oh my.
I say the value of c works better in SR as a spacetime dimensional constant than when considered as a speed.
In 1676, Olaus Roemer discovered that c was simply a constant relation between measures of observational distance and observational time in the constant ratio of c. He was looking for a speed and discovered a universal constant ratio of time to distance. Unfortunately he called it a speed and it has been known as a speed ever since.
The true speed of light is unknown and unknowable because our units of length, time, and c are all mutually defined.The length of a meter is now defined as the distance light travels in 1/c seconds etc..Any attempt to measure the speed of light is like trying to measure the speed of light over the distance of a light year.
4 hours ago, Eise said:I also want to mention, that you obviously simply do not understand, or evade all explanations given. On one side, you said you fully agreed with Markus' first explanation (but where for me it was obvious that this could not be, he clearly explained why you were wrong). But then, Markus showed you made the same errors all over again. So you did not understand one word of what he was arguing. Please, learn real physics.
As I recall, Markus was claiming that the anti-coordination revealed at the end of an entanglement was there from the start. This was one of the first 'hidden variables' ruled out by the violation of Bell's inequalities and debunked by the experiments of Aspect and Clauser.
Also, Zeilinger's teleportation demonstrated that an entire series of entangled quantum properties can be reversed remotely and in an instant. This would not be possible if the quantum properties were fixed and unchanging from the start.
I agreed with his first statement but the one point about the quantum properties being fixed from the start was where our views parted company.
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23 hours ago, Lorentz Jr said:
- Nothing about relativity allows instantaneous interactions.
- Nothing about relativity says anything about particles having to be "similar" in any way.
Entanglement is not a part of relativity and only the ‘second postulate’ and entanglement are not in agreement. The rest of relativity is OK.
On 11/28/2022 at 6:38 AM, Lorentz Jr said:- Every light cone is defined by either an event or some other specified point in spacetime, and no light cone that isn't defined by an interaction involving one of the particles in question (which would be necessary for them to be "in the same light cone") can be relevant to their mutual interactions.
- If two particles "interact instantaneously", that means whatever changes occur to the particles are outside of each other's light cones.
The end of an entanglement would be in the same light cone but represented as two simultaneous events in different locations. This is entanglement and not classical physics.
On 11/28/2022 at 6:41 AM, joigus said:Again: "In the same light cone" doesn't mean anything. I've shown you two distinct cases of events; a couple of them were space-like separated; the other two were time-like separated. In both cases, you can make them be either in the same light cone, or in different light cones, at will. It's painfully obvious you didn't understand.
Your light cones were intelligible because they had no world lines for the entangled particles. The world lines also wandered outside the bounds of the cones and failed to pass through the intersection between past and future. Mainly they demonstrated nothing about entanglement.
In classical physics, an electron can only interact with a limited number of other electrons through some form of direct physical contact.
However, with entanglement an electron can establish an instant two-way resonant connection with any other electron on its pair of light cones if the intervening space permits. And such a pair can interact as if they are side-by-side even if they are galaxies apart. That is entanglement.
Entanglement is what Einstein called, “Spooky action at a distance.” but it has been demonstrated experimentally many times over since Aspect and Clauser.
You appear to reject the whole notion of ‘action at a distance’ as well as the violation of Bell’s inequalities in favor of ‘hidden variables’ and the EPR effect.
This is why I find your views to be fifty years out of date.
On 11/28/2022 at 6:41 AM, joigus said:Here's a good Veritasium video that will make you understand this concept. It's highly imbued in physical intuition, and I highly recommend it:
Why do you assume I know nothing about electric fields and how a circuit works? This is old stuff to me and it has little to do with the topic of entanglement which you apparently either reject or know little about.
22 hours ago, MigL said:Causal contact has a very specific meaning in Physics, and is subject to the speed of light, c .It implies cause and effect, the very things Bangstrom is arguing against, as non-locality requires an 'effect' before information about the 'cause 'can reach that point
I am arguing that entanglement needs no direct physical intervention between two remote particles to precipitate a cause and effect. The particles may be remote from each other, but while entangled, they act as if side-by-side or superimposed. You can’t affect one without instantly effecting the other even when they are beyond reach of a light signal. That is what is called non-local action or action at a distance and it is not classical physics.
