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Something to remember when discussing mass and other parameters. It is called renormalisation. http://www.volkerschatz.com/science/renorm.html In regards to mass it involves replacing the mass one would measure for a free isolated particle by what is called the 'effective mass' in formulae such as QM or Newton's second law. The effective mass is based on the free mass but modified by the environment. The environment inclues the self interaction by the particle particularly in quantum field theory. The QFT version is difficult. The original proposal by Green in 1830 in regards to replacing mo in Newton's second law by me = (mo + 0.5M) in hydrodynamics. M is the mass of the water displaced by the particle and Newton's second law works properly using me.

OK lets try an example everyone can relate to. Start with an oscilloscope and assume were measuring an electrical circuit. We start with some baseline voltage reading that is approximately zero but the closer you look at that signal the more interference you start seeing. We call this static from other signals and the harmonics of the baseline signal. This is the fluctuations were talking about. There is no distinctive signal that we can see, its random static or fluctuations. Now you get a signal that comes in a sharp "Excited" state. This is the excitations were talking about distinctive signals that we can readily trigger our oscilloscope onto and take measurements upon. Now keep in mind this is a macro world descriptive, when dealing with the quantum level the analogy does apply but under much greater resolution. \now I have been trying to get this to work with latex so bear with me. The representation will not be exact. Let us look at a Feyman diagram which is a representation in and unto itself specifically thee amplitudes of particle reactions. [math]\array{e^+ \searrow &&\nearrow u^-\\&\\ &\leadsto^\gamma &\\ e^-\nearrow &&\searrow u^+}[/math] Not pretty but close enough. The inbound legs on the diagonal arrows is the particles we typically define as real ie not virtual. Same as the outbound diagonal lines. In th actual diagrams the lines are all connected but haven't mastered that trick under latex yet roflmao the squiggly horizontal line is the non measurable VP interactions ie field fluctuations between the inbound and outbound legs. (excitations) Does that help?

To give an good answer to your question, a few more details are needed. You say that the asteroid passes on a path that is parallel to the Earth's orbit. Did you mean that this was the direction of the path at the moment of closest approach, or was this the path the asteroid was following before being effected by the Earth's gravity. An object with the stated velocity and distance from the Earth at perigee, would have had its trajectory altered by almost 60 degrees from the time it started to be majorly effected by the Earth's gravity and the time it reached perigee. Given your numbers, I figure that the Earth's orbit would be altered by ~440 m/s. Exactly what effect that would have on the Earth's orbit depends on the trajectory of the asteroid. For example, if the trajectory is such that in passing over the Northern hemisphere, the plane of the Earth relative trajectory is at right angles to the ecliptic, then the majority of the change will be to the inclination of the Earth's orbit (~0.84 degrees), with just a small change to the Earth's orbital speed (~3 meter/sec), Again, here we are assuming the the asteroid's path at perigee is parallel to the Earth's orbital path. As far as tidal effects go, tidal force decreases by the cube of the distance, so, 16 times the mass at 1/2 the distance equals 128 times the tidal effect at perigee. Over the course of ~6 1/2 days, the tidal force from this body will increase from equal to that of the Moon to 128 times that of the Moon, and then decrease back to equal to the Moon in another 6 1/2 days.

As you see going around in circles has benefits, it works like a drill, and gets a deeper understanding at each pass. Thanks all for the inputs.

Ha ha ha ha! Very funny! Maybe I'll race you instead then tubby! ;-) lol

Again, DrP, are you sure? Tortoises may not be as thick as they look - after all they've been around for millions of years and, if going by your picture, you're a bass-player, it might be a very, very close call. No offence....honestly.

A few things to note, expansion and dark energy are separate things. Expansion doesn't really need any further explanation. It happens for the same reason gravity does. we may get further insights into both of those from a future theory of gravity, but it won't change the big picture. BTW: The article is a bit misleading about this, mixing up expansion and dark energy. But from reading the original press release (I haven't had time to look at the paper, yet) the paper seems to be about dark energy (accelerating expansion) not just expansion. Acceleration of expansion is currently unexplained. Many people think that the vacuum energy (which gives rise to quantum fluctuations) should be the explanation - except it is massively too big. These guys think they have come up with an explanation for how most of it gets suppressed so just a bit "leaks out" to power accelerating expansion. It will need others to review and challenge this to see if it works. There is a very brilliant and very opinionated physicist who has blogged about this. He is not afraid to call well-known scientists crackpots if he thinks their ideas are wrong. However, he has some cautiously positive things to say about this paper (partly because he thought of the idea first!) so there may turn out to be something it. Which would be excellent. https://motls.blogspot.co.uk/2017/05/w-z-unruhs-solution-to-cosmological.html A model is something that works to describe the observations. It doesn't;t necessarily correspond to "reality" (whatever that is).

