Borek

HNO3 is reatively weak with pKa = -1. In 1M solution 8.4% is not dissociated. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com equation balancer and stoichiometry calculator www.pH-meter.info

Thermogravimetric curves give similar information about water binding. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

RyanJ: freezing point is pressure dependent (sometimes more, sometimes less, depends on the substance), so in case of water under high pressure it will be not overcooling, but a real change. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

At room temperature vapor pressure is much lower than atmospheric presuure, thus the liquid (call it water ) evaporates only on the surface. Once the liquid is heated to the boiling temperature, it can evaporate not only on the surface, but also inside of its volume, That's the difference between evaporating and boiling. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

That's not true. Freezing point of the pure water is exactly 0 deg C. However, if the water is sufficiently pure (it can contain dissolved substances, but no precipitates) it can be brought below zero, it is called overcooling. That's similar to overheating, just in different direction. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

1. At first the reaction can be pretty fast, but later it will be diffusion controlled (sodium must get to the mercury surface), so the large area effect will be lost. 2. Speed of the reaction will be also modified by other factors. IIRC sodium amalgam reacts much slower with water than one may expect, due to high overpotential of hydrogen evolution on the mercury surface. You may speed up the reaction inserting carbon electrode into amalgam. 3. Half potential of the reaction will not change much, so whether it is pure sodium or sodium in mercury, its strength as reductor is probably about the same. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

IMHO battery acid (sulfuric) will be not as good as muriatic (hydrochloric), as there are much more insoluble sulfates than chlorides. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

I doubt sodium amalgam is stronger than the sodium itself. Much more convenient for use, that's for sure. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

Looks like you can - just separate it from oxygen Perhaps keeping it under some oil, like pure sodium? Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

Generally speaking, as long as there is no common ion effect, salts dissolve independently. The same holds if you try to add other substance to the solutions (glucose, sacharose). However, it doesn't hold for the highly concentrated solutions. So, imagine you have two substances, both of solubility in the range of 1 g/L. If there is no common ions effect, fact the the solution was saturated with the first substance will not change the solubility of the other. If both substances have solubility in the range of 500g/L, saturating solution with the first substance will lower solubility of the second. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

For % vs molarity - read about percentage to molarity conversion. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

pH calculation and concentration lectures. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

There is no one, simple answer. To calculate pH you have to know concentration and Ka (or pKa) of acid. Check these pH calculation lectures on my site. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

No. When the concentration of H+ is 1M, pH=0. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

Standard potentials are just standard potentials. What you observe in solution is described by Nernst equation which shows how potential depends on the concentrations. As concentrations of free ions are often modified by the presence of other ions (by complexation and precipitation reactions for example) you have to know much more than just which metals are pesent in the solution. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculator concentration conversion

As you asked at the end of your post - I was referring to the average density. For sure mass distribution isn't uniform, but in case of very large black hole you may be so far from the center that your surrounding can look just like in Solar system. In fact we can be already inside of the black hole not knowing about it. I think these forces are called 'tidal' in Polish, no idea how they are called in English. However, once again it all depends on the black hole size - the smaller the black hole and the closer to the singularity you are, the larger tidal forces are. When you are far enough (but you can be already under 'event horizon' - if it is called this way in English) tidal forces will be too small to be noticed. I was referring to density as I suppose jdurg idea of high temperatures starts with the assumption that black holes are 'extremal' in all aspects - high temperatures, high densities, high space curvature (sorry if it is not in English, I am translating Polish terms on the fly). That's not necessarily true, and - what is important - counterintuitively the larger the black hole, the more 'normal' are conditions below event horizon. What is going on at singularity is other thing. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculation concentration conversion

No need for high temperatures, although they are very likely, especially in case of dense black holes. But black hole can have as low density as you like. Black hole size is given by Schwartzschild radius - r = 2Gm/c2 So for given mass you can calculate radius, then volume, and finally - if I am not mistaken - black hole density is given by d = 3c6/(32 pi G3m2) thus the higher mass of black hole, the lower its density. c - light speed, G - gravitational constant, m - mass. If the black hole density is low you can be inside even don't knowing about it, with a 'normal' temperature around. Black hole with the mass comparable to Milky Way (about 4*1041) have density of 0.5 g/m3 - not much. Check out http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculation concentration conversion

No such thing as Ka of the solution. Ka describes dissociating acid. Effect of the acid presense in the solution is a pH change. Take a look at these pH calculation lectures. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculation concentration conversion

Note that PbCl2 is only slightly soluble. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculation concentration conversion

In Poland yellow color stands for acetylene, grey for Ar, blue for oxygen. Can't remember what is color for chlorine - but it is standardised as well. This way they are much more difficult to be mistaken. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculation concentration conversion

Only if you let the solution dry. As long as there is some water, you will have some mixture of NH4+ and HPO4(2-). Too weak base and too weak acid for anything else. For example solution which is 0.01M phosphoric acid and 0.03M ammonia (so should be perfect salt) will have pH of 8.96. Only 66.1% of ammonia will be in NH4+form. As for phosphoric acid - 1.7% H2PO4- and 98.3% HPO4(2-) (H3PO4 and PO4(3-) also present, although below 0.1% levels). BATE pH calculator rulez Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculation concentration conversion

Check out this post: http://www.chemicalforums.com/index.php?board=2;action=display;threadid=3510;start=msg17388#msg17388 Ian seems to know a thing or two about sources where you can look for ancient recipes. That can be funny hobby You are welcomed to see event called Dymarki Świętokrzyskie (Swietokrzyskie in case Polish national characters gets scrambled, unfortunately page in Polish only, select Galeria on the left to see some pictures) in Poland - smelting iron using methods over 2000 years old at the very place these methods were used. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculation concentration conversion

Define what do you mean by 'most corrosive'. Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculation concentration conversion

http://www.chembuddy.com/?left=pH-calculation&right=pH-buffers-henderson-hasselbalch Best, Borek -- Chemical calculators at www.chembuddy.com pH calculation concentration conversion