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On 11/27/2022 at 5:06 AM, joigus said:
Again, no answer. The light cone of what?
Again, a light cone can be about whatever you choose to illustrate. They were your light cones and I didn't see any that quite resembled entanglement.
Entanglement would be slightly more difficult to illustrate with a light cone than ordinary events because it would usually require two or more separate but overlapping light cones to illustrate and I have never seen it done.
On 11/27/2022 at 5:06 AM, joigus said:Didn't you understand that my pictures were meant to explain that two events being in the same light cone doesn't mean anything? Didn't you understand that?
You didn’t explain that was your intention and I still don’t understand what you mean. An illustration of entanglement should require at least two world lines, one for each particle, and each particle would need to stay within its respective light cone.
Your illustration on the upper left “most” resembled entanglement but none of them made sense as representative of entanglement.
On 11/27/2022 at 5:06 AM, joigus said:In my picture on the upper left, both events are in the past cone of an unspecified future event that plays no role in an EPR situation.
In your picture on the upper left, I see one one event in the future and one in the past but no world lines for the entangled particles
Entanglement violates the EPR situation in that one entangled particle can interact with its partner(s) instantly as if the they were side-by-side. Entangled particles need no physical connection to interact- not even light. It is instant action at a distance that violates the EPR.
Your illustration on the upper left “most” resembled entanglement but none of them made sense to me as representative of entanglement.
On 11/27/2022 at 5:06 AM, joigus said:So "in the same light cone" specifies nothing.
"In the same light cone" means that one particle, usually an electron, can interact instantly with any other similar particle within the same light cone provided that conditions between the two permit.
This is possible in QM but not in classical physics so that is a major contrast between the two and I wouldn’t call it “nothing.”
In the the classical situation, one particle can only interact with another either directly or through some physical interaction. QM needs no physical interaction.
On 11/27/2022 at 5:06 AM, joigus said:Except that it is obviously a speed from dimensional grounds. Not only that; if you assume no sources (or being far away from sources) the meaning as a speed becomes even more obvious (can something be "more" obvious...?). The reason is that Maxwell's equations become wave equations for either E, B (or the scalar and vector potentials) and 1/sqrt(mu_naughtxepsilon_naught) being the phase velocity of the waves in the vacuum.
The value of c works perfectly well as a universally observed dimensional constant and it behaves nothing like a speed. Just because c is the ratio of distance over time doesn’t mean it is a speed, and since c=d/t is a constant, that should be our first clue that c isn’t a speed.
The determinations of the magnetic permeability and the electro permittivity in Maxwell’s equations are static tests and their combination is a constant for the vacuum. They are speed in the dimensional sense but they are not speeds in the sense of something moving.
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12 hours ago, MigL said:
The absence of local realism is evident in many, if not all, aspects of QM.
Non-locality is not needed for entanglement; nor anything else.
Relegate it to the dust-bin of history, along with the aether.Injecting another bit of speculation here, as if we need it, but the Lorentzian interpretation, Maxwell’s equations, and SR all work, and are easier to understand, if you consider the value of c as a dimensional constant rather than the conventional speed of light. There is no hint in Maxwell's equations that c is a speed. Instead c=1/√μo ϵo.
In this view, the value of c is a universal constant giving us the amount of time found in any given distance which is approximately one second of time for every 300,000 km of distance for all observers independent of their individual motions. The Lorentzian contractions make this possible.
"Any attempt to measure the velocity of light is … not an attempt at measuring the velocity of light but an attempt at ascertaining the length of the standard metre in Paris in terms of time-units."-Herman Bondi
Common observations should tell us that observers moving at different speeds should not view any single speed as the same for all. C has all the properties of a dimensional constant and resembles nothing like a speed.
You can’t add v to c because v is a speed and c is a constant ratio. Just as nothing can go faster than c as a ratio, nothing can go faster than the ratio of 1.6 kilometers per mile. Velocities and ratios don’t add.
It simplifies SR to think of c as a dimensional constant rather than as a speed and this view also eliminates the speed related paradoxes in SR such as the “pole and barn” thought experiment.
