exchemist

50 minutes ago, Maartenn100 said:

There is at least one other dimension beyond the physical dimension we witness daily: the hidden 'spatial' dimension where the inner voice, inner thoughts, inner images, and dreams 'reside'. For ourselves, this dimension is visible to our 'mind's eye'. We notice our inner voice, witness our thoughts and observe our dreams. However, the same dimension and its non-physical entities are not visible to us in others or in the rest of the physical world.

 

Thus, we do not know if ChatGPT also has such an 'inner experiential world'. Such a hidden spatial dimension.

We assume it in animals.

We hardly suspect it in a computer component or radio.

 

We do not even consider that there may be other hidden dimensions tied to the physical world that we cannot discover, which are different from that inwardly noticeable non-physical space.

 

When we see someone, we do not see their hidden non-physical dimension from which they conceptualize, dream, have inner images, and so forth. When this person dies, we also do not see what happens to this inner space. It is possible that this inner space 'expands', now that the physical matter to which this dimension was tied, crumbles. We can never directly see this space of the other, so we also do not know what happens to it after the death of the material correlates.

 

I am asking here and now for immediate recognition from the physicalists for this non-physical dimension or space where thoughts, inner images, the inner voice, dreams, and experiences reside! That there exists at least one non-physical domain, or 'space' or 'dimension' that each of us personally witnesses, but cannot observe in others or the other physical objects, and about which we fundamentally do not know what happens after the disintegration of the material correlates of this non-physical dimension!

On what grounds do you demand recognition, from physicalists, of something for which there is no observational evidence? Surely you understand that for the physicalist, unobservable entities are dismissed as non-existent?

2 hours ago, Externet said:

Hi exchemist.    My simplest way without claiming being best, that you may alter/improve your way later :

Get a plain "cream cheese" equivalent to U.S. 'Philadelphia' brand.  4 ounces (half pack here) WARM !, ~ 25-30 ⁰C not from the refrigerator !

1 cup of yuca starch.

Half a teaspoon maximum of salt.

One teaspoon of baking powder.

2 tablespoons of water.

Mix to very uniform and make 8 balls to 340 ⁰F for 22 minutes.

Come back with results.

 

Bread result should have an elastic cheese core.  Goes well served with yogurt

I'm certainly not going to use that Philadelphia stuff. 😝 I'm going to use a hard cheese with some flavour. But that picture looks as if it may be  sweet cassava flour (polvilho doce - doce may mean sweet, like dolce.)

As I say, I have a recipe. All I need is to source the right kind of cassava flour. The recipe calls for sour not sweet (polvilho azedo). I'm going to ask my cleaner to get me some, from the Brazilian shop close to where she lives in Streatham.

If it works, I may post it for comparison. The key thing will be to get that special chewy texture that you can't get with wheat flour. They are nice with a cup of tea, in the afternoon, as an alternative to the cheese scones I sometimes make. 

2 hours ago, Externet said:

Thanks.   Yes, aware of its poisonous nature as the potatoes and yams are.   Been consuming it for decades as zillion people in the world.   Do not understand the "layer by layer" above.  It is a root, finely chopped when making the flour.  What layers are there to separate ?  The peel is discarded.

 

As far as I can tell it seems to be the same stuff, basically. There seem to be two versions of cassava flour, sweet and sour, the latter being fermented before final preparation. I am interested in this as I want to make pan de queijo, which one of my son's Brazilian nannies/babysitters used to make and which I found delicious. I now have a Brazilian cleaner who brings me some occasionally but she doesn't make it herself and it is not quite as good. Cassava flour is not easy to find in London, though there are Brazilian shops where one can get it. I have a recipe that I found on line that calls for sour cassava flour.  

9 minutes ago, cryptocracy said:

What can you say about this subject? 

This is an assumption, but what could be the impact on the world?

Disappearance of the major component of the tides, with a devastating effect on intertidal organisms and probably other ecosystems that benefit from the flushing action of tides. 

16 hours ago, Sensei said:

Does it need to be claimed? The problem is global warming, and the politicians (which you quoted, so I guess you support the idea) came up with the (yet another idiotic) idea of making even bigger problems i.e. taxes and tariffs.

Why is Greta complaining? Her main objection is that politicians only talk about money..

 

I can't imagine who negated my answer, except the real Russian etc. agents and supporters of the gas and coal industry, because I am the biggest fan of the fight against global warming..