Fermions have antisymmetric wave functions, while Bosons are symmetric. The implication of that is that the wave function of two indistinguishable Fermions would vanish. Thus, they must be in some different quantum state in order to exist. Bosons don't have this limitation. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pauli.html

You have essentially identified the main aspect of boson's having integer spin. All boson's can share the same quantum state and space. While fermions essentially take up space if in the same quantum state. The fermion family is what comprises what is referred to as matter while the boson's are attributed as force guage bosons. The details of why this works with the Pauli exclusion principle gets rather technical and requires an understanding of the principle quantum numbers and how they affect the probability amplitude functions.

I am not quite as positive about that. Certain groups, including the Hamas are fueling their power by declaring that the peace negotiations are biased against Palestinians. Often, they were forced to the negotiation table in order to demonstrate they themselves were not acting in bad faith. This step pretty much confirms to the Arab world that the negotiations were biased from the get go. My take is that this move is likely to empower the radicals while diminishing the influence of moderating forces.

Gees, Another thing to think about in terms of non-private stuff, that is not written or spoken language, but that does communicate some mental state between humans, is mirror neurons. These are the little devils thought to be responsible for us physically flinching when the comedian (or distracted layperson) on the tv walks into the pole. Or when we grimace when the needle goes into someone's arm, or the scalpel slicing into someone's skin. We feel it, we wince we duck we flinch and we do it cause of mirror neurons. These feelings are not limited to physical stimuli, as we also laugh when others laugh, smile when others smile, cry when others cry and jump up and down when others jump up and down. So I am not so sure a thought of recognition or some "aha" moment can not sweep through a crowd. Consider a show where the comedian tells a joke, and everyone gets it at different times but a groan comes from the crowd, together. Or a baseball game where the ball comes off the bat and everybody "knows" by the angle and speed, where it is likely to wind up, and what that means to the score. Or consider a crowds reaction to a line, or a musical score? Thought or emotion? Regards, TAR

Your view on space is blinkered. I will try and make this as simple as I can for you. 1) First remember the Mantra everything is quantum fluctuations, this includes everything from virtual particles to planets and entire solar systems. got it, if not go back to 1. 2) Ok lets move on, space is expanding at an accelerating rate due to Quantum fluctuations otherwise known as Dark Energy got it, if not go back to 2. 3) Mass absorbs quantum fluctuations giving the appearance of stretched space equivalent to space time. got it, if not go back to 3. 4) The apparent contraction and expansion of space is due to Quantum fluctuations in space, being produced at a steady rate, but absorbed in proximity to mass at a rate greater than they are being produced, causing a flow towards mass, to fill the vacuum. got it, if not go back to 4. 5) Quantum fluctuations can be entangled and particles separated by distance can act as one, information is transferred instantly. got it, if not go back to 5. 6) To avoid violating relativity information transfer between entanglement particles requires at least one more dimension. got it, if not go back to 6. 7) Quantum fluctuations appeared originally out of empty space got it, if not go back to 7. 8) Space without quantum fluctuations is philosophically zero nada no dimiensions, no time no space time etc. got it, if not go back to 8. 9) Space only exists with quantum fluctuations, a vacuum in space with no Quantum fluctuations constitutes a black hole. got it, if not go back to 9. 10) Under Quantum entanglement all things could to a certain degree be entangled. got it, if not go back to 10. 11) From your Mantra above: quantum fluctuations make up all things they appeared out of space and can appear directly connected whilst still separated by space. Space time explains the apparent curvature of space. The common thing between Quantum fluctuations and space time is SPACE. got it, if not go back to 11. Quantum entanglement requires an extra dimension to explain entanglement without violating GR. Is that dimension the substance of space. I think we already have discounted the concept of infinities and singularities in GR as stretching the truth a little, the concept of everything being squashed down to the plank length we also agreed was a nonsense. If the Big bang concept is to be believed starting with radiation, we must consider the reverse process otherwise known as the Big Crunch. When matter is crushed it gets hot, in a black hole if all the matter in the universe was squashed to the plank length it would have temperatures equivalent to and exceeding those predicted for the theoretical big bang. Hawking also predicts that the centre of blackholes may be full of radiation possibly resulting from matter decomposing back to radiation due to immense temperatures and pressure. He theories this supports a Black hole core and prevents it from collapsing, raadiation has inertia and may well be able to do this, but what happens when the core all becomes radiation. etc Any way the thread is about Quantum entanglement, not space time, I was just pondering the concept that both GR and the Quantum world are explaining the same thing but looking at the problem differently. There is no time travel in quantum mechanics, or in entanglement, at least that is what Swansont tells me. So from that point of view the time problem popps its head up yet again. If you swing grand father clock around your head it will tick slower due to increased inertia on the pendulum. If you move an atomic clock at an different angles to a moving gravitational field it may effect the time also. The movement of Quantum fluctuations are what makes space time equations work. Space time does not exist without quantum fluctuations. Quantum fluctuations and entanglement require an extra dimension to allow instant information transfer. That dimension is not time, unless you are talking about space\time in which case you are on the wrong thread.

It is not meaningless because I observed theirs intelligence without knowing any IQ and arrange them in the order of their birthdays. Do you can recognize intelligence ? If yes you can start recall people you know and do what I did and see...