As for the aether, the M&M experiment was looking for the presence of an aether as evidenced by the drift of photons in a moving medium. If c is a dimensional constant and not the speed of a photon, the null result of the M&M experiment indicated that either there is no aether or there is no photon drift. I prefer the latter explanation of no photon drift and we can retain the aether.
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17 hours ago, joigus said:
What do you mean???
Here's a visual aid:
Entanglement is most like your picture on the upper left where one particle is in the past light cone and the other is in the future. All of our communications, whether involving entanglement or not, is received from the past and sent to the future.
John Cramer’s Transactional Interpretation of QM is an extension of the Wheeler-Feynman approach to atomic transitions where EM signaling can be interpreted as direct and instant interaction between emitter and absorber with signals moving both forward and backward in time as a prerequisite to the transmission of energy.
Thermodynamics limits our observation of events to the emission of energy from the past and arriving in the present. In Cramer’s and similar models, there is an instant, two-way signaling between the emitter and absorber that precedes any transfer of energy which is why light always travels as if prescient of its destination.
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19 hours ago, Markus Hanke said:
See above, because none of the probabilities involved in the measurement outcomes is a function of distant coordinates - the correlation between outcomes exists because these particles underwent a local process in the past whereby they became entangled, and have remained that way ever since.
This whole thing is a good demonstration of counterfactual definiteness, the absence of local realism, and the non-separability of specific classes of wave functions - but not of non-locality.
Charged particles, especially electrons, can spontaneously entangle with any other similar charged particle on the same light cone so entanglement need not begin as local.
The initiation of entanglement, in this case, is instant as is the loss of entanglement and decoherence can span any distance which makes it a non-local action at a distance.
Two independent particles need not be anti-coordinated before entanglement, but upon entanglement, their individual quantum properties become indeterminate (superimposed). Later when the first particle is observed, the same quantum property for both is found to be anti-coordinated.
It is logical to say that their properties became anti-coordinated and have remained so from the start but this is one of the several ‘hidden variables’ that was eliminated as invalid by experiments involving the violation of Bell’s inequalities.
Independent of this, Anton Zeilinger, with his quantum teleportation, has demonstrated that an entire cascade of quantum properties can be instantly reversed to conform to a later entanglement no matter what the unobserved outcome of the first entanglement may have been.
If 0’s and 1’s are considered as the observations, their values can be instantly reversed to 1’s and 0’s indicating that the observed outcome of an experiment need not be fixed from the start but still they are anti-coordinated at the end.
It could be that the first observation ends the entanglement and begins the anti-coordination. This suggests some kind of signal from the first observation to the second indicating a signal sent and a signal received.
On 11/24/2022 at 6:34 AM, Markus Hanke said:Non-locality means that the outcome of an experiment/measurement performed at a specific point (be that in spacetime, or in some abstract state space) depend explicitly on what happens at another point; so the outcome is not uniquely determined by physical conditions in a small local neighbourhood alone.
If you exclude entanglement as an example of non-locality, what could be considered as non-local?
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21 hours ago, joigus said:
Same reason why the colour of my sclera, and the colour of yours are the same: Some event in the past determined both. In the example I'm offering you, the evolution of a family of primates.
Evolution is a long term series of local events. It is not entanglement.
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On 11/24/2022 at 4:28 AM, Eise said:
Seems you have wax in your ears:
Nobody claims that observers that are in other inertial frames of reference affect the experiment.
Yes, as I explained, outside observations, whether the observers are in motion or not, do not affect the results of the experiment which is why our circular discussion about SR and outside observations were irrelevant. That was my suggestion to get off the topic.
Perhaps I should have written it in red with a large font.
23 hours ago, Markus Hanke said:Non-locality means that the outcome of an experiment/measurement performed at a specific point (be that in spacetime, or in some abstract state space) depend explicitly on what happens at another point; so the outcome is not uniquely determined by physical conditions in a small local neighbourhood alone.
With entanglement, the observation of one quantum property at one point instantly tells us something we can find expect to find about its entangled partner(s) at another point. We can expect to find that the same observed property will be anti-coordinated with the first observation. That appears to be contrary to local realism and the EPR effect.
In this case, the observation of the second particle depends on an observation at another point possibly a great distance away.
How is that not non-locality?
18 hours ago, swansont said:On 11/24/2022 at 3:43 AM, bangstrom said:Are you saying nothing that transpires between the entangled particles has been demonstrated to be FTL?