It's like the 2008-2009 crisis, they solved it in the worst possible way.. That's why people all over the world are against the "Green Deal", because it is simply a fraud.. CO₂ certificate emissions? A fucking joke from the global warming..

 

 

Me for a start. What did you mean by suggesting he might (rhetorically) have a gun to the back of his head? What a needlessly aggressive and uninformative remark. 

And then you made a further ridiculous statement about it being naïve to think taxes and tariffs can "solve" problems. Nobody suggests they "solve" anything of course. Alternatively, to deny that taxes and tariffs can play a role, by modifying the behaviour of commercial enterprises, if that is what you meant to say, would be equally absurd.

In this case there is a particularly strong case for taxes and tariffs, since one of the great problems in addressing climate change is the lack of any direct market-based feedback between the products (and their pricing) available to consumers and the resulting costs down the road for us all due to climate change. 

So, all in all, a fairly poor post from you, I thought. 

33 minutes ago, tareek said:

I dont know i would say the benzoic acid, will be formed back. But are you sure Acetophenon can't forn

The problem, as @chenbeier says,  is that a carbonyl group will react with a Grignard reagent much faster than a carboxylate. So any acetophenone produced would immediately react in preference to the remaining carboxylate. I’m not sure whether a carboxylate anion will react at all with a Grignard reagent. Nucleophilic attack on an anion seems like a bit of an uphill struggle, though it’s true most of the -ve charge will be on the O atoms.

1 hour ago, tareek said:

How do 2 equivalents Grignard react with benzoic acid. The first one will deprotonate the acid proton. But will the second one attack the carboxylat ?

By the way we are using a weak acid 

Carboxylate anions are not very strongly electrophilic, if I remember correctly. What do you think will happen?

2 minutes ago, chenbeier said:

Carbonic acids cannot be treated with Grignard

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Something has gone wrong with your post.

11 hours ago, MigL said:

I'm aware of that.
Some would consider the mid 400s as the end of the empire, when a Germanic warrior of the Roman army, Odacer, assumed the title of "king' after deposing a child emperor. He had full support from the Roman Senate, and he ruled in the Roman tradition. He even expanded the 'empire' by retaking Sicily from the Vandals, and Dalmatia ( Croatia ) as far as the Danube to defeat the Rugi.
He was finally deposed in the late 400s by another 'barbarian', Theodoric, an Ostrogoth, who also took on Roman sensibilities in his rule.

They may not have been officially 'emperors' before Charlemagne, and they may have been 'barbarians', but they became Roman 'kings' of a somewhat reduced western empire.

What I meant is that it is a bit of a stretch to claim the Holy Roman Emperors represent a continuation of the Western Roman Empire. They were not Romans, they ruled over various chunks of continental Western Europe, and did so from places nowhere near Rome, like Aachen. 

Defying Hitler. 

Synopsis:
"Sebastian Haffner was a non-Jewish German who emigrated to England in 1938. This memoir (written in 1939 but only published now for the first time) begins in 1914 when the family summer holiday is cut short by the outbreak of war, and ends with Hitler's assumption of power in 1933. It is a portrait of himself and his own generation in Germany, those born between 1900 and 1910, and brilliantly explains through his own experiences and those of his friends how that generation came to be seduced by Hitler and Nazism."

I thought now would be a good time to read how a demagogue, encouraging a cult of personality, can subvert the institutions of the state and seduce a population, little by little.

21 minutes ago, Sensei said:

The fall of Constantinople took place in 1453.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople

 

Sorry typo thanks.

1 hour ago, MigL said:

Rome may have fallen, and sacked numerous times, but the Roman empire assimilated invaders to 'their ways' and flourished, under various guises, well until recent times. Most Germanic empires, up to the Habsbergs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, fancied themselves as the Holy Roman Empire.
It is no coincidence that Germanic leaders called themselves 'Kaiser' ( even Russian leaders were known as 'Tsars' ), a derivation of Caesar.

See the works of E Gibbon, "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire".

Yes but the Holy Roman Emperor was just an honorary title that developed from the coronation of  Charlemagne as emperor by the pope, in return for the protection he provided to Rome against the Lombards etc. Whereas the Roman Empire in the East survived in Constantinople until 1543.   

1 hour ago, Externet said:

Good day.

Is there any found causal or relation between the fall of Rome by the middle of first century and the legalization and rise of christianity ?

The prosper peaceful 'pax romana' era that had abundant reported wealth in many roman citizens...  Where did that people obtained/earned their wealth ?  What business were they involved in those times ?  There were also the not wealthy population; but what activities not tied to government made the rich rich  ?

