studiot

You might like to compare with the Joule Thomson effect where cooling does take place this is a good pdf https://byjusexamprep.com/liveData/f/2021/12/joule_thomson_effect_76.pdf

A characteristic of the last thread and now this one is that you keep introducing new material and words that require a whole thread or two on their own. What exactly is a 'dimensional constant' ? And since you claim that there are other physical properties or quantities that have physical dimensions LT-1 please list them because I can't think of any. ? (LT-1 ; Are you familiar with this notation ?)

But what about them ?

I am finding this thread rather disappointing. For one thing I can't deteremine what it is about. Are we meant to be discussing Entanglement, the speed of light, action at a distance or what ? For another thing, if we are meant to be discussing entanglement it is rather distressing to be told that what happens before during and and after entanglement is irrelevant.

I really thought I was being clear. ...before and after... So before bond formation there are two electrons in separate obritals, each with two spin possibilities, making a total of four possible configurations. After the bond formation there is one orbital holding both electrons and the possible configurations reduce. And no , I do not think it is irrelevant, I think it is vitally important and demonstrates that our knowledge is not as limited as made out. It is important because the available combinations determine the probabilities.

@bangstrom Here is a question for you to think about in relation to knowable and unknowable states. Consider the formation of a covalent chemical bond : This involves the entanglement of two electrons. What are the possibilities for the states before and after the bond formation ?

Before launching ito some technical mathematics, let me ask you a question. How much do you know about matrices and complex numbers in general ? The density matrix is best studied in the first instance in connection with a very simple two state system (usually the spin states ). It can then be generalised to many pure states and what are called mixed states. Essentially the DM is a matric of real numeric coefficients with some rather special properties that applies to a system with finite number of states. It falls down for the potentially infinite count of states of Many Worlds.

I see you now have 5 posts under your belt as a new member. You will now have encountered the antispam measures, sadly necessary. I wonder if you have actually read the rules here, either about posting in general. Untested hypotheses belong in the speculations section, they are not pronouncements of authority for the main technical sections. When you read the antispam rules don't make the mistake of believing that you only have 5 posts. This applies only to the first 24 hours, after which further posts will be accepted again. In my first response I offered you some useful information linking your ideas to quantum theory I suggest you use this time to look them up. As well as Everett look up 'Something Deeply Hidden' by Professor Sean Carroll.

Then you will be able to explain the fault in my reasoning in my first response, rather than trying to change the subject.

I simply quoted your first line and noted that you contradicted yourself and then stated that this was the basis of your hypothesis. Why would I need to go further into it since you based your hypothesis on a self contradiction ?

Because this is a Science site, not a mystics convention.

I think you have read some third hand twice removed journalist's ideas. If you observe something you can know its behaviour. If you don't observe it you can't. So how can you know if its behaviour is changed ? Yes you can observe similar objects but not the ones you did not observe. Neither can you know what it would have done if you did not observe it. Secondly what do you mean by 'quanta' and 'observe' and by 'observe quanta' ? Followers of Everett reckon that this phenomenon is explained by there being only one giant wavefunction that cover the whole universe and everything in it. It is also called 'the many worlds interpretation' by journalists. It has some merit.

This is just plain wrong It should be F(t) = mdv/dt + (ve-v)dm/dt In your notation. I will be away again for a few days but will be able to develop this fully and further after Wednesday of next week.

Chemically bonded. Exactly right again. +1 I was avoiding talking about these first off because the general concept of chemical bonding has to be understood before tackling the more complicated matters such as exchemist is talking about. (Giant structures). Chemical bonds are the answer to my question "what holds molecules together", but they also hold other groupings called chemical species together as well, including our own DNA. To start with we divide chemical bonding into Primary bonds which are generally strong or very strong and conform to a few simple rules. and Secondary bonds which are mostly less strong and have a much more flexible rulebook. I am going to be away again for a few days so ask you further questions now or we can continue to develop this after Wednesday of next week.

Yes we normally think of solutions as dissolving something like salt or sugar in water or another liquid like alcohol or benzene. Salt is actually a compound sodium chloride NaCl. If I just added pure sodium to water the reaction is so violent it could catch fire. this is a good video; sorry I don't know how to skip the ad at the beginning. Have you had any thoughts as to why the elements in a molecule stay together ? In other words what holds the molecule together ?