Nothing has been shown to transpire between the particles.
Right, "Nothing has been shown to transpire between the particles." That is why it is called, 'Instant action at a distance.'
There is nothing to see between the particles. The correlation is observed at the ends.
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20 hours ago, joigus said:
The discussion was actually about FTL signals. More in particular, it assumed that FTL signals are actually implied by quantum entanglement.
Agreed, that was the primary topic.
20 hours ago, joigus said:That you either didn't understand or didn't bother to read. For a theory to actually be non-local, it would have to be a system that, once cast in a Lagrangian form, would have an infinite sensitivity to spatial inhomogeneities. This would reflect in the Lagrangian as having arbitrarily-high order of spatial derivatives. That's why I know quantum mechanics cannot be non-local in any fundamental way, and the whole illusion must come from some kind of basic misunderstanding of the concepts.
And I still don't understand your explanations, which is why I can’t tell if yours is valid observation or a mathematical obfuscation. What is called "local" in Hermitian space is not what is called "local" outside the Hermitian, and as long as the terms are defined, I see no problem with calling entanglement non-local.
I understand how entanglement is a sort of hybrid state where two remote particles act locally as if side-by-side so entanglement has a local component but the instant decoherence of entanglement across, possibly extra galactic distances, is non-local by conventional definitions as is the apparent signal, if there really is a signal.
And is the Lagrangian of the wave function of entanglement not a non-local Lagrangian? Not that I am qualified to judge. I will leave that up to you.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlocal_Lagrangian
In field theory, a nonlocal Lagrangian is a Lagrangian, a type of functional L [ ϕ ( x ) ] {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}[\phi (x)]} containing terms that are nonlocal in the fields ϕ ( x ) {\displaystyle \phi (x)} , i.e. not polynomials or functions of the fields or their derivatives evaluated at a single point in the space of dynamical parameters
20 hours ago, joigus said:Then you intervened by entering into a dynamics of a dog chasing his own tail, by repeatedly denying matters of principle and experimental evidence that nobody else here has any significant doubt about. As long as you do not agree on these matters of principle, it will be impossible to further understand why this illusion of non-locality --that's implied, eg, in the last paragraph you quoted-- occurs when one thinks of QM in the terms of Copenhagen's interpretation of the theory. I did try to steer the debate in that direction, because I think it explains the confusion as close as effortlessly as it's possible to do.
I disagree but I will let that pass as your opinion.
20 hours ago, joigus said:It was I who first challenged the premise that FTL signals are possible from the mere basis of QM. @uncool then proposed whether it could be the breaking of quantum coherence --or, if you will, the collapse of the wave function-- that could be used as a signal.
I also agreed that entanglement could not be used as a FTL communication at the macro level.
That doesn't mean it is not superluminal at the particle level.
I understand how entanglement is a sort of hybrid state where two remote particles act locally as if side-by-side so entanglement is not totally non-local but the instant decoherence of entanglement is non-local by conventional definitions as is the apparent signal, if there really is a signal.
19 hours ago, Eise said:One could call SR a 'meta-theory': it describes how space and time transform when seen by different inertial observers. As we all observe physical phenomena in space and time, all fundamental laws of physics must pass the test if they are Lorentz invariant. If they are not, then they are not correct.
An FTL signal does not pass the test, so an entanglement explanation that contains an FTL signal cannot work. That is the whole argument in a nutshell. Even QM must 'obey' special relativity, which it does, as QFT.
I said SR is “meta” to the topic of entanglement and how outside observers, with their varied observations, can not change the temporal order of events in an experiment. In other words, SR is irrelevant to the discussion of experiments involving entanglement.
I am not saying SR is not important. It just isn't relevant to understanding most experiments involving entanglement, their collection of data, or calculations of the results.
The experiments themselves are normally setup with SR in mind so they eliminate any possible SR related artifacts in the timing of events which is why SR is not found in the calculations or discussions of the results.
Are you saying nothing that transpires between the entangled particles has been demonstrated to be FTL?
19 hours ago, Eise said:Now it would be interesting to know if you agree with Markus' descriptions.
Yes, that is what I said.