Yes, can be moved to somewhere else as deserved.  Into politics, history, lounge...

I don't think so. The basic problem, as I understand it, was over-extension of the Empire and consequently increasing reliance of the army on colonised people to man it. I think competition from the Goths, notably Alaric, had something to do with it as well. But that was not until c.4th AD.  I think it was still flourishing in the c.1st. 

On 2/28/2024 at 10:38 PM, swansont said:

“what makes this fee revolutionary is that it will apply to emissions that don’t happen on European soil. The EU already puts a price on many of the emissions created by European firms; now, through the new Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, or CBAM, the bloc will charge companies that import the targeted products — cement, aluminum, electricity, fertilizer, hydrogen, iron and steel — into the EU, no matter where in the world those products are made.”

https://knowablemagazine.org/content/article/food-environment/2024/big-boost-europe-carbon-neutral-goals-cbam

This removes incentives to move carbon-intensive industry out of the EU, since that won’t sidestep tariffs any longer. The tariff accounting includes the electricity used for production, so there’s an incentive for business exporting to the EU to use green energy

Sounds good in principle but I can't help wondering how the industries affected are going to calculate the numbers to submit on imported goods, and how the EU will be able to check they are genuine. 

15 hours ago, paulsutton said:

Hi

I am guessing this is the right place to ask this.

I am building a Model of DNA using coloured craft sticks,  which happen to be in 4 colours  Red, Green, Yellow and Blue which is ideal for representing A G C T as the base molecules  Amine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

As I am putting these in pairs, can I have the same molecule connected together? e.g

AA GG CC TT

Looking at the diagram on the compound chemistry

https://www.compoundchem.com/2015/03/24/dna/

I am guessing not,  as this does not show pairs that are the same.

Just asking anyway.

Going Ok so far, I just need some string to tie everything together.   And yes I know I can buy one of these as a kit, but it is fun to do this way but also can help others do the same,  as it is a cheap way of making the model

Thanks

 

Paul

 

No. The pairing is dictated by the way the H bonds line up and this makes only  2 specific pairs fit together, namely A-T and G-C.  This is what ensures that a single strand of DNA, when it has been unzipped, will attract the same sequence of bases as the complementary strand that was unzipped from it, thus making another copy of the previous complementary strand. So your model should have A-T and G-C links only between the strands.

13 minutes ago, StringJunky said:

If an area is repetitively rubbed, as playing an instrument, no lacquer will survive. Look at any well played guitar. It's the price of playing. Does a person want a musical instrument or a museum piece?  You can't have it both ways. The best instruments have the thinnest and most brittle finishes. How long can that last? I've looked into acoustic guitar making for some years and the issues are the same. I've also had one made and insisted on the thinnest finish and bracing. Both are anathema to durability, but are conducive to good tone. Brittleness of the wood and finish determine how clear and resonant the notes are. 

Sure, it makes perfect sense. One wants maximum resonance from the body of the instrument. I would presume the use of drying oils, such as linseed oil, would help repel the moisture from sweat. 

Which reminds me of that joke in the Molesworth books about the boy not paying attention in a biology class about hibernation: 

Master: "Molesworh, what are you doing? Pay attention. Now, what does a bat do in winter?

Molesworth: "Er....er.......It splits if you don't oil it Sir." 

7 minutes ago, Swudu Susuwu said:

All the vaccine does is make you die, you should refuse thus.

The solution is to remove pollution from us.

Global warming causes trillions of dollars of physical damages, and traffic noise worsens spread of COVID (which causes trillions of dollars of healthcare costs,) how long for our leaders to realize the solutions for air traffic is: outlaw, and for land vehicles: subsidizes to switch to fuelless?

Proof that traffic worsens spread of COVID, from our scientist leaders: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8499730/

Proof that COVID causes trillions of dollars of damages: https://healthpolicy.usc.edu/article/covid-19s-total-cost-to-the-economy-in-us-will-reach-14-trillion-by-end-of-2023-new-research/

Proof that global warming causes trillions of dollars of damages: https://climateanalytics.org/publications/carbon-majors-trillion-dollar-damages https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03573-z

The cost of supercapacitors/ultracapacitors was the purpose that fuelless vehicles had huge prices.
Solar offers abundant power sources for supercapaciters/ultracapaciters.
Scientists now have methods to produce anodes/cathodes from trash (the rest of the capaciter is just carbun, the most abundant of natural resources): https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-9931-6_16
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016236122039497
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01319-w

On the contrary, the covid vaccines have saved millions of lives. I have no doubt that air pollution worsens respiratory conditions and will make the symptoms of respiratory diseases worse, or even reduce resistance to infection. However it is mad to suggest that improving air quality is any kind of substitute for vaccines. That really is tinfoil hat territory. 