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On 11/21/2022 at 9:46 AM, Markus Hanke said:
Hopefully the either helps, or possibly it might spark off another 22 pages of discussion
Hopefully, yes. I appreciate your efforts and support the accuracy of your description.
The majority of the 22 pages were not about entanglement but they veered off into circular discussions of unrelated topics such as fine points of SR sprinkled with many comments of a personal nature so little was accomplished. We should be able to do better.
On 11/21/2022 at 2:13 PM, joigus said:And again, quantum particles have no identity:
Quantum particles have no identity in the sense of Dirac's observation that a an electron on Earth is no different from other electrons in the cosmos. It is as if there is only one electron that appears to be popping up everywhere at once.
But electrons do take on individual properties.
The disagreement de jour centers around my reply to your statement,
“OK, @bangstrom. Enough is enough. Take a code "0" and "1."
Describe a protocol that sends either "0" or "1" to a distant observer by using an entangled state.
Describe it clearly.”
To which I replied,”This is impossible for the sender. They can’t know what they sent or describe it. A person on the sending end can generate a pair of entangled particles and send one off but they can’t know the identity of which one they sent or which one they retain. If they observe the identity of their own particle, they break the entanglement.”
To which you replied, “In other words. You're saying that somehow, what you say is true, just because you say so, but nobody can ascertain experimentally, or even in principle, that it's true.”
I don’t find this to be my opinion alone and I try never to make a statement that I can’t support so here is a quote from Wikipedia in support of my claim that, “If they observe the identity of their own particle, they break the entanglement.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement
“The paradox is that a measurement made on either of the particles apparently collapses the state of the entire entangled system—and does so instantaneously, before any information about the measurement result could have been communicated to the other particle (assuming that information cannot travel faster than light) and hence assured the "proper" outcome of the measurement of the other part of the entangled pair. In the Copenhagen interpretation, the result of a spin measurement on one of the particles is a collapse into a state in which each particle has a definite spin (either up or down) along the axis of measurement. The outcome is taken to be random, with each possibility having a probability of 50%. However, if both spins are measured along the same axis, they are found to be anti-correlated. This means that the random outcome of the measurement made on one particle seems to have been transmitted to the other, so that it can make the "right choice" when it too is measured.[34]
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12 hours ago, joigus said:
OK, @bangstrom. Enough is enough. Take a code "0" and "1."
Describe a protocol that sends either "0" or "1" to a distant observer by using an entangled state.
Describe it clearly.
This is impossible for the sender. They can’t know what they sent or describe it. A person on the sending end can generate a pair of entangled particles and send one off but they can’t know the identity of which one they sent or which one they retain. If they observe the identity of their own particle, they break the entanglement.
12 hours ago, joigus said:So that the distant observer knows immediately it's either "0" or "1"
The receiver instantly knows if it is “0” or “1” but they can’t know what it means because even the sender can't know what they sent.
13 hours ago, joigus said:Describe a protocol that does this without infinitely many data having to be gathered after long hours of painstaking readings, and thereby inferring decoherence has been lost when the STL waiting time has long, long been exceeded.
I think you meant SLT, superluminal time.
All the timing data for the experiment is automatically recorded in real time at both locations and at the time of decoherence. It may be much later when the data is analyzed and it is found that the information about some property of the second entangled particle arrived before any possibility of a light signal.
A later analysis of the data can not go back in time and rewrite recorded history.
13 hours ago, joigus said:Of course, most of us here understand:
(1) That's not possible
(2) If it were, SR would be violated
Some say that does violate SR but I say it only violates Einstein’s second postulate about nothing being faster than light. His second postulate was instrumental in formulating SR but it remains a provisional statement that is no longer supported by experimental evidence. The evidence was not available in Einsteins time but it was much speculated before his time and repeatedly proven true after. I’m just telling it like it is.
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12 hours ago, Eise said:
1. One of "Different observers seeing signals going into different directions" and how this is "a well understood phenomenon of SR".
That goes back to the old example where lightning strikes both ends a train simultaneously on both ends relative to an observer in the center. An observer at the front will say it struck the front first and an observer at the rear will say it struck the rear first. Those are examples using an energy carrying light signal that observers see differently and SR applies different directional observations to the observation of entanglement as well.
An example of a signal carrying information but not energy would be a signal involving entanglement. That is my answer and I have no other.