30 minutes ago, willferral said:

I had not thought of it already being fully polymerised. I thought that was the process of joining the formaldehyde with the urea? Or maybe fully cured is what it is?  Typically when a Urea Formeldhye resin gets catalyzed with an acid it becomes solvent resistant. This Laropal one dissolves in just about anything which is why I like it, I can use ethanol which is fairly low toxicity and it dissolves almost as quick as nitro, but I'm concerned my sweat will burn through it  as 1k topcoats have not been strong enough for my usage which on musical instruments and it gets a lot of wear... I want to mix with shellac based on this recipe I found online https://patents.google.com/patent/US3215655A/en and was hoping to use laropal instead of regular Urea Formelhyde which I'm having a hard time finding and also not need aromatic solvents which give off really strong fumes is a major factor.  

 

I was gonna try sulfuric acid which is used in the making of Laropal, but I would probably be wasting my money buying it, lol

 

Thanks for any help

If you want it for musical instruments I think you maybe ought to consider contacting that Greek outfit and asking. They are in the conservation business, it seems, so pretty close to your sort of application.

But I take your point about sweat when holding an instrument, such as a violin, while performing. You certainly need something that is not weakened or dissolved by sweat. That is a more demanding application than a picture or piece of furniture, certainly.

From looking just now it seems most violin varnishes are traditional, involving things like colophony and linseed oil. There is a lot of stuff about the importance of the varnish not being too rigid or it reduces the sound of the instrument, and issues like that. Well out of my league anyway - I don't play an instrument, only sing. 

1 hour ago, StringJunky said:

AFAIK, from my interest in photography, acidity is the bane of archiving. Acid-free paper and other substrates are used in museum quality work. UV is another one.

That fits, certainly. I suspect this product is the resin already fully polymerised, i.e. the curing step was done during manufacture.  But let's see if the OP comes back and comments.

I would not characterise it as hubris but I am afraid I do think we are witnessing the end of US dominance of geopolitics, as a result of the possibly terminal dysfunction of its politics. One sees every day authoritarians, in Russia, China and even now Israel, becoming ever bolder, as they see the US weaken. The EU is finding itself suddenly exposed by its tacit and complacent reliance on the US to uphold the rules-based order that has largely held sway since the end of the war. The Chinese are gearing up to retake Taiwan and appropriate the South China Sea. Putin knows if he can hold on for a Trump presidency, he will be assured of success in Ukraine and can turn his sights towards the Baltic States and the Kaliningrad exclave. Israel has embarked on a Final Solution to the Gaza problem, via blatant ethnic cleansing and what looks increasingly like genocide, while the US is impotent to stop it. 

There is every sign that the US Republican party has withdrawn support for the democratic system, taking a large chunk of the electorate along with them, and instead embraced a loathsome personality cult. The USA will be lucky if its judicial system, its free media and its term limits on presidents survive. The country will be consumed with its own internal problems for the next few years at least.  Xi, Putin and others will be rubbing their hands at the prospect. 

So much for "making America great again". 

On 2/28/2024 at 7:26 AM, willferral said:

Hi, I have some laropal A81 which I want to use in a varnish. It is a aldehyde resin synthesized from urea, isobutyraldehyde, and formaldehyde.  I'm wondering if I could catalyze it similar how to Urea Formaldehyde is used in varnish and catalyzed commonly with a acid catalyst.  I've tried  BENZENESULFONIC ACID, 4-METHYL in an amount based of what was used in a conversion varnish product based on it's content of solids of Urea Formaldehyde  and it had very little effect possibly making it softer. It certainly didn't cause  a curing other than by evaporation which you would get with a catalyzed varnish . I tried Phosphoric acid at a much higher amount than would typically be used and it resulted in discoloration and much softer finish ..

 

Does anyone know if this type of resin can be catalyzed and if so, with what?  I've tried contacting the manufacturer but they are an industrial supplier and hard to get ahold of.

 

I hope this is an  appropriate question for this forum? As I'm obviously not a chemist, but I thought  I would give it a try, thanks for any help.

This is not my area of expertise either, but looking on line, it seems to be an already cured resin, for dissolving in a solvent as a varnish, or as a component in paint  formulations etc.