12 hours ago, Eise said:- #2 Information transfer or signal, without any energy or matter involved.
And both not using entanglement, because that would mean you are using your conclusion about entanglement as argument, with other words you would "beg the question".
Your question #2 is a koan, 先 生. Like, What is the sound of one hand clapping”
An “Information transfer or signal, without any energy or matter involved?“ That would be a signal from nowhere yet to arrive anywhere.
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12 hours ago, studiot said:
So you fully understand superconductivity including the maths ?
I make no claims to understand all of it.
12 hours ago, studiot said:Furthermore you dodged the issue of the second electron of your pair 'knowing things' after it was unentangled, by talking about a former partner. You didn't answer my comment on this.
Is this even a question? “You have placed the germ of the answer in your use of 'former partner'.
I was waiting for you to explain what you meant.
12 hours ago, studiot said:How would you know which electron is spin up in a cooper pair, or a diamond ?
You specifically talked about separating the entangled electrons before measurement.
So I asked for real eamples of how you would achieve this separation, whilst maintaining the entanglement.
There is no need to know anything about the spin states of a Cooper pair.
I explained how it is done with diamonds and there are articles that explain how it is done if you care to look. It is done by illuminating the diamonds with lasers and wait for them to emit a pair of entangled photons. They measure the spin state of the electrons indirectly by observing circular polarization of the photons emitted.
They measure the polarizations by an unusual method using lasers that I am not familiar with but I am looking into how it is done.
12 hours ago, studiot said:All your 'examples' in response require the entangled electrons to be maintained in their proximity, not separated.
So none of your examples are valid.
Absolutely not. Where did you get that crazy idea?
12 hours ago, studiot said:I'm glad you think that dying is nothing more significant than changing the name of your state. Try it sometime.
I know what isn’t entanglement when it is obvious that it isn’t.
This is why Ghideon's explanation fails the Bell test by its lack of possible anti-coordinated combinations.
If two people get married, they instantly become husband and wife at the pronouncement. But at the same pronouncement, if one is alive, the other drops dead.
12 hours ago, studiot said:Have you studied the maths (proof) of Bells ? It is not difficult.
I have studied the maths of Bell's Inequalities.
12 hours ago, studiot said:Open you mind and listen to what others are telling you, you obviously know and understand some stuff and therefore have the capacity to learn more.
I am always open to new ideas. I am open to open old ideas if I find them to be sensible and logical. But, old ideas that have been debunked for more than fifty years- not so much.
That is things things like the non-existence of non-locality (instant action at a distance) or hidden variables with entanglement.
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2 hours ago, Lorentz Jr said:
I'm interested in why less time passes on the spaceship than on Earth in the twins paradox of special relativity, and the only explanation I've ever seen is that the spaceship takes a "shorter path through spacetime". By "explanation", I mean a proposal for a physical mechanism that would slow down the time evolution of the spaceship's wave function, or some other theory that provides a framework for understanding the phenomenon.
The twins paradox still includes a time dilation as a part of the explanation. The other part is travel through space and then how to combine the two.
Einstein said gravity and acceleration are equivalent. We can ignore gravity for the twin in space but the twin in space has to deal with acceleration.
As you probably know, gravity is defined as curved spacetime and acceleration is likewise curved spacetime. It is hard to visualize how either space or time can curve so I prefer to think of gravity as shorter space and slower time.
The space traveling twin experiences a greater acceleration than his Earthbound brother so, just as a greater gravitational field slows time, greater acceleration slows time by an equal amount. So the space traveling twin’s clock ticks slower and he ages less than his brother.
Acceleration is the physical mechanism that slows time.
If the space traveler is traveling to a destination a light year away, averaging 80% the speed of light, he will reach his destination in half the estimated time by his clock because he is either accelerated by speeding up or slowing to a stop. And it will be the same as he returns to Earth.
If he measures his travel distance by time, he will say he made the trip to his destination and back in one year instead of the expected two years and he will have aged by one year while gone. His twin will have aged by two years if he was away form Earth’s gravity.
But by any observation, if he traveled by train and measured the distance by the number of ties in the track, all observers would say he traveled the same distance in ties crossed. But he covered the distance in half the expected time so he took a shortcut through spacetime.
I like to think if the little squares on a Minkowski or Epstein diagram as little time zones. Each square you pass in any direction is essentially a trip to an earlier time zone. Travel through space is simultaneously travel through both space and time as Minkowski said. Each time zone you cross whether coming or going subtracts a little time from your clock.
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18 hours ago, studiot said:
QM is no differnt in this respect, but obviously infomation required is different.
For instance in the example Bangstom wants to avoid you know that two electrons in a hydrogen molecule are entangled, form Physics theory.
But how do you move one away from the other without interacting (observing) with one or both and destroying the entanglement ?
Please, please don't ask me about electrons in a hydrogen molecule! I am avoiding that question like the corona.
You didn't specify what you were asking for in your question, "Can you provide an actual example of the circumstances for these two electrons ?" so I didn't know what what kind of answer you were expecting.
Why do you think I don't know there are two electrons in a hydrogen molecule and they are entangled?
The electrons in the electron clouds of all the elements are also entangled.
In ultra-cold superconducting materials, electrons circulate as entangled pairs called Cooper pairs. They are forced to quantum tunnel out of the superconductor by the application of a high voltage at which time the entangled electrons separate naturally by mutual repulsion as they leave in different directions.
https://news.softpedia.com/news/Extracting-Entangled-Electrons-from-Superconductors-124341.shtml
"Extracting Entangled Electrons from Superconductor In its experiments, the UB team used an innovative approach to mining the electrons out of the material. It created an aluminum superconductor and attached nanowires to it that could have represented the particles' way out. Ironically, the key to the entire process did not prove to be offering the electron pairs a way out, but actually preventing them from getting out. When a high voltage was applied to the nanowires, they started acting like barriers, and electrons are known to perform something called quantum tunneling when presented with such an obstacle.
The pairs essentially drill their way out through the barrier, at a very small pace, allowing the researchers to catch and isolate them as they emerge. As they exit the superconductor and the nanowires, the electrons' natural repulsion force kicks in, and the pair splits. Each nanowire has a junction, and each of the possible avenues can only house one electron. Using this method, the UB team was able to produce and then separate streams of entangled electrons"
The Henson experiment in 2015 used a similar method to obtain their entangled electrons. They started with an ultra-cold superconducting ring of graphene and allowed the separated entangled electrons to stream into opposite pieces of artificial diamond. The carbon lattice of an artificial diamond contains traces of accidental nitrogen atoms in place of carbon and the gaps between the N and C atoms creates an environment called a 'hollow' which is attracting to electrons.
This is the method they used to create a pair of diamonds containing opposite pairs of entangled electrons for their experiments in Delft. The entangled electrons are stable within the diamonds and they can be transported without disturbing the entanglement.
22 hours ago, studiot said:You need to understand that entanglement, superposition mechanics and many other phenmomena were studied long before any quantum theory arose. In many cases quantum entanglemen can be different from classical entanglement, which @Ghideon example is.
Ghideon's example has nothing to do with entanglement. It is simply an example of changing the name of states with no
physical interactions.
22 hours ago, studiot said:This is also the case with the example of the socks or the gloves. But they have a characteristic in common with quantum entanglement, notably that the actual states of both particles are set at the instant of entanglement. Some information is also encoded in the entanglement at that instant.
The examples with boxes of socks and gloves are strictly classical and have been invalidated by Bell and the experiments by Aspect and Clauser and Zeilinger's teleportation would not work if the analogies were true.
The idea that, "Some information is also encoded in the entanglement at that instant." implies the presence of a hidden variable. That has been debunked by the violation of Bell's inequality and double debunked by Henson et al.'s experiments in Delft.
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If the given particles carry an attribute that locally determines the outcomes, there would be no need for a signal. This is the most intuitively obvious explanation but it was one of the first hidden variables ruled out by the Bell test so it is not supported by experimental evidence.
I suspect the wave like connection between entangled particles and its instant loss on both ends could serve as a non-local signal that establishes the correlation.
I' m familiar with the setup of the classical channel but you haven't explained how the classical channel is necessary for the quantum channel or how it can have an affect on the quantum channel.
I don’t recall where Markus said there was no FTL signal. If he did, then I don’t agree.
You are right. Singlet states include entanglement. I learned something.