I thought this site was interesting: https://www.insituconservation.com/en/products/synthetic_resins/laropal_A81. They seem to recommend it as a varnish for conservation of paintings. I can't imagine they would want to add acid curing agents for such purposes. So my guess would be you just dissolve it in a suitable polar organic solvent, apply it and let the solvent evaporate. But that site, in Greece, has a contact page so you might consider asking them if you need a curing agent or whether you just dissolve it and if so what solvent they recommend.  

3 hours ago, genio said:

I'd like to create a total mg/dL blood cholesterol table that equates to a percentage of total cholesterol in the blood.

100mg/dL total blood cholesterol in % ?

1dL = 100mL

100mg/1000=0.1mL

0.1mL is 0.1% of 100mL ?

0.1% is 100mg/dL of total blood cholesterol ?

Then to saturate the blood at 100% total cholesterol; total blood cholesterol would need to be x in mg/dL.

100/0.1=1000

100mg/dL x 1000 = 100000mg/dL to 100% saturate the blood with total cholesterol ?

Is this correct or is "mL = mg / 1000" incorrect when applied to total cholesterol?

Since there are 10⁶ ml in one litre of water, there are 10⁵ml in one dL.

Equating 1mg with 1ml is only valid for substances with a density of 1g/ml (or 1000kg/m³ in SI units).

So-called  "cholesterol" in blood is not in fact the chemical substance cholesterol, but particles made up of a range of substances including fatty acids, esterified and unesterified cholesterol, proteins etc. From what I can find on the web, these particles have densities ranging from approx 1.05-1.2g/ml. (Blood plasma has a density of 1.006g/ml , apparently.) The chart I found is this one: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95451-3/figures/1

Whether these differences in density are significant or not in the context of your enquiry I do not know.  

7 minutes ago, thidmir said:

Sorry I kind of messed up showing the plot, what I meant to show was that there is a strong correlation between CO2 and temperature, so that definitely should be a cause for concern given that a lot of Conservatives have been arguing it may not be worth the cost to deal with climate change. Clearly it is worth a lot, because increasing temperatures by a few more degrees would be very risky, and likely would reflect what happened in the ice ages (sea level rise on the order of 50 - 100 meters given 4 degrees Celsius of temperature increases versus a few inches). My suspicion is that the relatively small amount of sea level rise in the past century was random, and something like this happened also at the beginning of the present ice age 20000 years ago (quadratic sea level rise as shown in the first post, and actually I have reasons to thin that it should actually be cubic) so I wouldn't be too surprised if that's what happened recently. The temperature increase and CO2 increase in the past two centuries since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution  is nonlinear and quadratic, probably due to mass production of fossil burning technologies (in contrast in the ice age the rate of CO2 increase and temperature increase is linear, leading to quadratic increase in sea level). I'm actually publishing a popular science book called Climate Science and Engineering soon with these findings as well as other things. 

I would imagine one difficulty relating the present warming to previous interglacials is the rate of CO2 increase and consequent warming has no parallel in the past. We will be farther from equilibrium as regards melting of ice, isostatic rebound etc. than past warming processes. So any effects that take time to manifest themselves can be expected to lag the warming that causes them.

14 minutes ago, Externet said:

Thanks.  

Surface mounting would take the U straps/brackets, then.  No 'pretty box' as in US at right image.  One in a hundred -or more- US dwellings has masonry walls.

New masonry/european construction foresees piping in walls to use the one at left, and a drain hole.  Found no 'boxes' for additions on masonry.

 

 

Since the pipes and connection will all be behind the appliance, I should have thought there would be little need to worry about the appearance of the piping.  

11 minutes ago, zapatos said:

Where have you found houses made of "paper and sticks"?

Sounds more like Japan.

43 minutes ago, TheVat said:

Surface mounting on concrete or stone is best avoided.  Use an impact drill and masonry screws to attach a couple furring strips,  then run your water lines up those.  If the anchoring degrades you will still have the top of the strips secured to the top plate (assuming this is a basement).  And attaching water pipes like PEX snugly to the wood strips protects them better from pets and small children.  I.e. never have a pipe where it can be easily yanked on, as in the photo shown.

Presumably an operational hazard in the US. 😁

10 minutes ago, Externet said:

Hi. 

In USA, houses made with paper and sticks use flimsy recessed box to connect clotheswasher hoses.  How is it done 'surface-mount' on stone/block/brick walls ?   Looking for such and cannot find in US

I'm in the UK but surely all you need is a couple of U-brackets, like this, isn't it? :-